面向智能电网的广义综合负荷建模方法研究
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摘要
智能电网以信息化、数字化、自动化、互动化为主要特征,是当前全球各国电网发展的主流趋势。在智能电网背景下,电力系统信息化与互动化所带来的实时运行数据与各种分布式电源的并网分别给电力系统综合负荷建模带来了新的机遇与挑战。合理的电力系统综合负荷模型为电网运行、规划、设计提供可靠支撑,本文以SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition, SCADA)系统、负荷控制系统实时日负荷曲线为基础,实现了基于统计综合法的电力系统实时综合负荷建模；以Simulink仿真软件为平台,构建了含有鼠笼式、双馈式风力发电机的仿真系统,实现了基于总体测辨法的双馈式风力发电机机电暂态模型构建、考虑双馈式风力发电机并网的配网广义综合负荷建模、同时含双馈式与鼠笼式风力发电机的综合电源等效、考虑双馈式与鼠笼式风力发电机并网的配网广义综合负荷建模。具体工作如下：
(1)提出了一种适应智能电网仿真需求的综合负荷模型参数的在线准实时修正的解决方案和具体实现方法。将每年分为夏大、夏小、冬大、冬小和一般5个负荷水平期,以负荷率、最小负荷率、峰谷差率、最大负荷出现时间为日负荷曲线特征参数对不同水平期的变电站、负控点典型日负荷曲线进行聚类分析以获得变电站聚类中心曲线、行业典型曲线；运用模式识别原理,建立变电站聚类中心特征向量和由负控点典型日负荷曲线聚类得到的行业特征矩阵之间的典型隶属关系,并建立其与采用统计综合法所得的变电站行业负荷构成比例之间的典型映射关系；最后,将变电站实测日负荷曲线与行业特征矩阵得到当日的实时隶属关系并将其与典型映射结合,最终实现对变电站当天用电行业负荷构成比例的在线实时修正。
(2)为提高模型参数在线修正的准确度,提出了对变电站综合负荷模型参数进行在线分时段修正的方法。首先定性对比分析不同类型特征参数对综合负荷特性的描述能力,指出实测功率空间具有较强描述能力且有利于进行分时段的负荷模型修正；其次通过聚类分析得到典型变电站聚类中心、行业综合日负荷曲线并以它们为基础采用超标加权法求取一天内不同日负荷时段各特征参数的权值；建立变电站实测日负荷数据对应的各日负荷时段单因素评判集,结合相应时段特征参数权值,采用模糊综合评判方法得到该变电站在不同时段所对应的实时行业负荷构成比例；最后结合其它途径获得的行业典型模型参数实现变电站综合负荷模型参数的分时段修正。以综合负荷的动态负荷比例为例,将分段修正所得结果与基于全天日负荷曲线及统计综合法所得结果进行对比分析,表明本文方法的合理性与有效性。
(3)提出了面向负荷建模的DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator, DFIG)机电暂态模型。首先对DFIG运行机理进行深入分析,提出了模型等效思路及其整体结构；其次构建了DFIG暂态等效电路并重点针对转子电压控制机理进行等效描述,建立了其关于DFIG电压激励、模型响应的机理表达式并提出了模型辨识策略及其流程；最后本文构建了DFIG风电仿真系统,在不同运行工况下对提出的动态模型进行实例验证并对模型描述能力进行分析,讨论了模型参数稳定性并提出了展望。
(4)提出了考虑分布式DFIG并网的配电网广义综合负荷模型。首先,针对DFIG异步电机(Induction Motor, IM)等效模型结构进行综合分析,提出了采用DFIG机电暂态模型描述IM所需满足的必要条件并对其进行可行性分析,最终得到能够同时描述DFIG、IM的统一IM等效模型并对其描述能力进行评估；其次,将统一IM等效模型与传统配网综合负荷模型结合,提出了以配网等效模型、统一IM等效模型、静态负荷模型、无功补偿为元件的考虑分布式DFIG并网的配网广义综合负荷模型结构；最后,基于IEEE-14节点典型配网仿真系统,在不同运行方式与不同风速水平下对该配网广义综合负荷模型的合理性与有效性进行了验证分析。
(5)为了研究鼠笼式、双馈式风力发电机组同时并网对配网运行的影响,本文构建了IEEE-14节点典型配电网仿真系统,研究在不同并网容量和不同并网位置的情况下,将SCIG (Squirrel Cage Induction Generator, SCIG)、DFIG以不同容量组合,以集中形式、分散形式并网时对配网暂态稳定的影响差异。仿真结果显示随着风力发电机组并网容量不断增大,其对配网综合负荷特性影响不可忽视。为了研究此类配网综合负荷特性,按照上文研究思路,首先针对电源进行等效,在分析SCIG、IM相似性的基础上,以上文统一IM等效模型为基础,建立了能够同时描述SCIG与DFIG的综合电源暂态等效模型,在不同容量组合情况下对综合电源等效模型的有效性进行了验证。最后,将综合电源等效模型结合配电网综合负荷模型构建了同时考虑分布式SCIG、DFIG并网的配电网广义综合负荷模型。基于不同运行方式下的IEEE-14节点典型配网仿真数据进行模型辨识,结果表明该配电网广义综合负荷模型结构合理、能够有效描述暂态过程功率波动,模型参数稳定。
Informatization, digitization, automation and interaction are the main features of smart grid and it's the mainstream of the development of power grids all around the world. On the background of the construction of smart grid, opportunities and challenges are brought about in the research of power system load modeling which are deriving from the informatization and interaction of power systems. Reasonable power system synthesis load model provides reliable support for the operating, planning and designing of smart grid, this dissertation realizes the real time synthesis load modeling that is based on the real time datum of daily load profile of SCADA and load control system. Using Simulink as a platform for building the simulation system of squirrel cage induction generator(SCIG)and doubly fed induction generator(DFIG), then the electromechanical model of DFIG, the generalized synthesis load model that takes distributed DFIG into consideration and the generalized synthesis load model that takes distributed SCIG and DFIG into consideration simultaneously are constructed. Specific contents are as follows:
