白洋淀湿地生态水文过程耦合作用机制及综合调控研究
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摘要
随着经济社会的发展，生产、生活用水与湿地生态用水之间的竞争日益激烈，全球范围内的湿地遭受了严重破坏，变化环境下湿地生态系统保护和恢复成为了当前人们关注的焦点问题。本文以变化环境下湿地生态系统保护和修复为目标，以湿地生态水文过程为主线，以湿地演变规律识别与生态水文耦合模拟为关键支撑技术，主要开展以下三个方面的研究：
（1）明确了白洋淀湿地保护的重要性和意义。在野外调查与资料分析的基础上，系统地阐述了白洋淀湿地生态系统的组成、结构及服务功能特征，明确了白洋淀湿地在维护区域生态安全和水安全方面的所发挥的重要作用，指出了保护白洋淀湿地生态系统的重要性及意义。
（2）确立了变化环境下白洋淀湿地的保护目标。从湿地演变角度出发，对白洋淀地质历史时期（28.4ka BP）与现阶段两个时间尺度上的演变规律与驱动机制进行了识别，明确了湿地当前所处的演化阶段，分析了导致白洋淀湿地退化的原因；在识别白洋淀湿地生态水文过程及其耦合作用机制的基础上，提出了基于水位过程的生态水文耦合模拟方法，实现了从湿地水位过程到湿地生态环境效益的定量表征；构建了白洋淀湿地综合效益评价指标体系，设置了11个湿地保护目标方案，通过权衡不同方案对应的湿地综合效益与生态需水量，最终给出了白洋淀湿地保护（恢复）目标的非劣推荐方案，该目标对应的湿地水位保证率为75%，4~9月的平均水位为7.26m，对应的生态需水量为3.89亿m~3。
（3）提出了面向白洋淀湿地保护的生态水文综合调控。在系统识别白洋淀湿地演变规律和驱动机制的基础上，结合其保护目标，从生态用水和生态用地两方面考虑，提出了面向白洋淀湿地保护的生态水文综合调控措施。
With the development of society and economy, the competitions of waterresources between the society and natural wetland ecosystems become more and morefierce, which causes severe destruction and degradation to the world’s wetlandecosystem. Hence the protection and restoration of wetland ecosystems under thechanging environment have become the key problems to be concerned. There arevarious abstruse ecological and hydrological processes occurred in wetlands;moreover, these processes have very close relationships that they affect each otherthrough many approaches. How to uncouple the interaction mechanism of wetland’seco-hydrological and determine the area of a wetland, with the purpose of maintainingthe ecological processes and functions of the wetland have become the core issuesamong wetlands protection and restoration; it is also the precondition for thedecision-making of water allocation. Baiyangdian, the biggest freshwater wetland inNorth China Plain was chosen as the target, and the main study contents are asfollows:
(1) Pointing out the importance and significance of protecting Baiyangdianwetland. Based on field survey of the ecosystem in Baiyangdian wetland, thecomponents, structural and functional characteristics of the wetland were studied anddescribed; the importance of Baiyangdian for maintaining water and ecologicalsecurity in this region were clarified, and the significance of protecting this wetlandwas pointed out respectively.
(2) Establishing the protecting target of Baiyangdian wetland under the changingenvironment. The evolution laws and their mechanisms were investigated in two timescale:1) Since Late Pleistocene (28.4ka BP);2) Present stage. The evolution stage ofBaiyangdian was identified and the driving mechanisms that cause the degradation atpresent were discussed. A simulation method based on water level fluctuations wasproposed in the paper, which is effective to uncouple the interactions betweenecological and hydrological processes. Through the simulation method, the effects ofwetland’s hydrological processes and its function on ecosystem were studied. Basedon frequency analysis of the monthly average water level during the growing seasonof common reed,11water level restoration schemes were set, and the comprehensive(eco-environmental and socio-economic) benefits of the wetland ecosystem undereach scheme were evaluated by a simple evaluation model; the ecological waterrequirement of each scheme was calculated; then the benefits and the ecological waterrequirement of each scheme were compared and balanced, and a non-inferiorityscheme (scheme8, the average monthly water level during April-September is7.26m, the corresponding ecological wate demand is3.89billion m~3) was chosen as thewetlands’ protection and restoration target.
