含风电场及电动汽车的电力系统安全性评估与控制研究
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摘要
能源和环境问题是当前世界各国关注的焦点。在我国，为实现国家‘节能减排’的既定目标，电力行业在发电侧大力发展各种可再生能源发电，朝着电能生产的“低碳化”、“零排放”方向迈进；在负荷侧则提倡利用新型电驱动装置以取代基于传统化石能源的各类用能负荷，由此导致大型风电场和电动汽车得到快速发展。不确定性是风电和电动汽车的共有特点，风电场出力取决于风速的变化，具有明显的间歇性和波动性；而电动汽车作为一种新型负荷，与交通出行规律息息相关，可随时随地接入电网进行充电。随着二者在电力系统中渗透率的不断提高，随之产生的大量不确定性因素给电力系统的运行带来了诸如电压稳定、频率稳定等诸多问题，本文主要研究包含风电场和电动汽车的电力系统的安全性评估与控制方法，主要工作分为如下几个方面：
1、对传统电力系统电压稳定安全域求解方法加以改进，以适于含间歇性可再生能源发电(如风电场)入网后电力系统在线安全监控的需要。主要工作包括如下两部分：
1)传统利用一个超平面来近似表达系统安全域边界的方法，在计算速度和精度上都不能很好满足系统在线监控的需求，为此给出一种通过对运行点实施微扰以获得割集电压稳定域(CVSR)局部边界的新方法。首先利用潮流追踪，确定对割集每条支路潮流影响最大的发电机-负荷节点对，通过对其实施控制以实现对每条支路潮流增、减双向的精确微扰；然后利用微扰后的运行点，确定系统的电压稳定临界点，进一步得到CVSR边界在增、减两个扰动方向上的局部近似边界；最后，通过平移和加权处理，得到CVSR局部边界的精确结果。利用多个系统的验证结果表明，所给方法可有效降低CVSR边界的拟合误差。
2)结合微扰法的思想，给出一种包含风电场的注入空间静态电压稳定域(IVSR)局部边界求解新方法，用于风速难以准确预测情况下系统电压稳定性的分析与在线安全监控。首先，利用潮流追踪与双层调度模型获得与风电场紧密关联的调控机组，用以平衡风速变化所引起的风电场输出功率的波动；进而，利用模态分析获得关键发电机节点，用于IVSR的有效降维；最后，对可能的风速和风电场输出功率区间进行分段并行计算，并通过定向微扰来获得对应风速下的IVSR的局部边界。利用多个系统验证表明，该方法可快速获得不同风速下IVSR的局部边界，可用于包含风电场的电力系统在线电压稳定监控，具有很好的工程应用前景。
2、对电动汽车的建模和电动汽车对电力系统运行的影响进行了初步研究，目的是寻求相关分析理论与控制技术，为未来大量电动汽车入网运行提供技术支持。主要工作包含如下两部分：
1)结合智能交通领中的Origin-Destination分析(O-D Analysis)理论，建立一种电动汽车时空分布模型(Spatial Temporal Model, STM)，用于对高电动汽车渗透率下的电网供电安全性进行评估，可有效分析电动汽车充电负荷在时间和空间上的分布特性对电网运行的影响，对指导电网规划、升级与改造具有指导意义。
2)在Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)环境下，对比分析了利用电动汽车进行电网安全辅助服务的四类常用形式，Aggregator、Virtual Power Plant (VPP)、MicroGrid和Energy Hub，分析利用电动汽车进行电力系统一次调频的可能；在此基础上，提出一种基于V2G技术的电动汽车电压紧急控制策略，利用风电场和电动汽车之间的互补特性，通过施加控制以改善系统的电压稳定性。
3、对含有间歇性注入的电力系统的断面潮流控制方法进行了深入研究，寻求断面潮流精准控制技术，以提高运行人员对系统的驾驭能力。主要工作包括如下两部分：
1)给出一种基于直流潮流灵敏度的割集断面潮流定向控制新方法：首先，利用直流潮流确定系统中不同发电机与断面各支路之间的相关系数，从而获得断面潮流控制所需发电机输出功率转移分布因子表(GSDF)；进而，根据断面潮流定向控制的需要，利用GSDF信息，并通过非线性优化过程确定断面潮流的调控方案。该方法不仅可以实现对断面总潮流的准确控制，同时可兼顾各支路潮流不同变动目标的定向要求，具有很好的工程应用前景。
2)针对线性化直流潮流无法考虑系统电压问题对功率传输的影响所导致的控制误差，提出了一种基于曲面近似的断面潮流定向控制方法。该方法可以充分考虑断面潮流与调度发电机功率变换之间的非线性关系及系统无功功率影响，控制精度得到了进一步的提高。
Energy and environmental issue is currently the main focus of the world. In China,in order to achieve the goal of energy-saving and emission-reduction, the powerindustry has taken specific initiatives to develop all kinds of renewable energyresources at the generation side to de-carbonize the power generation. At the sametime, promote new types of electric drives to replace the traditional petrochemicalbased loads at the demand side. These measures lead to the fast development of largescale wind farms and electric vehicles. Uncertainty is the shared characteristic of windgeneration and electric vehicle. The power output of wind farm depends on the windspeed with intermittent and fluctuation nature; the charging power of electric vehiclehas closely relationship with the traffic patterns and is able to get access to the gridanytime and anywhere. With the increasing penetrations of wind farms and electricvehicles, the resulting great deal of uncertainties will significantly impact theoperation of power system at many aspects, such as voltage stability, frequencystability, etc. This dissertation studies the new security evaluation and controlstrategies for the power system with high penetration levels of wind farms and electricvehicles. The major work is categorized as follows:
1. Improve the traditional solution method to determine the boundaries of voltagestability region, in order to make it suitable for on-line security monitoring andcontrol of power system with intimittent renewable energy generations (such as windfarms). The main tasks of this part include the following two aspects:
