新疆东天山黄山岩带岩浆硫化物矿床及成矿作用研究
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摘要
中亚型造山与成矿是地学界研究的热点,出露于新疆北部中亚造山带内镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体一直是国内外地质学家关注的焦点。新疆东天山黄山岩带(觉罗塔格构造岩浆带)位于天山-兴安造山系北天山造山带东段,康古尔-秋格明塔什韧性剪切带附近。该岩带各岩体大致沿康古尔塔格与苦水两条深大断裂带呈近东西向展布,西起库姆塔格沙垄,东至四顶黑山,长约270Km,宽20-35Km,面积5600Kmm2,在世界上已成为重要的岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床成矿带,分布有土墩、黄山东、黄山、黄山南、香山、葫芦、图拉尔根等岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床以及二红洼、串珠、马蹄、咸水泉、四顶黑山等数十个镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体。论文选择黄山东、黄山、葫芦矿床为重点研究对象,以岩石学、矿床学和地球化学研究为重点,通过岩浆源区与原生岩浆性质、岩浆演化过程、岩浆与围岩的物质交换、硫化物饱和与熔离机制的深入研究,探讨岩浆成矿的深部过程和成矿作用。主要取得以下进展和成果：
(1)对东天山黄山岩带多个镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体研究显示,多数为多期次侵入的复式岩体,岩相分带显著；含矿岩体均由镁铁质-超镁铁质岩石组成,主要造岩矿物为橄榄石、辉石、斜长石及角闪石、黑云母,主要含矿岩相为辉长苏长岩、苏长岩、辉石岩和橄榄岩；岩石蚀变强烈,特别是黄山东、黄山和葫芦岩体,部分岩石几乎看不到原生矿物。
(2)本文精确测定了葫芦镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体辉长闪长岩单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄为274.5+3.9Ma,结合研究区已有的锆石年龄,很好的限定了研究区赋含铜镍矿床岩体的形成时代,也限定了这些矿床的形成时代,即这些岩体或矿床是在早二叠世很短时限范围内形成的,为后碰撞伸展环境的产物。
(3)东天山铜镍硫化物矿床中岩石ΣPGE含量为0.24x10-9～8.03×10-9,平均2.09x10-9；矿石ΣPGE含量(100%硫化物计算后)为,平均313.86x10-9；岩石和矿石的PGE总量低,IPGE与PPGE分异较弱,早期硫化物深部预先熔离带走了岩浆中大部分的PGE,是导致该地区矿床母岩浆PGE亏损的主要原因。
(4)东天山镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体的εNd(t)=+4.1～+10.5(t=274Ma),平均值为+7.22；(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7022～0.7081,平均值为0.7040。在εNd(t)-(87Sr/86Sr)i相关图上,大部分样品投影在了第二象限,位于MORB和OIB范围内,表明岩浆源区属于亏损型地幔；但是由于俯冲板片的脱水和部分熔融产生的对上覆地幔的交代作用,使有部分样品具有富集地幔的同位素特征,表明黄山岩带中含矿岩体的岩浆源区主体为软流圈地幔,同时也有一些富集岩石圈地幔的组份加入。
(5)岩体岩石普遍发生了不同程度的蛇纹石化、纤闪石化、绿泥石化、钠黝帘石化等蚀变作用；各岩体具有相同的演化系列,其原生岩浆为经地幔中等程度部分熔融形成的高Mg拉斑玄武质岩浆；但是组成含矿岩体的岩浆演化程度较高,而不含矿岩体主要由低演化程度的岩浆组成。
(6)本文通过橄榄石Fo值与Ni含量、全岩Cu/Zr比值、以及岩/矿石PGE特征与不相容元素之间相互关系研究表明,东天山地区含矿岩体(黄山东、黄山、图拉尔根、葫芦、香山中岩体)都曾在深部发生过硫化物的熔离作用；而不含矿岩体中硫化物的熔离作用未曾发生或者不明显。
(7)东天山地区与后碰撞镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体有关的岩浆型铜镍硫化物矿床在形成过程中具有较明显的橄榄石、辉石等矿物分离结晶和地壳物质的混染作用,这可能是造成硫化物熔离和成矿的主要原因；而地壳硫只在局部地段或个别矿床中加入,对硫化物的熔离具有一定的影响,但对硫化物熔离成矿没有起到主导作用。
The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) has been the focus of domestic and foreign geologists for the mineralization, and mafic-ultramafic complex are known to occur across CAOB. The Huangshan mafic-ultramafic rocks belt is located in the eastern part of North Tianshan, along the Kangguer-Huangshan shear zone and Kushui fault, from Kumutag sand ridge to Sidingheishan intrusion, distribution nearly EW and about length270km, width20-35km, area5600km2, has now become the world-class magmatic copper-nickel sulfide deposit metallogenic zone. In this rocks belt, exist a series of magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits and mafic-ultramafic intrusions, such as Tudun, huangshandong, Huangshan, Huangshannan, Xiangshan, Hulu, Tulaergen magmatic sulfide deposits, and Erhongwa, Chuanzhu, Mati, Xianshuiquan, Sidingheishan mafic-ultramafic intrusions. The paper selected the Huangshandong, Huangshan, and Hulu deposits for detailed study, focusing on petrology, mineral deposit and geochemistry, through the depth study by the magma source and characteristic of primary magma, the magma evolution process, the material exchange between with the magma and surrounding rocks, the saturation and segregation mechanism of sulfide, and discuss the mineralization and depth process of magmatic sulfide deposits in East Tianshan region. The following are the main results:
