公路山岭隧道施工期衬砌及结构系统可靠性研究
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摘要
公路隧道结构可靠度,是隧道工程领域内的难点和热点问题,受到国内外学者的广泛关注。工程实践表明：公路山岭隧道的长期可靠性主要取决于施工期支护和衬砌结构的可靠性。施工期结构可靠性的定性分析和可靠度的定量计算方法是公路隧道结构可靠度研究的重要内容。限于理论研究和计算工具的限制,目前这方面的研究相对较少。本文通过概率有限元方法计算结构可靠度,并进行概率灵敏度分析；研究了施工期公路隧道衬砌及结构系统可靠性问题；通过模型试验、现场测试等方法对隧道结构安全性进行了分析；建立了基于熵权的模糊物元评价模型,对隧道衬砌结构可靠性进行全面评价。研究内容主要包含以下几个方面。
(1)全面阐述了影响隧道结构可靠度的各种不确定性因素,讨论了各种结构可靠度计算方法。结合传统确定性有限元分析方法,分析了随机场的离散方法和概率有限元可靠度方法。选用连续介质模型作为锚喷支护和衬砌结构可靠度分析的力学模型,提出采用Latin hypercube MC方法与连续介质模型相结合进行公路山岭隧道可靠度分析的思路。并通过工程实例,计算了衬砌结构概率可靠度。
(2)提出采用基于现场实测和模拟实验数据的Spearman秩相关系数的灵敏度分析方法计算隧道结构概率灵敏度。利用计算结果分析了影响支护和衬砌结构可靠度的的主要因素、次要因素,并针对公路山岭隧道结构的特点,提出了提高隧道结构可靠度的途经。
(3)从三个不同的层面分析了隧道结构系统的失效模式,绘制了反映系统失效的功能逻辑框图,建立了公路隧道结构系统可靠性模型,研究了提高整个结构系统可靠度的方法。提出采用一阶上下界法、PNET法、MC与RSM相结合等方法计算公路隧道结构系统可靠度。通过实例,对比分析了各种方法的适用性和计算效率等。
(4)分析了公路隧道失效概率随时间的变化规律,将设计基准期内可变荷载效应和抗力随机过程进行离散,提出可靠度的近似估算方法。运用随机过程理论对公路隧道结构状态进行分析,建立系统的Markov链,分析了公路隧道结构系统的状态转移过程。从隧道工程建设实践出发,用时间有效度表征可维修加固条件下公路隧道结构系统可靠度水平,使分析结果更加符合工程实际。
(5)以天(水)宝(鸡)高速公路麦积山隧道为依托,在隧道施工期开展了较大规模的隧道支护和衬砌结构内力现场测试。从结构安全性角度出发,阐述了锚杆轴力、初期支护围岩压力、格栅拱架钢筋轴力、初期支护和二次衬砌接触压力以及二衬混凝土应变大小、分布及其变化规律,分析了支护和衬砌结构可靠性。采用FBG传感器对隧道二次衬砌混凝土应变进行了现场监测。根据相似理论对围岩与支护之间接触压力和二衬受力进行室内模型试验,得到了衬砌结构内力特征；并通过超载破坏试验,分析了衬砌结构破坏特征及极限承载力。将模型试验和现场实测成果与概率可靠度计算结果进行了对比分析。
(6)从非概率可靠性角度出发,根据模糊物元分析原理,提出基于熵权的模糊物元可靠性评价方法。通过全面分析影响隧道衬砌结构可靠性的影响因子,建立了全面、系统的递阶层次结构可靠性评价模型。将AHP法确定的主观权重与熵权法确定的客观权重相结合,最终确定各评价因子权重值。并通过关联度计算,获得隧道衬砌结构所处的状态级别。概率可靠度计算和非概率可靠性分析的有机结合,使公路山岭隧道结构可靠度(性)评价结果更趋合理、全面、系统和科学。
Structural reliability of highway tunnel is one of the difficult and hot spots in tunnel en-gineering and draws extensive attention of the scholars at home and abroad. The engineering practice has showed that long term reliability of highway mountain tunnel depends on reli-ability of support and lining structure during construction period. Qualitative evaluation and quantitative calculation of structural reliability are important contents for reliability research of highway tunnel structure, but a few researches have been done in such fields by now due to the limitation of calculating tool and theoretical research. Structural reliability and sensitivity is studied using probability finite element method. Further more, lining and structural system reliability of highway tunnel during construction period is discussed. Safety of tunnel struc-ture is analyzed based on field test and laboratory model test. Besides, fuzzy matter-element evaluation method with entropy weight is put forward for comprehensive reliability analysis of lining structure. Detailed research works done in this paper are summarized as follows:
1. Uncertainty factors which have influence upon structural reliability of highway tun-nel are analyzed comprehensively and some computational methods of structural reliability are discussed detailed. Discrete methods for random fields and probability finite element methods are introduced based on definite finite element methods. Continuous medium model is selected as the mechanical model in structural reliability analysis for anchor bolt-shotcrete support and concrete lining structure. Latin hypercube Monte Carlo method combined with continuous medium model is put forward to highway tunnel reliability. Furthermore, prob-abilistic reliability of lining structure is calculated based on one highway mountain tunnel.