(1) To copy with the random time variation and regional divergence of synthetic load model, a daily load curve-based online method to modify substation's structural proportion of synthetic load for power consuming-industries is proposed. According to different load levels, each year is divided into five load level periods, i.e., peak-load period in summer, valley-load period in summer, peak-load period in winter, valley-load period in winter and common-load period; typical daily load curve for each period is chosen and in each period four characteristic parameters, i.e., the load rate, maximum load rate, peak-valley difference rate and the occurrence time of maximum load are defined; by use of fuzzy C means clustering algorithm, the substations are classified and characteristic vectors of various types are obtained. Utilizing pattern recognition, the typical membership relation between characteristic vectors of various types of substations and industrial characteristic matrix obtained by clustering typical daily load curve of load control center is built and the typical mapping relation between the membership relation and substation's structural proportion of synthetic load for power consuming-industries obtained by statistical synthesis is constructed. Thus, through combining the membership relation obtained by measured daily load curve of substation with typical mapping, online real-time modification of substation's intraday structural proportion of synthetic load for power consuming-industries can be realized.
(2) For the purpose of improving the accuracy of the load model and aiming at the time-variation problem of the synthesis load characteristic of substation in a daily period, on the basis of the above analysis and research, this paper proposes an algorithm for the revising of the parameters of load model of substation in different periods during a day. Firstly the ability in extracting load characteristic of different kinds of feature parameters were analyzed through qualitative analysis and measured active power was chosen as the characteristic parameter when takes modifying model parameters in different daily periods into consideration. Secondly, on the basis of the clustering centers of substations and synthesis daily load profiles of typical industries, the weight of every parameter in different daily periods was calculated via super weighting method. Then the real time synthesis load proportion of classical industries was computed based on the single element judgement sets in different daily periods and the weight of the parameters which corresponds to the same period by means of fuzzy comprehensive judgement. At last, the load model parameters of substation in different daily periods was worked out through combining the real time proportions and typical industrial parameters which were derived by other methods. The algorithm proposed by this paper was compared with the method which was based on the whole daily load profile and with the traditional component-based approach method respectively, the results show that it is rational and effective.