(1) Researched on many mafic-ultramafic intrusions of the Huangshan rocks belt in East Tianshan, can reflect that most of these intrusions are multiple intrusions and clear facies. The economic mineralized intrusions are composed by mafic-ultramafic rocks; olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, plagioclase and biotite are the main petrogenic minerals; gabbro norite, norite, pyroxenite and peridotite are the mainly economic mineralized rocks; the rocks of the economic mineralized intrusions are highly altered, especially Huangshandong, Huangshan and Hulu intrusion, hardly see the primary mineral in partly.
(2) The zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating for gabbros diorite of Hulu intrusion yielded274.5±3.9Ma, combined with the existing zircon age of study area, which can limited the formation age of the economic mineralized intrusions which endowed with Cu-Ni deposit well, and also limits the formation age of these deposits; these datas suggest that the intrusions were intruded at early Permian, are the result of a post-collisional extensional setting.
(3) The magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposits in East Tianshan, the total concentration of platinum-group element (PGE) in ores and rocks is very low. The concentration of PGE in rocks between0.24×10-9and8.03×10-9, and26.62×10-9～1352.27×10-9in ores(on the basic of100%sulfide recalculated). Rock and ore samples have similar mantle-normalized PGE patterns, the diversity between IPGE and PPGE is lower. The sulfide pre-segregation of initial magma in deep crust could take away the most of PGE, which may be the mainly reason for depleted PGE of the parental magma in Huangshan region.
(4) The εNd(t)(t=274Ma) value varies from4.1to10.5,7.22in average;(87Sr/86Sr)i value from0.7022to0.7081,0.7040in average. In the diagrams of δNd(t) verses (87Sr/86Sr)i, most of samples fall in the second quadrant, within the MORB and OIB area, which reflect that the magma source of these intrusions is depleted mantle. The metasomatism of the overlying mantle because of the subducted slab dehydration and partial melting, which can result some samples have enriched isotopic characteristics of mantle, indicating that the magma source of the mafic-ultramafic intrusions in Huangshan rocks belt composed of wedge matasomasised by subducting slab and aesethenosphere components, are the result of the lithospheric delamination at the root and the upwelling of asthenosphere components.
(5) The varying degrees of hydrothermal alteration of rocks were widespread occurrence in the mineralized process, such as serpentinization, uralitization, chloritization, saussurtization. The evolution of each intrusion with the same series, the primary magma is tholeiitic magma with high-Mg content by partial melting of mantle moderately; but the economic intrusions composed of a higher degree of magma evolution than the uneconomic intrusions.
(6) The Fo molecules of olivine verses Ni content, Cu/Zr ratio, the mutual relations of PGE characteristics between the incompatible elements of rocks and ores in East Tianshan, the economic intrusions were occurred sulfide pre-segregation of initial magma in deep crust, such as Huangshandong, Huangshan, Tulaergen, Hulu, Xiangshanzhong; but the sulfide pre-segregation of initial magma was not occurred or not obvious in the uneconomic intrusions.
