西藏高寒地区水泥混凝土路面太阳能融雪（冰）技术研究
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摘要
西藏高寒地区道路积雪结冰现象较为严重,往往造成道路中断或交通事故。与此同时,作为绿色能源的太阳能资源在西藏高寒地区较为丰富,如何利用太阳能技术修建高效、环保的水泥路面融雪系统,对解决西藏高寒地区的道路积雪和发展地区低碳经济具有十分重要的现实意义。
为了开展西藏高寒地区水泥混凝土路面太阳能融雪(冰)技术研究,本文依托西部交通科技项目—《高寒地区太阳能实时融雪(冰)公路技术研究》,在西藏米拉山顶设立小型气象站进行高寒地区气象资料收集,通过室内、现场融雪试验得到了理论分析所必须的计算参数,进行融雪路面板的热力仿真研究了路面板的融雪性能,并结合数值分析编制了水泥混凝土路面融雪(冰)热力分析软件,提出了西藏高寒地区太阳能水泥混凝土路面融雪系统的设计方法。主要研究成果如下：
1、在川藏公路西藏米拉山顶设立小型气象站进行了高寒地区气象资料收集,观测资料表明每年米拉山可能的积雪出现在11月中旬到次年的4月初。米拉山太阳能资源丰富,能够满足太阳能融雪路面要求。
2、进行了室内、室外光伏系统和光热系统路面板融雪(冰)试验,得到了不同加热温度和功率时路面板表层温度与融雪速率的试验关联式；进行了水泥混凝土路面雪系统热力分析,得到了热管深度、间距、加热流体温度、环境条件等对路面板融雪效果的影响规律。针对实时融雪过程,研究了预热时间对路面板融雪效果的影响规律,分析了预热过程中路面板内部温度随着预热时间的变化以及降雪过程中路面积雪的分布、温度分布随时间变化的规律,表明采用降雪前路面板预热融雪效果最好。
3、在西藏米拉山口进行了高寒地区混凝土路面太阳能现场融雪和加载试验,结果表明光伏系统融雪效果较好,300W/m2功率可以在5个小时内化完5cm厚的积雪,预热融雪效果较好；环境因素对路面温度影响较大,但对路面板底部影响较小；路面板加热过程中,应变随温度的上升由压变拉,加热管附近的应变最大,表现为内胀外缩；加载过程中,汽车荷载对路面的影响较小；XPS板的隔热效果较好,可以起到保护冻土路基的作用。
4、根据所建立的水泥混凝土路面太阳能融雪模型,将融雪工况简化为三种工况,编制了水泥混凝土路面融雪热力分析程序,并提出了西藏太阳能水泥混凝土路面融雪系统的设计方法。系统采用C30混凝土含加热管路面板,预制尺寸采用2m×3m,现浇时切缝成2m×3m板,缝深应超过加热管埋深；XPS板厚度大于等于5cm,抗压强度大于5MPa。加热管功率推荐采用320W/m2,推荐热管埋深为6～12cm,间距为15～25cm。
There are many serious highway snow cover and freezing problems in Tibetan cold highland area, which often lead to traffic interrupts or accidents. Meanwhile, solar energy, being a green energy, is abundant in the area. Therefore, how to utilize solar energy technology and build high efficient and environmental pavement snowmelt system is very important to overcome Tibetan highway snow cover and develop low-carbon economy.
For research on cememt concrete pavement's solar nnergy snowmelt in Tibetan cold highland area, relying on the West Traffic Research Project, Solar Energy Real-time Snowmelt Highway Research in Cold Highland Area, the paper has collected the meteorological data in the Tibetan cold highland area through the small weather station, which has been established on the top of Mountain mila, Tibet, and gained calculation parameters by indoor snowmelt tests, snowmelt field trials, which is necessary to theoretical analysis. Pavement snowmelt behavior is researched by snowmelt thermodynamic simulation analysis. And, the software of calculating thermal energy that be used to pavement snowmelt is also written, the design method of Tibetan solar energy snowmelt pavement is presented. The main results are as following:
1、Through the small weather station, which has been established on the top of Mountain mila, Tibet, the meteorological data in the Tibetan cold highland area has been collected, which indicates that the possible snow-cover time is mid-November to early April every year, which indicats that the solar radiation energy in the area is enough to meet the requirement of pavement snowmelting.