(3) A load modeling oriented electromechanical model of DFIG was proposed. Firstly, the operating mechanisms of DFIG was analyzed deeply and ideas for equivalencing and the electromechanical model structure of DFIG were presented. Secondly, the transient equivalent model of DFIG was constructed, the description of the control procedure of rotor voltage was focused on and the mechanism relation among stator voltage, model response and rotor voltage was established. The strategy and the flowchart of model identification were presented. Once more, a DFIG simulation system were built and the dynamic model of DFIG was validated in different operation conditions, the description ability and stability of model parameters was analyzed. Finally the conclusion was made and the future work was proposed.
(4) The distribution network-side generalized synthesis load model(GSLM) is constructed. Firstly, the analysis are fixed on the model structure of DFIG and induction motor, the necessary conditions for using the electromechanical model of DFIG to describe the induction motor were proposed and feasibility of them was evaluated, then the unified induction motor(UIM) was built for describing the transient characteristic of DFIG and induction motor during the transient course. The validation of UIM model was also made. Secondly, the UIM model was combined with the traditional distribution network-side synthesis load model and then GSLM was proposed that is composed of distribution network equivalent model, model of UIM, static load model and the compensation model of reactive power. At last, the effectiveness of GSLM was validated under different operating conditions and wind speed levels.
(5) For the analysis of the penetration of SCIG and DFIG's influence on the operation of distribution network, the IEEE-14node typical distribution network simulation system was constructed. Under the condition of different grid capacity and grid position, the capacity of SCIG and DFIG was combined and the grid form such as centralized and decentralized were applied on the wind power generator. The simulation results show that the synthesis load characteristic of distribution network is affected dramatically with the increasement of the penetration capacity of wind power generator. For analyzing the change of the synthesis load characteristic of distribution network, following the thinking above, based on the model of unified induction motor(UIM), the transient equivalent model of synthesis power source(SPS) that contains SCIG and DFIG simultaneously was constructed and furthermore the effectiveness of the model was verified. Finally, the equivalent model of SPS was integrated with the traditional distribution network-side synthesis load model for deriving the distribution network-side generalized synthesis load model that contains SCIG and DFIG. Model identifications were applied and the fitting results show that this generalized synthesis load model can make a perfect description on the transient behavior of distribution network-side synthesis load characteristic.
(1)提出了一种适应智能电网仿真需求的综合负荷模型参数的在线准实时修正的解决方案和具体实现方法。将每年分为夏大、夏小、冬大、冬小和一般5个负荷水平期,以负荷率、最小负荷率、峰谷差率、最大负荷出现时间为日负荷曲线特征参数对不同水平期的变电站、负控点典型日负荷曲线进行聚类分析以获得变电站聚类中心曲线、行业典型曲线；运用模式识别原理,建立变电站聚类中心特征向量和由负控点典型日负荷曲线聚类得到的行业特征矩阵之间的典型隶属关系,并建立其与采用统计综合法所得的变电站行业负荷构成比例之间的典型映射关系；最后,将变电站实测日负荷曲线与行业特征矩阵得到当日的实时隶属关系并将其与典型映射结合,最终实现对变电站当天用电行业负荷构成比例的在线实时修正。
(2)为提高模型参数在线修正的准确度,提出了对变电站综合负荷模型参数进行在线分时段修正的方法。首先定性对比分析不同类型特征参数对综合负荷特性的描述能力,指出实测功率空间具有较强描述能力且有利于进行分时段的负荷模型修正；其次通过聚类分析得到典型变电站聚类中心、行业综合日负荷曲线并以它们为基础采用超标加权法求取一天内不同日负荷时段各特征参数的权值；建立变电站实测日负荷数据对应的各日负荷时段单因素评判集,结合相应时段特征参数权值,采用模糊综合评判方法得到该变电站在不同时段所对应的实时行业负荷构成比例；最后结合其它途径获得的行业典型模型参数实现变电站综合负荷模型参数的分时段修正。以综合负荷的动态负荷比例为例,将分段修正所得结果与基于全天日负荷曲线及统计综合法所得结果进行对比分析,表明本文方法的合理性与有效性。