(7) The platinum-group elements geochemical character and petrochemical data show that crustal contamination and the fractionation of olivine and pyroxene in the magma revolution process of the magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposits related to post-collisional mafic-ultramafic complex in East Tianshan region may be the main factors leading to S-saturation and sulfide segregation in deep crust; the crust sulfur only in the local section or add individual deposits, has some impact of but did not play a leading role for sulfide segregation and mineralization.
(1)对东天山黄山岩带多个镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体研究显示,多数为多期次侵入的复式岩体,岩相分带显著；含矿岩体均由镁铁质-超镁铁质岩石组成,主要造岩矿物为橄榄石、辉石、斜长石及角闪石、黑云母,主要含矿岩相为辉长苏长岩、苏长岩、辉石岩和橄榄岩；岩石蚀变强烈,特别是黄山东、黄山和葫芦岩体,部分岩石几乎看不到原生矿物。
(2)本文精确测定了葫芦镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体辉长闪长岩单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄为274.5+3.9Ma,结合研究区已有的锆石年龄,很好的限定了研究区赋含铜镍矿床岩体的形成时代,也限定了这些矿床的形成时代,即这些岩体或矿床是在早二叠世很短时限范围内形成的,为后碰撞伸展环境的产物。
(3)东天山铜镍硫化物矿床中岩石ΣPGE含量为0.24x10-9～8.03×10-9,平均2.09x10-9；矿石ΣPGE含量(100%硫化物计算后)为,平均313.86x10-9；岩石和矿石的PGE总量低,IPGE与PPGE分异较弱,早期硫化物深部预先熔离带走了岩浆中大部分的PGE,是导致该地区矿床母岩浆PGE亏损的主要原因。
(4)东天山镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体的εNd(t)=+4.1～+10.5(t=274Ma),平均值为+7.22；(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7022～0.7081,平均值为0.7040。在εNd(t)-(87Sr/86Sr)i相关图上,大部分样品投影在了第二象限,位于MORB和OIB范围内,表明岩浆源区属于亏损型地幔；但是由于俯冲板片的脱水和部分熔融产生的对上覆地幔的交代作用,使有部分样品具有富集地幔的同位素特征,表明黄山岩带中含矿岩体的岩浆源区主体为软流圈地幔,同时也有一些富集岩石圈地幔的组份加入。
(5)岩体岩石普遍发生了不同程度的蛇纹石化、纤闪石化、绿泥石化、钠黝帘石化等蚀变作用；各岩体具有相同的演化系列,其原生岩浆为经地幔中等程度部分熔融形成的高Mg拉斑玄武质岩浆；但是组成含矿岩体的岩浆演化程度较高,而不含矿岩体主要由低演化程度的岩浆组成。
(6)本文通过橄榄石Fo值与Ni含量、全岩Cu/Zr比值、以及岩/矿石PGE特征与不相容元素之间相互关系研究表明,东天山地区含矿岩体(黄山东、黄山、图拉尔根、葫芦、香山中岩体)都曾在深部发生过硫化物的熔离作用；而不含矿岩体中硫化物的熔离作用未曾发生或者不明显。
(7)东天山地区与后碰撞镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体有关的岩浆型铜镍硫化物矿床在形成过程中具有较明显的橄榄石、辉石等矿物分离结晶和地壳物质的混染作用,这可能是造成硫化物熔离和成矿的主要原因；而地壳硫只在局部地段或个别矿床中加入,对硫化物的熔离具有一定的影响,但对硫化物熔离成矿没有起到主导作用。
The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) has been the focus of domestic and foreign geologists for the mineralization, and mafic-ultramafic complex are known to occur across CAOB. The Huangshan mafic-ultramafic rocks belt is located in the eastern part of North Tianshan, along the Kangguer-Huangshan shear zone and Kushui fault, from Kumutag sand ridge to Sidingheishan intrusion, distribution nearly EW and about length270km, width20-35km, area5600km2, has now become the world-class magmatic copper-nickel sulfide deposit metallogenic zone. In this rocks belt, exist a series of magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits and mafic-ultramafic intrusions, such as Tudun, huangshandong, Huangshan, Huangshannan, Xiangshan, Hulu, Tulaergen magmatic sulfide deposits, and Erhongwa, Chuanzhu, Mati, Xianshuiquan, Sidingheishan mafic-ultramafic intrusions. The paper selected the Huangshandong, Huangshan, and Hulu deposits for detailed study, focusing on petrology, mineral deposit and geochemistry, through the depth study by the magma source and characteristic of primary magma, the magma evolution process, the material exchange between with the magma and surrounding rocks, the saturation and segregation mechanism of sulfide, and discuss the mineralization and depth process of magmatic sulfide deposits in East Tianshan region. The following are the main results:
(1) Researched on many mafic-ultramafic intrusions of the Huangshan rocks belt in East Tianshan, can reflect that most of these intrusions are multiple intrusions and clear facies. The economic mineralized intrusions are composed by mafic-ultramafic rocks; olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, plagioclase and biotite are the main petrogenic minerals; gabbro norite, norite, pyroxenite and peridotite are the mainly economic mineralized rocks; the rocks of the economic mineralized intrusions are highly altered, especially Huangshandong, Huangshan and Hulu intrusion, hardly see the primary mineral in partly.