(3) Promoting integrated wetland protection-oriented eco-hydrologicalregulateon measures. Based on the former two steps, considering the priority to theprotection of the wetland, the comprehensive eco-hydrological regulation measureswere promoted at last.
（1）明确了白洋淀湿地保护的重要性和意义。在野外调查与资料分析的基础上，系统地阐述了白洋淀湿地生态系统的组成、结构及服务功能特征，明确了白洋淀湿地在维护区域生态安全和水安全方面的所发挥的重要作用，指出了保护白洋淀湿地生态系统的重要性及意义。
（2）确立了变化环境下白洋淀湿地的保护目标。从湿地演变角度出发，对白洋淀地质历史时期（28.4ka BP）与现阶段两个时间尺度上的演变规律与驱动机制进行了识别，明确了湿地当前所处的演化阶段，分析了导致白洋淀湿地退化的原因；在识别白洋淀湿地生态水文过程及其耦合作用机制的基础上，提出了基于水位过程的生态水文耦合模拟方法，实现了从湿地水位过程到湿地生态环境效益的定量表征；构建了白洋淀湿地综合效益评价指标体系，设置了11个湿地保护目标方案，通过权衡不同方案对应的湿地综合效益与生态需水量，最终给出了白洋淀湿地保护（恢复）目标的非劣推荐方案，该目标对应的湿地水位保证率为75%，4~9月的平均水位为7.26m，对应的生态需水量为3.89亿m~3。
（3）提出了面向白洋淀湿地保护的生态水文综合调控。在系统识别白洋淀湿地演变规律和驱动机制的基础上，结合其保护目标，从生态用水和生态用地两方面考虑，提出了面向白洋淀湿地保护的生态水文综合调控措施。
With the development of society and economy, the competitions of waterresources between the society and natural wetland ecosystems become more and morefierce, which causes severe destruction and degradation to the world’s wetlandecosystem. Hence the protection and restoration of wetland ecosystems under thechanging environment have become the key problems to be concerned. There arevarious abstruse ecological and hydrological processes occurred in wetlands;moreover, these processes have very close relationships that they affect each otherthrough many approaches. How to uncouple the interaction mechanism of wetland’seco-hydrological and determine the area of a wetland, with the purpose of maintainingthe ecological processes and functions of the wetland have become the core issuesamong wetlands protection and restoration; it is also the precondition for thedecision-making of water allocation. Baiyangdian, the biggest freshwater wetland inNorth China Plain was chosen as the target, and the main study contents are asfollows:
(1) Pointing out the importance and significance of protecting Baiyangdianwetland. Based on field survey of the ecosystem in Baiyangdian wetland, thecomponents, structural and functional characteristics of the wetland were studied anddescribed; the importance of Baiyangdian for maintaining water and ecologicalsecurity in this region were clarified, and the significance of protecting this wetlandwas pointed out respectively.
(2) Establishing the protecting target of Baiyangdian wetland under the changingenvironment. The evolution laws and their mechanisms were investigated in two timescale:1) Since Late Pleistocene (28.4ka BP);2) Present stage. The evolution stage ofBaiyangdian was identified and the driving mechanisms that cause the degradation atpresent were discussed. A simulation method based on water level fluctuations wasproposed in the paper, which is effective to uncouple the interactions betweenecological and hydrological processes. Through the simulation method, the effects ofwetland’s hydrological processes and its function on ecosystem were studied. Basedon frequency analysis of the monthly average water level during the growing seasonof common reed,11water level restoration schemes were set, and the comprehensive(eco-environmental and socio-economic) benefits of the wetland ecosystem undereach scheme were evaluated by a simple evaluation model; the ecological waterrequirement of each scheme was calculated; then the benefits and the ecological waterrequirement of each scheme were compared and balanced, and a non-inferiorityscheme (scheme8, the average monthly water level during April-September is7.26m, the corresponding ecological wate demand is3.89billion m~3) was chosen as thewetlands’ protection and restoration target.
(3) Promoting integrated wetland protection-oriented eco-hydrologicalregulateon measures. Based on the former two steps, considering the priority to theprotection of the wetland, the comprehensive eco-hydrological regulation measureswere promoted at last.
引文
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