(3)提出了面向负荷建模的DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator, DFIG)机电暂态模型。首先对DFIG运行机理进行深入分析,提出了模型等效思路及其整体结构；其次构建了DFIG暂态等效电路并重点针对转子电压控制机理进行等效描述,建立了其关于DFIG电压激励、模型响应的机理表达式并提出了模型辨识策略及其流程；最后本文构建了DFIG风电仿真系统,在不同运行工况下对提出的动态模型进行实例验证并对模型描述能力进行分析,讨论了模型参数稳定性并提出了展望。
(4)提出了考虑分布式DFIG并网的配电网广义综合负荷模型。首先,针对DFIG异步电机(Induction Motor, IM)等效模型结构进行综合分析,提出了采用DFIG机电暂态模型描述IM所需满足的必要条件并对其进行可行性分析,最终得到能够同时描述DFIG、IM的统一IM等效模型并对其描述能力进行评估；其次,将统一IM等效模型与传统配网综合负荷模型结合,提出了以配网等效模型、统一IM等效模型、静态负荷模型、无功补偿为元件的考虑分布式DFIG并网的配网广义综合负荷模型结构；最后,基于IEEE-14节点典型配网仿真系统,在不同运行方式与不同风速水平下对该配网广义综合负荷模型的合理性与有效性进行了验证分析。
(5)为了研究鼠笼式、双馈式风力发电机组同时并网对配网运行的影响,本文构建了IEEE-14节点典型配电网仿真系统,研究在不同并网容量和不同并网位置的情况下,将SCIG (Squirrel Cage Induction Generator, SCIG)、DFIG以不同容量组合,以集中形式、分散形式并网时对配网暂态稳定的影响差异。仿真结果显示随着风力发电机组并网容量不断增大,其对配网综合负荷特性影响不可忽视。为了研究此类配网综合负荷特性,按照上文研究思路,首先针对电源进行等效,在分析SCIG、IM相似性的基础上,以上文统一IM等效模型为基础,建立了能够同时描述SCIG与DFIG的综合电源暂态等效模型,在不同容量组合情况下对综合电源等效模型的有效性进行了验证。最后,将综合电源等效模型结合配电网综合负荷模型构建了同时考虑分布式SCIG、DFIG并网的配电网广义综合负荷模型。基于不同运行方式下的IEEE-14节点典型配网仿真数据进行模型辨识,结果表明该配电网广义综合负荷模型结构合理、能够有效描述暂态过程功率波动,模型参数稳定。
Informatization, digitization, automation and interaction are the main features of smart grid and it's the mainstream of the development of power grids all around the world. On the background of the construction of smart grid, opportunities and challenges are brought about in the research of power system load modeling which are deriving from the informatization and interaction of power systems. Reasonable power system synthesis load model provides reliable support for the operating, planning and designing of smart grid, this dissertation realizes the real time synthesis load modeling that is based on the real time datum of daily load profile of SCADA and load control system. Using Simulink as a platform for building the simulation system of squirrel cage induction generator(SCIG)and doubly fed induction generator(DFIG), then the electromechanical model of DFIG, the generalized synthesis load model that takes distributed DFIG into consideration and the generalized synthesis load model that takes distributed SCIG and DFIG into consideration simultaneously are constructed. Specific contents are as follows:
(1) To copy with the random time variation and regional divergence of synthetic load model, a daily load curve-based online method to modify substation's structural proportion of synthetic load for power consuming-industries is proposed. According to different load levels, each year is divided into five load level periods, i.e., peak-load period in summer, valley-load period in summer, peak-load period in winter, valley-load period in winter and common-load period; typical daily load curve for each period is chosen and in each period four characteristic parameters, i.e., the load rate, maximum load rate, peak-valley difference rate and the occurrence time of maximum load are defined; by use of fuzzy C means clustering algorithm, the substations are classified and characteristic vectors of various types are obtained. Utilizing pattern recognition, the typical membership relation between characteristic vectors of various types of substations and industrial characteristic matrix obtained by clustering typical daily load curve of load control center is built and the typical mapping relation between the membership relation and substation's structural proportion of synthetic load for power consuming-industries obtained by statistical synthesis is constructed. Thus, through combining the membership relation obtained by measured daily load curve of substation with typical mapping, online real-time modification of substation's intraday structural proportion of synthetic load for power consuming-industries can be realized.