2、Through indoor snowmelt tests, snowmelt field trials of the solar photovoltaic slabs and the solar thermal slabs, The correlations between snow melting rate and surface temperature are obtained under different temperature of heating fluid and different heating power. The numerical analysis of the snowmelt pavement is carried out, in which the impact of depth and space of heat pipe, temperature of heating fluid and environmental conditions on snowmelt performance has been researched. In view of real-time snowmelt process, the impact of preheating time on snowmelt performance has been researched, the surface temperature changing regularities during the preheating process, the snow thickness changing regularities and the temperature distribution law during the snowfall process will be showed in this paper. The results demonstrate that the preheating before snowfall has best influence on snowmelt performance.
3、On the top of mountain mila in Tibet, the snowmelt and loading tests of solar snowmelt pavement have been carried out, which indicates the solar photovoltaic slabs is better than the solar thermal slabs, for the snow5cm high can be melted in5hours under the power of300W/m2. It can be also found that the influence of environmental factor to the temperate of pavement is greater, but is litter in the bottom of pavement. In the heating progress, when the temperature become higher, the pavement appear inner expansion and outside shrink, and the strain of it begin vary from compression to tension, which is biggest adjacent to the heat pipe. During loading, the vehicle load has smaller action to the pavement than temperature's action. The heat insulation effect of XPS slab is better, which can protect frozen soil subgrade.
4、Based on the model of pavement solar snowmelt system, three snowmelt conditions are simplified from the snowmelt process, and the cement concrete pavement snowmelt design software is compiled. Meanwhile, The design method of Tibetan solar pavement snowmelt system is presented, of which, the concrete pavement slab is poured by C30, which is2m×3m in cast-in-place, or cut by2m×3m cutting seam, which is deeper than the heat pipe. The thickness of XPS slab is no smaller than5cm, the compressive strength of XPS slab is no lower5MPa. And, the heating power is recommended320W/m2, the depth of heat pipe is6～12cm, the distance between two pipes is12～25cm.
为了开展西藏高寒地区水泥混凝土路面太阳能融雪(冰)技术研究,本文依托西部交通科技项目—《高寒地区太阳能实时融雪(冰)公路技术研究》,在西藏米拉山顶设立小型气象站进行高寒地区气象资料收集,通过室内、现场融雪试验得到了理论分析所必须的计算参数,进行融雪路面板的热力仿真研究了路面板的融雪性能,并结合数值分析编制了水泥混凝土路面融雪(冰)热力分析软件,提出了西藏高寒地区太阳能水泥混凝土路面融雪系统的设计方法。主要研究成果如下：
1、在川藏公路西藏米拉山顶设立小型气象站进行了高寒地区气象资料收集,观测资料表明每年米拉山可能的积雪出现在11月中旬到次年的4月初。米拉山太阳能资源丰富,能够满足太阳能融雪路面要求。
2、进行了室内、室外光伏系统和光热系统路面板融雪(冰)试验,得到了不同加热温度和功率时路面板表层温度与融雪速率的试验关联式；进行了水泥混凝土路面雪系统热力分析,得到了热管深度、间距、加热流体温度、环境条件等对路面板融雪效果的影响规律。针对实时融雪过程,研究了预热时间对路面板融雪效果的影响规律,分析了预热过程中路面板内部温度随着预热时间的变化以及降雪过程中路面积雪的分布、温度分布随时间变化的规律,表明采用降雪前路面板预热融雪效果最好。
3、在西藏米拉山口进行了高寒地区混凝土路面太阳能现场融雪和加载试验,结果表明光伏系统融雪效果较好,300W/m2功率可以在5个小时内化完5cm厚的积雪,预热融雪效果较好；环境因素对路面温度影响较大,但对路面板底部影响较小；路面板加热过程中,应变随温度的上升由压变拉,加热管附近的应变最大,表现为内胀外缩；加载过程中,汽车荷载对路面的影响较小；XPS板的隔热效果较好,可以起到保护冻土路基的作用。
4、根据所建立的水泥混凝土路面太阳能融雪模型,将融雪工况简化为三种工况,编制了水泥混凝土路面融雪热力分析程序,并提出了西藏太阳能水泥混凝土路面融雪系统的设计方法。系统采用C30混凝土含加热管路面板,预制尺寸采用2m×3m,现浇时切缝成2m×3m板,缝深应超过加热管埋深；XPS板厚度大于等于5cm,抗压强度大于5MPa。加热管功率推荐采用320W/m2,推荐热管埋深为6～12cm,间距为15～25cm。
There are many serious highway snow cover and freezing problems in Tibetan cold highland area, which often lead to traffic interrupts or accidents. Meanwhile, solar energy, being a green energy, is abundant in the area. Therefore, how to utilize solar energy technology and build high efficient and environmental pavement snowmelt system is very important to overcome Tibetan highway snow cover and develop low-carbon economy.
