水稻灌区新型农田水利系统防污减污试验研究
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摘要
本文针对我国南方水稻灌区农业面源污染问题,在长江流域、珠江流域两个水稻灌区的试点上,构建了“四道防线”减污降污农田水利系统,并针对“四道防线”系统中的每个环节,开展实地观测试验,根据试验结果进行分析及模拟,研究各个环节及综合系统的降污、减污效果及机理,最后提出基于减污型农田水利系统的构建方法。主要研究内容和结论如下：
(1)“四道防线”系统构成及降污作用试验研究。通过构建“水稻田节水灌溉Ⅰ-农田排水草沟Ⅱ-塘堰湿地Ⅲ-生态骨干排水沟Ⅳ”四道防线系统,以及在湖北漳河灌区、广西青狮潭灌区的观测试验结果,评价“四道防线”系统处理稻田排水水质效果。
第一道防线—田间节水灌溉：通过节水减排和水肥高效利用,可减少氮、磷排放约20%-30%。第二道防线—田间排水草沟：排出农田的面源污染物首先进入田间排水草沟,通过田间排水草沟的拦截和净化达到对污染物进入塘堰湿地前的二次去除,可降低氮、磷约35%-50%。第三道防线—塘堰湿地：由田间排水草沟净化后的水进入塘堰湿地,通过物理沉降、化学吸附、植物吸收、微生物降解等作用,使面源污染物得到进一步消减,可降低氮、磷约40%-60%。第四道防线—生态骨干排水沟：塘堰湿地排出之水进入生态骨干排水沟系,生态骨干排水沟再次净化入此沟系的水质,可降低氮、磷约15%-50%。“四道防线”综合系统可降低稻田排水中氮、磷污染约60-70%,极大地提高了农田排水质量,使之可以被回收利用,从而在原有节水效果的基础上还可再节水20%-30%。
(2)以不同的环境因子(不同底泥、不同上覆水水深及不同上覆水水质)分别进行了底泥释放试验,了解不同的环境条件下底泥释放的变化情况,为塘堰湿地的管理提供参考。
水流的扰动会加速底泥中磷的释放；不稳定的水-泥环境以及溶解氧含量会影响微生物的生长及硝化／反硝化作用的进行,良好的好氧-厌氧根区环境对于保持湿地的净化能力非常重要；不同的水质指标的净化,其适宜的湿地水深是不同的。45cm水深条件下,底泥对于上覆水中TP具有较好的净化效果,而对于TN,底泥则在25cm水深条件下具有较好的净化效果。当底泥中营养物质富集到一定程度时,有可能形成二次污染,所以周期性的疏浚对于保证湿地的稳定运行至关重要。
(3)利用DrainMOD模型模拟了漳河灌区中稻生育期试验区农田排水量及氮素流失量,并验证了模型在南方湿润地区的适用性；在参数率定和模型改进的基础上,利用DrainMOD模型模拟了不同水平年、不同灌溉方式及不同施肥量条件下的稻田排水过程和排水中氮素流失过程。
稻田地表排水中铵氮的流失量主要集中在水稻生育前中期,硝氮的流失量主要集中在水稻生育中后期。湿地面积设计中宜考虑所承受稻田排水铵氮和硝氮负荷的上限值分别为14.1kg/hm2和6.6kg/hm2。施肥对稻田地表铵氮和硝氮流失影响较大,稻田产生地表排水流失的铵氮和硝氮量随施肥量的增多而增大。
(4)应用TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N及TP的塘堰湿地水质模型,模拟了湿地出口水质,通过与实测值的对比,验证了模型的可信度；结合漳河灌区、青狮潭灌区人工湿地多年的实际运行情况,研究了基于控制农业面源污染的人工湿地的选型及优化设计。
塘堰湿地TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N及TP一级动力学模型的模拟值与实测值较接近,误差基本上小于30%,模拟结果可信度较高。用DrainMOD模型模拟的农田排水量和排水污染物含量作为湿地水质模型的输入项,将两种模型耦合起来,形成一个综合系统,来模拟预测塘堰湿地出水水质。结果表明,耦合后的模型模拟效果较好,通过区域的土壤和气象等基础资料,便可模拟预测排水水质的净化效果,为“四道防线”综合系统提供了理论依据。
(5)将“四道防线”技术理念应用于新型农田水利系统构建中,以生态排水沟道和塘堰湿地削减农田排水污染物措施的角度,总结了当前的研究成果,对构建水稻灌区防污、减污功能新型农田水利系统的理论、方法和效益进行了探讨。新型农田水利系统,具有建造及运行成本低、污染物去除效率高、出水水质好和操作简单等优点,兼顾了可操作性和经济性,产生了较好的环境效益、经济效益和社会效益。
Focuses on the problem of agricultural non-point source pollution in the rice-based irrigation area in South China, Two experimental sites of irrigation and drainage system with "Four Defense Lines" for pollution mitigation were established in the rice-based irrigation area located in the Yangtze River and Pearl River Basins respectively. The field experiment for each link of the "Four Defense Lines" system is engaged. The analysis and simulation are conduct on the basis of the results of the experiment. The effect of the pollution reduction and its mechanism of each link and the comprehensive system are studied. And then, the methods for establishment of the new irrigation and drainage system with pollution mitigation function are presented. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows:
(1) The experiment and research of the composition of" Four Defense Lines' system and the effect on the pollution mitigation were engaged. The " Four Defense Lines " system which composed by water-saving irrigation in paddy field, field grass ditch, pond wetland and ecological trunk ditch has been constructed in Hubei Zhanghe and Guangxi Qingshitan irrigation districts. According to the results of the experiment, the effect on improving the drainage water quality from paddy field with "Four Defense Lines " system is evaluated.