1) The traditional method of using one hyper-plane to approximate the boundary ofsecurity region has the deficiencies both at calculation speed and accuracy, which isunable to satisfy the requirements of on-line monitor and control. In this part, a newperturbation approach is introduced to obtain the local boundaries of voltage stabilityregion in the cut-set space (CVSR) of power system. Firstly, the power flow tracingalgorithm is used to determine the generator-load pair which is most sensitive to thepower flow on each interface line. The power flow on each interface line is perturbedaccurately towards at both power increasing and decreasing directions byimplementing control on the generator-load pair. Then, using the operation pointsafter perturbation to determine the critical points related to voltage stability. Furture,obtain the local approximation boundaries of CVSR at the above two perturbationdirections. Finally, the accurate CVSR local boundaries are obtained by translation and weight. Verification results from several systems show that the proposed methodcan reduce the fitting error of CVSR effectively.
2) Based on the above perturbation method, a new approach to determing the localboundaries of voltage stability region in power injection space (IVSR) with windfarms is presented. It can be used for voltage stability analysis and on-line securityevaluation with considering the output undertainty of wind farms. Firstly, power flowtracing and double layer dispatch model are used to determine the generators that areclosely relat+ed to the wind farms, in order to balance the power fluctuations causedby wind speed variation. Then, modal analysis is used to obtain the key generators toachieve an effective dimensionality reduction for IVSR. Finally, the forecasting outputpower (or wind speed) of wind farms is divided into several subintervals. For eachinterval, the corresponding local IVSR boundaries are calculated by the perturbationbased method. The parallel process is used to accelerate the computation speed. Thepresented approach is validated by several power systems. It is revealed that theapproach can give the local IVSR boundaries at different wind speeds and be used forpower system voltage stability analysis and on-line security evaluation with largescale wind farms, which has a good engineering application prospect.
2. A preliminary research is carried out to model the electric vehicles and study thecorresponding impacts on the power system. The purpose is to seek revelant analysistheories and control strategies for power system in order to provide technical supportfor the future integration of electric vehicles. The main work is divieded into thefollowing two parts:
1) Combined with the Origin-Destination analysis from the intelligenttransportation theory, a Spatial Temporal Model (STM) is developed to evaluate thesecurity of power supply with high penetration levels of electric vehicles. STM candetermine the impacts on power system caused by electric vehicles’ charging powerwith spatial temporal characteristic. STM is able to guide the planning and upgrade ofthe power grid.
2) Under the environment of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), four architectures of usingelectric vehicles to support the operation of power system, Aggregator, Virtual PowerPlant (VPP), MicroGrid and Energy Hub are compared and analyzed. Then, usingelectric vehicles to contribute to the primary frequency response is investigated indepth. On this basis, a voltage stability control stragety is presented when emergencyhappens, which uses the complementary characteristics between wind farms and electric vehicles to improve the voltage stability of system by exerting controls.
3. The interface power flow control strategy of power system with intermittentpower injections is studied in-depth in order to develop new power flow controltechnologies for operators to control the operation of power system effectively. Themain works are divded into the following two parts:
1) A new interface power control method based on DC power flow and sensitivityanalysis is presented. Firstly, DC power flow is used to calculate the matrix ofgeneration shift distribution factor (GSDF). Further, according to the needs of powercontrol, using the information of GSDF matrix, the control scheme is obtainedthrough nonlinear optimization. It is revealed that, the method not only can control thetotal power of the interface accurately, but also can take the directional variation ofpower flow on each interface line into considersation, with a good applicationprospect.