For research on cememt concrete pavement's solar nnergy snowmelt in Tibetan cold highland area, relying on the West Traffic Research Project, Solar Energy Real-time Snowmelt Highway Research in Cold Highland Area, the paper has collected the meteorological data in the Tibetan cold highland area through the small weather station, which has been established on the top of Mountain mila, Tibet, and gained calculation parameters by indoor snowmelt tests, snowmelt field trials, which is necessary to theoretical analysis. Pavement snowmelt behavior is researched by snowmelt thermodynamic simulation analysis. And, the software of calculating thermal energy that be used to pavement snowmelt is also written, the design method of Tibetan solar energy snowmelt pavement is presented. The main results are as following:
1、Through the small weather station, which has been established on the top of Mountain mila, Tibet, the meteorological data in the Tibetan cold highland area has been collected, which indicates that the possible snow-cover time is mid-November to early April every year, which indicats that the solar radiation energy in the area is enough to meet the requirement of pavement snowmelting.
2、Through indoor snowmelt tests, snowmelt field trials of the solar photovoltaic slabs and the solar thermal slabs, The correlations between snow melting rate and surface temperature are obtained under different temperature of heating fluid and different heating power. The numerical analysis of the snowmelt pavement is carried out, in which the impact of depth and space of heat pipe, temperature of heating fluid and environmental conditions on snowmelt performance has been researched. In view of real-time snowmelt process, the impact of preheating time on snowmelt performance has been researched, the surface temperature changing regularities during the preheating process, the snow thickness changing regularities and the temperature distribution law during the snowfall process will be showed in this paper. The results demonstrate that the preheating before snowfall has best influence on snowmelt performance.
3、On the top of mountain mila in Tibet, the snowmelt and loading tests of solar snowmelt pavement have been carried out, which indicates the solar photovoltaic slabs is better than the solar thermal slabs, for the snow5cm high can be melted in5hours under the power of300W/m2. It can be also found that the influence of environmental factor to the temperate of pavement is greater, but is litter in the bottom of pavement. In the heating progress, when the temperature become higher, the pavement appear inner expansion and outside shrink, and the strain of it begin vary from compression to tension, which is biggest adjacent to the heat pipe. During loading, the vehicle load has smaller action to the pavement than temperature's action. The heat insulation effect of XPS slab is better, which can protect frozen soil subgrade.
4、Based on the model of pavement solar snowmelt system, three snowmelt conditions are simplified from the snowmelt process, and the cement concrete pavement snowmelt design software is compiled. Meanwhile, The design method of Tibetan solar pavement snowmelt system is presented, of which, the concrete pavement slab is poured by C30, which is2m×3m in cast-in-place, or cut by2m×3m cutting seam, which is deeper than the heat pipe. The thickness of XPS slab is no smaller than5cm, the compressive strength of XPS slab is no lower5MPa. And, the heating power is recommended320W/m2, the depth of heat pipe is6～12cm, the distance between two pipes is12～25cm.
引文
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