The first defense line—Water-saving irrigation:Through field water-saving irrigation, controlling discharge and combining with high utilization rate of water manure, the first defense line can reduce discharge of the nitrogen and phosphorus by20%-30%. The second defense line—field grass ditch:The non-point pollutants discharged from farmland firstly enter into field grass ditch, and then it is removed again through the field grass ditch before enter into pond wetland. The second defense line can mitigate nitrogen and phosphor by35%～50%. The third defense line—Pond wetland:Water is purified by field grass ditch and enters into the pond wetland, further reducing the contamination again through physical filtration, settling, chemical adsorption, botanical absorption, micro-biological degradation. The third defense line can mitigate nitrogen and phosphor by40%～60%. The fourth defense line—Ecological trunk ditch:Through collecting the discharged water from pond wetland and then discharge to all kinds of drainage receiver, ecological trunk discharge ditch re-purifies the water discharged from the wetland. The fourth defense line can mitigate nitrogen and phosphor by15%～50%. The" Four Defense Lines "comprehensive system can reduce nitrogen and phosphor60%～70%form paddy field drainage. Because the drainage water quality is improved significantly, it can be recycle-used in irrigation area, so the comprehensive system can further save water 20%～30%on the base of its original effect of water saving.
(2) In order to provide the reference for the management of the pond wetland, the influence of sediment in pond wetland on reducing pollution under the conditions of different soil, water depth and water quality has been experimented and studied.
The flow turbulence will accelerate the release of phosphorus from sediment. Unstable water-soil environment and the content of dissolved oxygen can affect the growth of microorganisms and the rate of nitrification/denitrification, good aerobic-anaerobic environment in the root zone is very important for maintaining the purification capacity of wetland. For different water quality indicators, the appropriate water depth of wetland is different. As for total phosphorus, the purification effect is better when the water depth is45cm, for total nitrogen, the better water depth is25cm. When the nutrients in sediment accumulate to a certain extent, secondary pollution may occur, so the periodic dredging to ensure the treatment capacity and stable operation of wetland is very important.
(3) DrainMOD model was applied to simulate the paddy fields displacement and nitrogen loss form the experimental farmland in Zhanghe irrigation district during the growing season of middle rice. Its adaptability in the humid regions in South China was verified. Based on the parameter calibration and model improvement, DrainMOD model was utilized to simulate the process of the drainage discharge and nitrogen loss from paddy fields during the drainage in different hydrologic years, different irrigation manners and amounts of fertilizer.