2) The above linearized DC power flow can not consider the error caused by thevoltage problem on the power transmission of power system. As a result, an interfacepower flow control method based on surface approximation is proposed. This methodcan take fully account of the nonlinear relationship between power flow and thevariation of power generation as well as the impacts from reactive power. The controlprecision is further improved.
1、对传统电力系统电压稳定安全域求解方法加以改进，以适于含间歇性可再生能源发电(如风电场)入网后电力系统在线安全监控的需要。主要工作包括如下两部分：
1)传统利用一个超平面来近似表达系统安全域边界的方法，在计算速度和精度上都不能很好满足系统在线监控的需求，为此给出一种通过对运行点实施微扰以获得割集电压稳定域(CVSR)局部边界的新方法。首先利用潮流追踪，确定对割集每条支路潮流影响最大的发电机-负荷节点对，通过对其实施控制以实现对每条支路潮流增、减双向的精确微扰；然后利用微扰后的运行点，确定系统的电压稳定临界点，进一步得到CVSR边界在增、减两个扰动方向上的局部近似边界；最后，通过平移和加权处理，得到CVSR局部边界的精确结果。利用多个系统的验证结果表明，所给方法可有效降低CVSR边界的拟合误差。
2)结合微扰法的思想，给出一种包含风电场的注入空间静态电压稳定域(IVSR)局部边界求解新方法，用于风速难以准确预测情况下系统电压稳定性的分析与在线安全监控。首先，利用潮流追踪与双层调度模型获得与风电场紧密关联的调控机组，用以平衡风速变化所引起的风电场输出功率的波动；进而，利用模态分析获得关键发电机节点，用于IVSR的有效降维；最后，对可能的风速和风电场输出功率区间进行分段并行计算，并通过定向微扰来获得对应风速下的IVSR的局部边界。利用多个系统验证表明，该方法可快速获得不同风速下IVSR的局部边界，可用于包含风电场的电力系统在线电压稳定监控，具有很好的工程应用前景。
2、对电动汽车的建模和电动汽车对电力系统运行的影响进行了初步研究，目的是寻求相关分析理论与控制技术，为未来大量电动汽车入网运行提供技术支持。主要工作包含如下两部分：
1)结合智能交通领中的Origin-Destination分析(O-D Analysis)理论，建立一种电动汽车时空分布模型(Spatial Temporal Model, STM)，用于对高电动汽车渗透率下的电网供电安全性进行评估，可有效分析电动汽车充电负荷在时间和空间上的分布特性对电网运行的影响，对指导电网规划、升级与改造具有指导意义。
2)在Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)环境下，对比分析了利用电动汽车进行电网安全辅助服务的四类常用形式，Aggregator、Virtual Power Plant (VPP)、MicroGrid和Energy Hub，分析利用电动汽车进行电力系统一次调频的可能；在此基础上，提出一种基于V2G技术的电动汽车电压紧急控制策略，利用风电场和电动汽车之间的互补特性，通过施加控制以改善系统的电压稳定性。
3、对含有间歇性注入的电力系统的断面潮流控制方法进行了深入研究，寻求断面潮流精准控制技术，以提高运行人员对系统的驾驭能力。主要工作包括如下两部分：
1)给出一种基于直流潮流灵敏度的割集断面潮流定向控制新方法：首先，利用直流潮流确定系统中不同发电机与断面各支路之间的相关系数，从而获得断面潮流控制所需发电机输出功率转移分布因子表(GSDF)；进而，根据断面潮流定向控制的需要，利用GSDF信息，并通过非线性优化过程确定断面潮流的调控方案。该方法不仅可以实现对断面总潮流的准确控制，同时可兼顾各支路潮流不同变动目标的定向要求，具有很好的工程应用前景。
2)针对线性化直流潮流无法考虑系统电压问题对功率传输的影响所导致的控制误差，提出了一种基于曲面近似的断面潮流定向控制方法。该方法可以充分考虑断面潮流与调度发电机功率变换之间的非线性关系及系统无功功率影响，控制精度得到了进一步的提高。
Energy and environmental issue is currently the main focus of the world. In China,in order to achieve the goal of energy-saving and emission-reduction, the powerindustry has taken specific initiatives to develop all kinds of renewable energyresources at the generation side to de-carbonize the power generation. At the sametime, promote new types of electric drives to replace the traditional petrochemicalbased loads at the demand side. These measures lead to the fast development of largescale wind farms and electric vehicles. Uncertainty is the shared characteristic of windgeneration and electric vehicle. The power output of wind farm depends on the windspeed with intermittent and fluctuation nature; the charging power of electric vehiclehas closely relationship with the traffic patterns and is able to get access to the gridanytime and anywhere. With the increasing penetrations of wind farms and electricvehicles, the resulting great deal of uncertainties will significantly impact theoperation of power system at many aspects, such as voltage stability, frequencystability, etc. This dissertation studies the new security evaluation and controlstrategies for the power system with high penetration levels of wind farms and electricvehicles. The major work is categorized as follows:
1. Improve the traditional solution method to determine the boundaries of voltagestability region, in order to make it suitable for on-line security monitoring andcontrol of power system with intimittent renewable energy generations (such as windfarms). The main tasks of this part include the following two aspects:
1) The traditional method of using one hyper-plane to approximate the boundary ofsecurity region has the deficiencies both at calculation speed and accuracy, which isunable to satisfy the requirements of on-line monitor and control. In this part, a newperturbation approach is introduced to obtain the local boundaries of voltage stabilityregion in the cut-set space (CVSR) of power system. Firstly, the power flow tracingalgorithm is used to determine the generator-load pair which is most sensitive to thepower flow on each interface line. The power flow on each interface line is perturbedaccurately towards at both power increasing and decreasing directions byimplementing control on the generator-load pair. Then, using the operation pointsafter perturbation to determine the critical points related to voltage stability. Furture,obtain the local approximation boundaries of CVSR at the above two perturbationdirections. Finally, the accurate CVSR local boundaries are obtained by translation and weight. Verification results from several systems show that the proposed methodcan reduce the fitting error of CVSR effectively.