(2) The zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating for gabbros diorite of Hulu intrusion yielded274.5±3.9Ma, combined with the existing zircon age of study area, which can limited the formation age of the economic mineralized intrusions which endowed with Cu-Ni deposit well, and also limits the formation age of these deposits; these datas suggest that the intrusions were intruded at early Permian, are the result of a post-collisional extensional setting.
(3) The magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposits in East Tianshan, the total concentration of platinum-group element (PGE) in ores and rocks is very low. The concentration of PGE in rocks between0.24×10-9and8.03×10-9, and26.62×10-9～1352.27×10-9in ores(on the basic of100%sulfide recalculated). Rock and ore samples have similar mantle-normalized PGE patterns, the diversity between IPGE and PPGE is lower. The sulfide pre-segregation of initial magma in deep crust could take away the most of PGE, which may be the mainly reason for depleted PGE of the parental magma in Huangshan region.
(4) The εNd(t)(t=274Ma) value varies from4.1to10.5,7.22in average;(87Sr/86Sr)i value from0.7022to0.7081,0.7040in average. In the diagrams of δNd(t) verses (87Sr/86Sr)i, most of samples fall in the second quadrant, within the MORB and OIB area, which reflect that the magma source of these intrusions is depleted mantle. The metasomatism of the overlying mantle because of the subducted slab dehydration and partial melting, which can result some samples have enriched isotopic characteristics of mantle, indicating that the magma source of the mafic-ultramafic intrusions in Huangshan rocks belt composed of wedge matasomasised by subducting slab and aesethenosphere components, are the result of the lithospheric delamination at the root and the upwelling of asthenosphere components.
(5) The varying degrees of hydrothermal alteration of rocks were widespread occurrence in the mineralized process, such as serpentinization, uralitization, chloritization, saussurtization. The evolution of each intrusion with the same series, the primary magma is tholeiitic magma with high-Mg content by partial melting of mantle moderately; but the economic intrusions composed of a higher degree of magma evolution than the uneconomic intrusions.
(6) The Fo molecules of olivine verses Ni content, Cu/Zr ratio, the mutual relations of PGE characteristics between the incompatible elements of rocks and ores in East Tianshan, the economic intrusions were occurred sulfide pre-segregation of initial magma in deep crust, such as Huangshandong, Huangshan, Tulaergen, Hulu, Xiangshanzhong; but the sulfide pre-segregation of initial magma was not occurred or not obvious in the uneconomic intrusions.
(7) The platinum-group elements geochemical character and petrochemical data show that crustal contamination and the fractionation of olivine and pyroxene in the magma revolution process of the magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposits related to post-collisional mafic-ultramafic complex in East Tianshan region may be the main factors leading to S-saturation and sulfide segregation in deep crust; the crust sulfur only in the local section or add individual deposits, has some impact of but did not play a leading role for sulfide segregation and mineralization.
引文
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