The ammonium nitrogen loss during the surface drainage form paddy fields mainly occurred in the early and middle growth stages of rice, while the nitrate nitrogen loss mainly occurred in the middle and late growth stages of rice. The upper limits of ammonium nitrogen load and nitrate nitrogen load during the drainage of paddy field are designed to be14.1kg/hm2and6.6kg/hm2respectively in the wetland area design. Fertilization had a significant influence on the ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen loss from the surfaces of paddy fields, and the ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen loss along with the drainage from paddy fields increased with the increase in amount of fertilizer.
(4) Water quality at the outlet of wetland was simulated by using pond wetland water quality models for TN, NH4+-N, NO3--N and TP. The reliability of model was verified by the comparison of measured and calculated values. The selection and optimization design of pond wetland for controlling agricultural non-point pollution was studied in combination with practical operation situations of the pond wetlands in Zhanghe irrigation district and Qingshitan Irrigation district in the multiple years.
The simulated values gained with the first-order kinetic model for TN, NH4+-N, NO3--N and TP of pond wetland are closer to the measured values, with an error less than30%, so the simulated result is of high reliability. The displacement of the farmland and pollutant content in the drainage that were simulated with the DrainMOD model were taken as the inputs of wetland water quality model, and then the two models were coupled to form a comprehensive system to simulate and forecast the quality of water from the pond wetland. The results showed that the coupled model had good simulation effect, and only the basic data such as soil and meteorological data of the region is needed to simulate and forecast the purifying effect of the drainage water, which provided theoretical basis for the "Four Defense Lines " comprehensive system.
(5) The technology concept of "Four Defense Lines" was applied in the establishment of new irrigation and drainage system, current research achievements were concluded in terms of the technologies for removal of pollutant from the farmland drainage in ecological drainage ditches and pond wetland of irrigation districts. The theories, methods, and efficiency of this new irrigation and drainage system with pollution mitigation function in rice-based irrigation districts were discussed. This new system possesses the advantages of low construction and operation cost, high efficiency in pollutant removal, good drained water quality, and simple operation. It also considers the operability and economical efficiency, and produces good environmental, economical, and social benefits.
(1)“四道防线”系统构成及降污作用试验研究。通过构建“水稻田节水灌溉Ⅰ-农田排水草沟Ⅱ-塘堰湿地Ⅲ-生态骨干排水沟Ⅳ”四道防线系统,以及在湖北漳河灌区、广西青狮潭灌区的观测试验结果,评价“四道防线”系统处理稻田排水水质效果。