2) Based on the above perturbation method, a new approach to determing the localboundaries of voltage stability region in power injection space (IVSR) with windfarms is presented. It can be used for voltage stability analysis and on-line securityevaluation with considering the output undertainty of wind farms. Firstly, power flowtracing and double layer dispatch model are used to determine the generators that areclosely relat+ed to the wind farms, in order to balance the power fluctuations causedby wind speed variation. Then, modal analysis is used to obtain the key generators toachieve an effective dimensionality reduction for IVSR. Finally, the forecasting outputpower (or wind speed) of wind farms is divided into several subintervals. For eachinterval, the corresponding local IVSR boundaries are calculated by the perturbationbased method. The parallel process is used to accelerate the computation speed. Thepresented approach is validated by several power systems. It is revealed that theapproach can give the local IVSR boundaries at different wind speeds and be used forpower system voltage stability analysis and on-line security evaluation with largescale wind farms, which has a good engineering application prospect.
2. A preliminary research is carried out to model the electric vehicles and study thecorresponding impacts on the power system. The purpose is to seek revelant analysistheories and control strategies for power system in order to provide technical supportfor the future integration of electric vehicles. The main work is divieded into thefollowing two parts:
1) Combined with the Origin-Destination analysis from the intelligenttransportation theory, a Spatial Temporal Model (STM) is developed to evaluate thesecurity of power supply with high penetration levels of electric vehicles. STM candetermine the impacts on power system caused by electric vehicles’ charging powerwith spatial temporal characteristic. STM is able to guide the planning and upgrade ofthe power grid.
2) Under the environment of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), four architectures of usingelectric vehicles to support the operation of power system, Aggregator, Virtual PowerPlant (VPP), MicroGrid and Energy Hub are compared and analyzed. Then, usingelectric vehicles to contribute to the primary frequency response is investigated indepth. On this basis, a voltage stability control stragety is presented when emergencyhappens, which uses the complementary characteristics between wind farms and electric vehicles to improve the voltage stability of system by exerting controls.
3. The interface power flow control strategy of power system with intermittentpower injections is studied in-depth in order to develop new power flow controltechnologies for operators to control the operation of power system effectively. Themain works are divded into the following two parts:
1) A new interface power control method based on DC power flow and sensitivityanalysis is presented. Firstly, DC power flow is used to calculate the matrix ofgeneration shift distribution factor (GSDF). Further, according to the needs of powercontrol, using the information of GSDF matrix, the control scheme is obtainedthrough nonlinear optimization. It is revealed that, the method not only can control thetotal power of the interface accurately, but also can take the directional variation ofpower flow on each interface line into considersation, with a good applicationprospect.
2) The above linearized DC power flow can not consider the error caused by thevoltage problem on the power transmission of power system. As a result, an interfacepower flow control method based on surface approximation is proposed. This methodcan take fully account of the nonlinear relationship between power flow and thevariation of power generation as well as the impacts from reactive power. The controlprecision is further improved.
引文
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