2. Sensitivity analysis method of spearman rank correlation coefficient based on field test and simulated experiments are used to calculation of sensitivity of tunnel structure. Main and minor factors which have influence upon structural reliability of tunnel support and lining are analyzed according to the result of sensitivity calculation. Suggestions for improve the structural reliability are put forward according to the characteristics of highway mountain tunnel.
3. System failure modes of highway tunnel structure are discussed from three different levels. Consequently, reliability block diagram of tunnel structure system is set up and meth-ods to improve tunnel reliability of the whole structure system are disscussed. Wide bounds method, probabilistic network evaluation technique and Monte Carlo method combined with response surface method are used to calculate system reliability of the whole highway tunnel. Besides, applicability, robustness and efficiency of all calculation methods discussed above are compared by an applicable example.
4. Variation of tunnel failure with time is studied and the discrete process is established according to variable loads and structural resistance. Accordingly, approximate calculation of time-dependent reliability is put forward. Operation status is discussed and Markov chain of highway tunnel system is established with the theory of stochastic process. Besides, the transfer processes of operational status are analyzed detailed. Furthermore, time availability is used to express the reliability level of highway tunnel structure according to experience of tunnel construction, which is in accordance with the practice well.
5. Field test of tunnel support and lining structure is done in large scale during con-struction period of Maijishan tunnel which belongs to Tianshui-Baoji expressway. Based on structural safety, bolt axial force, surrounding rock pressure, grid steel frame stress, varying regularity of concrete strain and contact stress of anchor bolt-shotcrete support with concrete lining are discussed and structural reliability of support and lining is analyzed. Also, variation of concrete stain with time is studied according to field tests of concrete lining using fiber grating sensors. Forces between surrounding rock and supporting structure are tested and its characteristics are got using laboratory model test. Damage characteristics of lining structure and limit bearing capacity are analyzed based on laboratory overload test. Furthermore, result of model test and field test are compared with the calculation result of probabilistic reliability.
6. Based on non-probabilistic reliability, fuzzy matter-element evaluation method with entropy weight is put forward according to fuzzy matter-element theory. Evaluation model of reliability with Hierarchical structure is established after a thorough and systemic analysis of main factors which has a large effect on structural reliability of highway tunnel. Weights of assessment factors are calculated combining the subjective weights determined by analytic hierarchy process method with the objective ones determined by the entropy method. Ac-cordingly, the lining structural state of one highway tunnel is determined according to the calculation of correlation degree. By using the method combining calculation of probabilistic reliability with non-probabilistic reliability analysis, the reliability evaluation result of high-way mountain tunnel is more reasonable, comprehensive, systemic and scientific.
(1)全面阐述了影响隧道结构可靠度的各种不确定性因素,讨论了各种结构可靠度计算方法。结合传统确定性有限元分析方法,分析了随机场的离散方法和概率有限元可靠度方法。选用连续介质模型作为锚喷支护和衬砌结构可靠度分析的力学模型,提出采用Latin hypercube MC方法与连续介质模型相结合进行公路山岭隧道可靠度分析的思路。并通过工程实例,计算了衬砌结构概率可靠度。
(2)提出采用基于现场实测和模拟实验数据的Spearman秩相关系数的灵敏度分析方法计算隧道结构概率灵敏度。利用计算结果分析了影响支护和衬砌结构可靠度的的主要因素、次要因素,并针对公路山岭隧道结构的特点,提出了提高隧道结构可靠度的途经。
(3)从三个不同的层面分析了隧道结构系统的失效模式,绘制了反映系统失效的功能逻辑框图,建立了公路隧道结构系统可靠性模型,研究了提高整个结构系统可靠度的方法。提出采用一阶上下界法、PNET法、MC与RSM相结合等方法计算公路隧道结构系统可靠度。通过实例,对比分析了各种方法的适用性和计算效率等。
(4)分析了公路隧道失效概率随时间的变化规律,将设计基准期内可变荷载效应和抗力随机过程进行离散,提出可靠度的近似估算方法。运用随机过程理论对公路隧道结构状态进行分析,建立系统的Markov链,分析了公路隧道结构系统的状态转移过程。从隧道工程建设实践出发,用时间有效度表征可维修加固条件下公路隧道结构系统可靠度水平,使分析结果更加符合工程实际。
(5)以天(水)宝(鸡)高速公路麦积山隧道为依托,在隧道施工期开展了较大规模的隧道支护和衬砌结构内力现场测试。从结构安全性角度出发,阐述了锚杆轴力、初期支护围岩压力、格栅拱架钢筋轴力、初期支护和二次衬砌接触压力以及二衬混凝土应变大小、分布及其变化规律,分析了支护和衬砌结构可靠性。采用FBG传感器对隧道二次衬砌混凝土应变进行了现场监测。根据相似理论对围岩与支护之间接触压力和二衬受力进行室内模型试验,得到了衬砌结构内力特征；并通过超载破坏试验,分析了衬砌结构破坏特征及极限承载力。将模型试验和现场实测成果与概率可靠度计算结果进行了对比分析。
(6)从非概率可靠性角度出发,根据模糊物元分析原理,提出基于熵权的模糊物元可靠性评价方法。通过全面分析影响隧道衬砌结构可靠性的影响因子,建立了全面、系统的递阶层次结构可靠性评价模型。将AHP法确定的主观权重与熵权法确定的客观权重相结合,最终确定各评价因子权重值。并通过关联度计算,获得隧道衬砌结构所处的状态级别。概率可靠度计算和非概率可靠性分析的有机结合,使公路山岭隧道结构可靠度(性)评价结果更趋合理、全面、系统和科学。