第一道防线—田间节水灌溉：通过节水减排和水肥高效利用,可减少氮、磷排放约20%-30%。第二道防线—田间排水草沟：排出农田的面源污染物首先进入田间排水草沟,通过田间排水草沟的拦截和净化达到对污染物进入塘堰湿地前的二次去除,可降低氮、磷约35%-50%。第三道防线—塘堰湿地：由田间排水草沟净化后的水进入塘堰湿地,通过物理沉降、化学吸附、植物吸收、微生物降解等作用,使面源污染物得到进一步消减,可降低氮、磷约40%-60%。第四道防线—生态骨干排水沟：塘堰湿地排出之水进入生态骨干排水沟系,生态骨干排水沟再次净化入此沟系的水质,可降低氮、磷约15%-50%。“四道防线”综合系统可降低稻田排水中氮、磷污染约60-70%,极大地提高了农田排水质量,使之可以被回收利用,从而在原有节水效果的基础上还可再节水20%-30%。
(2)以不同的环境因子(不同底泥、不同上覆水水深及不同上覆水水质)分别进行了底泥释放试验,了解不同的环境条件下底泥释放的变化情况,为塘堰湿地的管理提供参考。
水流的扰动会加速底泥中磷的释放；不稳定的水-泥环境以及溶解氧含量会影响微生物的生长及硝化／反硝化作用的进行,良好的好氧-厌氧根区环境对于保持湿地的净化能力非常重要；不同的水质指标的净化,其适宜的湿地水深是不同的。45cm水深条件下,底泥对于上覆水中TP具有较好的净化效果,而对于TN,底泥则在25cm水深条件下具有较好的净化效果。当底泥中营养物质富集到一定程度时,有可能形成二次污染,所以周期性的疏浚对于保证湿地的稳定运行至关重要。
(3)利用DrainMOD模型模拟了漳河灌区中稻生育期试验区农田排水量及氮素流失量,并验证了模型在南方湿润地区的适用性；在参数率定和模型改进的基础上,利用DrainMOD模型模拟了不同水平年、不同灌溉方式及不同施肥量条件下的稻田排水过程和排水中氮素流失过程。
稻田地表排水中铵氮的流失量主要集中在水稻生育前中期,硝氮的流失量主要集中在水稻生育中后期。湿地面积设计中宜考虑所承受稻田排水铵氮和硝氮负荷的上限值分别为14.1kg/hm2和6.6kg/hm2。施肥对稻田地表铵氮和硝氮流失影响较大,稻田产生地表排水流失的铵氮和硝氮量随施肥量的增多而增大。
(4)应用TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N及TP的塘堰湿地水质模型,模拟了湿地出口水质,通过与实测值的对比,验证了模型的可信度；结合漳河灌区、青狮潭灌区人工湿地多年的实际运行情况,研究了基于控制农业面源污染的人工湿地的选型及优化设计。
塘堰湿地TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N及TP一级动力学模型的模拟值与实测值较接近,误差基本上小于30%,模拟结果可信度较高。用DrainMOD模型模拟的农田排水量和排水污染物含量作为湿地水质模型的输入项,将两种模型耦合起来,形成一个综合系统,来模拟预测塘堰湿地出水水质。结果表明,耦合后的模型模拟效果较好,通过区域的土壤和气象等基础资料,便可模拟预测排水水质的净化效果,为“四道防线”综合系统提供了理论依据。
(5)将“四道防线”技术理念应用于新型农田水利系统构建中,以生态排水沟道和塘堰湿地削减农田排水污染物措施的角度,总结了当前的研究成果,对构建水稻灌区防污、减污功能新型农田水利系统的理论、方法和效益进行了探讨。新型农田水利系统,具有建造及运行成本低、污染物去除效率高、出水水质好和操作简单等优点,兼顾了可操作性和经济性,产生了较好的环境效益、经济效益和社会效益。
Focuses on the problem of agricultural non-point source pollution in the rice-based irrigation area in South China, Two experimental sites of irrigation and drainage system with "Four Defense Lines" for pollution mitigation were established in the rice-based irrigation area located in the Yangtze River and Pearl River Basins respectively. The field experiment for each link of the "Four Defense Lines" system is engaged. The analysis and simulation are conduct on the basis of the results of the experiment. The effect of the pollution reduction and its mechanism of each link and the comprehensive system are studied. And then, the methods for establishment of the new irrigation and drainage system with pollution mitigation function are presented. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows:
(1) The experiment and research of the composition of" Four Defense Lines' system and the effect on the pollution mitigation were engaged. The " Four Defense Lines " system which composed by water-saving irrigation in paddy field, field grass ditch, pond wetland and ecological trunk ditch has been constructed in Hubei Zhanghe and Guangxi Qingshitan irrigation districts. According to the results of the experiment, the effect on improving the drainage water quality from paddy field with "Four Defense Lines " system is evaluated.