(2) For the purpose of improving the accuracy of the load model and aiming at the time-variation problem of the synthesis load characteristic of substation in a daily period, on the basis of the above analysis and research, this paper proposes an algorithm for the revising of the parameters of load model of substation in different periods during a day. Firstly the ability in extracting load characteristic of different kinds of feature parameters were analyzed through qualitative analysis and measured active power was chosen as the characteristic parameter when takes modifying model parameters in different daily periods into consideration. Secondly, on the basis of the clustering centers of substations and synthesis daily load profiles of typical industries, the weight of every parameter in different daily periods was calculated via super weighting method. Then the real time synthesis load proportion of classical industries was computed based on the single element judgement sets in different daily periods and the weight of the parameters which corresponds to the same period by means of fuzzy comprehensive judgement. At last, the load model parameters of substation in different daily periods was worked out through combining the real time proportions and typical industrial parameters which were derived by other methods. The algorithm proposed by this paper was compared with the method which was based on the whole daily load profile and with the traditional component-based approach method respectively, the results show that it is rational and effective.
(3) A load modeling oriented electromechanical model of DFIG was proposed. Firstly, the operating mechanisms of DFIG was analyzed deeply and ideas for equivalencing and the electromechanical model structure of DFIG were presented. Secondly, the transient equivalent model of DFIG was constructed, the description of the control procedure of rotor voltage was focused on and the mechanism relation among stator voltage, model response and rotor voltage was established. The strategy and the flowchart of model identification were presented. Once more, a DFIG simulation system were built and the dynamic model of DFIG was validated in different operation conditions, the description ability and stability of model parameters was analyzed. Finally the conclusion was made and the future work was proposed.
(4) The distribution network-side generalized synthesis load model(GSLM) is constructed. Firstly, the analysis are fixed on the model structure of DFIG and induction motor, the necessary conditions for using the electromechanical model of DFIG to describe the induction motor were proposed and feasibility of them was evaluated, then the unified induction motor(UIM) was built for describing the transient characteristic of DFIG and induction motor during the transient course. The validation of UIM model was also made. Secondly, the UIM model was combined with the traditional distribution network-side synthesis load model and then GSLM was proposed that is composed of distribution network equivalent model, model of UIM, static load model and the compensation model of reactive power. At last, the effectiveness of GSLM was validated under different operating conditions and wind speed levels.
(5) For the analysis of the penetration of SCIG and DFIG's influence on the operation of distribution network, the IEEE-14node typical distribution network simulation system was constructed. Under the condition of different grid capacity and grid position, the capacity of SCIG and DFIG was combined and the grid form such as centralized and decentralized were applied on the wind power generator. The simulation results show that the synthesis load characteristic of distribution network is affected dramatically with the increasement of the penetration capacity of wind power generator. For analyzing the change of the synthesis load characteristic of distribution network, following the thinking above, based on the model of unified induction motor(UIM), the transient equivalent model of synthesis power source(SPS) that contains SCIG and DFIG simultaneously was constructed and furthermore the effectiveness of the model was verified. Finally, the equivalent model of SPS was integrated with the traditional distribution network-side synthesis load model for deriving the distribution network-side generalized synthesis load model that contains SCIG and DFIG. Model identifications were applied and the fitting results show that this generalized synthesis load model can make a perfect description on the transient behavior of distribution network-side synthesis load characteristic.
引文
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