Structural reliability of highway tunnel is one of the difficult and hot spots in tunnel en-gineering and draws extensive attention of the scholars at home and abroad. The engineering practice has showed that long term reliability of highway mountain tunnel depends on reli-ability of support and lining structure during construction period. Qualitative evaluation and quantitative calculation of structural reliability are important contents for reliability research of highway tunnel structure, but a few researches have been done in such fields by now due to the limitation of calculating tool and theoretical research. Structural reliability and sensitivity is studied using probability finite element method. Further more, lining and structural system reliability of highway tunnel during construction period is discussed. Safety of tunnel struc-ture is analyzed based on field test and laboratory model test. Besides, fuzzy matter-element evaluation method with entropy weight is put forward for comprehensive reliability analysis of lining structure. Detailed research works done in this paper are summarized as follows:
1. Uncertainty factors which have influence upon structural reliability of highway tun-nel are analyzed comprehensively and some computational methods of structural reliability are discussed detailed. Discrete methods for random fields and probability finite element methods are introduced based on definite finite element methods. Continuous medium model is selected as the mechanical model in structural reliability analysis for anchor bolt-shotcrete support and concrete lining structure. Latin hypercube Monte Carlo method combined with continuous medium model is put forward to highway tunnel reliability. Furthermore, prob-abilistic reliability of lining structure is calculated based on one highway mountain tunnel.
2. Sensitivity analysis method of spearman rank correlation coefficient based on field test and simulated experiments are used to calculation of sensitivity of tunnel structure. Main and minor factors which have influence upon structural reliability of tunnel support and lining are analyzed according to the result of sensitivity calculation. Suggestions for improve the structural reliability are put forward according to the characteristics of highway mountain tunnel.
3. System failure modes of highway tunnel structure are discussed from three different levels. Consequently, reliability block diagram of tunnel structure system is set up and meth-ods to improve tunnel reliability of the whole structure system are disscussed. Wide bounds method, probabilistic network evaluation technique and Monte Carlo method combined with response surface method are used to calculate system reliability of the whole highway tunnel. Besides, applicability, robustness and efficiency of all calculation methods discussed above are compared by an applicable example.
4. Variation of tunnel failure with time is studied and the discrete process is established according to variable loads and structural resistance. Accordingly, approximate calculation of time-dependent reliability is put forward. Operation status is discussed and Markov chain of highway tunnel system is established with the theory of stochastic process. Besides, the transfer processes of operational status are analyzed detailed. Furthermore, time availability is used to express the reliability level of highway tunnel structure according to experience of tunnel construction, which is in accordance with the practice well.
5. Field test of tunnel support and lining structure is done in large scale during con-struction period of Maijishan tunnel which belongs to Tianshui-Baoji expressway. Based on structural safety, bolt axial force, surrounding rock pressure, grid steel frame stress, varying regularity of concrete strain and contact stress of anchor bolt-shotcrete support with concrete lining are discussed and structural reliability of support and lining is analyzed. Also, variation of concrete stain with time is studied according to field tests of concrete lining using fiber grating sensors. Forces between surrounding rock and supporting structure are tested and its characteristics are got using laboratory model test. Damage characteristics of lining structure and limit bearing capacity are analyzed based on laboratory overload test. Furthermore, result of model test and field test are compared with the calculation result of probabilistic reliability.
6. Based on non-probabilistic reliability, fuzzy matter-element evaluation method with entropy weight is put forward according to fuzzy matter-element theory. Evaluation model of reliability with Hierarchical structure is established after a thorough and systemic analysis of main factors which has a large effect on structural reliability of highway tunnel. Weights of assessment factors are calculated combining the subjective weights determined by analytic hierarchy process method with the objective ones determined by the entropy method. Ac-cordingly, the lining structural state of one highway tunnel is determined according to the calculation of correlation degree. By using the method combining calculation of probabilistic reliability with non-probabilistic reliability analysis, the reliability evaluation result of high-way mountain tunnel is more reasonable, comprehensive, systemic and scientific.
引文
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