The first defense line—Water-saving irrigation:Through field water-saving irrigation, controlling discharge and combining with high utilization rate of water manure, the first defense line can reduce discharge of the nitrogen and phosphorus by20%-30%. The second defense line—field grass ditch:The non-point pollutants discharged from farmland firstly enter into field grass ditch, and then it is removed again through the field grass ditch before enter into pond wetland. The second defense line can mitigate nitrogen and phosphor by35%～50%. The third defense line—Pond wetland:Water is purified by field grass ditch and enters into the pond wetland, further reducing the contamination again through physical filtration, settling, chemical adsorption, botanical absorption, micro-biological degradation. The third defense line can mitigate nitrogen and phosphor by40%～60%. The fourth defense line—Ecological trunk ditch:Through collecting the discharged water from pond wetland and then discharge to all kinds of drainage receiver, ecological trunk discharge ditch re-purifies the water discharged from the wetland. The fourth defense line can mitigate nitrogen and phosphor by15%～50%. The" Four Defense Lines "comprehensive system can reduce nitrogen and phosphor60%～70%form paddy field drainage. Because the drainage water quality is improved significantly, it can be recycle-used in irrigation area, so the comprehensive system can further save water 20%～30%on the base of its original effect of water saving.
(2) In order to provide the reference for the management of the pond wetland, the influence of sediment in pond wetland on reducing pollution under the conditions of different soil, water depth and water quality has been experimented and studied.
The flow turbulence will accelerate the release of phosphorus from sediment. Unstable water-soil environment and the content of dissolved oxygen can affect the growth of microorganisms and the rate of nitrification/denitrification, good aerobic-anaerobic environment in the root zone is very important for maintaining the purification capacity of wetland. For different water quality indicators, the appropriate water depth of wetland is different. As for total phosphorus, the purification effect is better when the water depth is45cm, for total nitrogen, the better water depth is25cm. When the nutrients in sediment accumulate to a certain extent, secondary pollution may occur, so the periodic dredging to ensure the treatment capacity and stable operation of wetland is very important.
(3) DrainMOD model was applied to simulate the paddy fields displacement and nitrogen loss form the experimental farmland in Zhanghe irrigation district during the growing season of middle rice. Its adaptability in the humid regions in South China was verified. Based on the parameter calibration and model improvement, DrainMOD model was utilized to simulate the process of the drainage discharge and nitrogen loss from paddy fields during the drainage in different hydrologic years, different irrigation manners and amounts of fertilizer.
The ammonium nitrogen loss during the surface drainage form paddy fields mainly occurred in the early and middle growth stages of rice, while the nitrate nitrogen loss mainly occurred in the middle and late growth stages of rice. The upper limits of ammonium nitrogen load and nitrate nitrogen load during the drainage of paddy field are designed to be14.1kg/hm2and6.6kg/hm2respectively in the wetland area design. Fertilization had a significant influence on the ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen loss from the surfaces of paddy fields, and the ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen loss along with the drainage from paddy fields increased with the increase in amount of fertilizer.
(4) Water quality at the outlet of wetland was simulated by using pond wetland water quality models for TN, NH4+-N, NO3--N and TP. The reliability of model was verified by the comparison of measured and calculated values. The selection and optimization design of pond wetland for controlling agricultural non-point pollution was studied in combination with practical operation situations of the pond wetlands in Zhanghe irrigation district and Qingshitan Irrigation district in the multiple years.
The simulated values gained with the first-order kinetic model for TN, NH4+-N, NO3--N and TP of pond wetland are closer to the measured values, with an error less than30%, so the simulated result is of high reliability. The displacement of the farmland and pollutant content in the drainage that were simulated with the DrainMOD model were taken as the inputs of wetland water quality model, and then the two models were coupled to form a comprehensive system to simulate and forecast the quality of water from the pond wetland. The results showed that the coupled model had good simulation effect, and only the basic data such as soil and meteorological data of the region is needed to simulate and forecast the purifying effect of the drainage water, which provided theoretical basis for the "Four Defense Lines " comprehensive system.
(5) The technology concept of "Four Defense Lines" was applied in the establishment of new irrigation and drainage system, current research achievements were concluded in terms of the technologies for removal of pollutant from the farmland drainage in ecological drainage ditches and pond wetland of irrigation districts. The theories, methods, and efficiency of this new irrigation and drainage system with pollution mitigation function in rice-based irrigation districts were discussed. This new system possesses the advantages of low construction and operation cost, high efficiency in pollutant removal, good drained water quality, and simple operation. It also considers the operability and economical efficiency, and produces good environmental, economical, and social benefits.
引文
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