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基于质量评价的区域经济管理研究
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摘要
30余年来,中国区域经济总量增长巨大,举世瞩目,但伴随产生的居民收入差距扩大、贫富悬殊和地区发展极不平衡等区域经济问题日趋严峻,西部的四川省尤其如此,这些问题已成为构建和谐区域经济社会的最大障碍。
     区域经济管理遵循的三条基本原则是:人本性、协调性和效率性。人本性指区域居民福祉普遍而公平地改善;协调性指区域经济子系统协调共进;效率性指区域财富总量得以快速增加。人本性和协调性是“质”的规定,是区域经济终极目标;效率性是“量”的要求,是服务于区域经济目标的资源利用率。长期以来,中国区域经济运行重“量”轻“质”,有悖于区域经济目标,导致区域经济管理错位和失位,进而带来一系列的区域经济问题,强化区域经济管理是治理这些问题的有效途径。
     区域经济管理是一门新兴的管理学分支学科,与区域经济学、宏观经济学等经济学分支学科密切联系,但也有明显区别。为突出该学科的管理学特征,批判性地吸收区域经济相关理论的有效成分,在厘清区域经济管理内涵和区域经济质量特征基础上,以质量为切入点,从科学管理角度,展开区域经济管理研究
     迄今,国内外的一些区域经济评价指标普遍存在问题是:重“量”轻“质”,或指标过多,数据收集难度大,实用性不高,而且是基于静态等,为弥补这些缺陷,提出由主观评价法方法和客观评价方法组成的区域经济质量评价体系,即区域居民满意度评价法和区域经济公平性评价、区域经济竞争力评价、区域经济协调性评价。通过实证,建立了客观评价系列模型,用省域地区间居民人均收入差距变化趋势模型、生产力效率差距变化趋势模型,评价省域经济公平性;用省域生产要素总引力、节点市对生产要素平均引力数据,评价省域经济现实竞争力,用省域城市和张力强度模型,评价省域经济潜在竞争力;用省域高能城市分布密度和四城市差异指数,评价省域经济发展协调性。以四川为例,从公平性、协调性和区域经济竞争力三个方面,进行了省域经济质量评价,根据评价结果,分析了四川省域经济质量欠佳的原因,认为其主要原因是省域城市体系结构不合理。
     构建了城市规模和所在市域三种经济收益的3个实证模型,揭示了中国三种经济收益与城市规模的演变规律,得到基于经济收益最大化的城市规模,进一步对城市规模的自然灾害风险、交通通达性、资源承载力等其它影响因素进行分析,特别考虑到四川省地震、泥石流等自然灾害频发的风险,提出了四川省合理的城市规模范围,并根据城市数量结构、规模结构、空间结构等方面的实际数据,进一步验证了四川省城市体系结构的不合理性。通过利益博弈模型,阐明中心城市与其它地区城市规模差距不断扩大的内在原因,认为,在省域城市结构调控方面,政府必须有所“为”。
     从区域经济质量保证系统的决策体系、影响决策体系、控制体系和协调体系四个方面,对中外相关机构及其功能进行了比较分析,结合典型案例,归纳总结其利与弊、经验与教训,就完善中国区域经济质量保证体系进行了探讨,根据目标管理法,提出了四川省域经济管理的战略目标和战术目标,以及目标管理过程。
     围绕“收入分配不公”、“地区间发展严重失衡”和“经济竞争力不强”等问题,(认为四川经济质量问题的治本途径是,建构合理的省域城市体系,重点培育一批城市人口为150万~240万的大城市;基于规模经济效益和自然灾害风险,应控制中心城市的过度扩张;区域经济有效管理的基础工作是构建独立公正的第三方评价机制和客观实用的区域经济质量评价指标体系;省域城乡统筹发展试点放在次中心城市比放在中心城市更具示范效果和推广价值;发展边远地区和农村经济,需要特殊的扶持机制和政策导向,重点做好从城镇→小城市→中城市→大城市的城市培育工作;转变省域经济发展模式,大力发展内需为主的特色产业,增强省域经济持久发展动力;现行户籍制度是居民公平享有社会福利和公共设施、农民增收与就业的最大体制性障碍,是最具歧视性的制度,应予以废止;划小省级行政区划、设立特别发展区和发展基金、扶持落后地区发展,是缩小地区间发展差距的必要之举。
In recent30years, regional economic in China has grown greatly and has attractedworldwide attention. But with the problems of expanding income gap, disparitybetween the rich and the poor and disequilibrium of regional development, these issueshave become the biggest obstacle to construct the harmonious regional economicsociety. It is particular in Sichuan in western China.
     Regional economic management follow three basic principles including nature,harmony and efficiency。Human nature refers to improving the area residents,welfare generally and fairly. Harmony refers to coordinating the regional economicsubsystem and advancing together. Efficiency refers to the rapid increasing of the totalamount of regional wealth. Human nature and harmony is the regulation of “quality”,which is the ultimate goal of the regional economy. Efficiency is the request of“quantity", which refers to resource utilization of service in the regional economic goal.For a long time, the regional economic operations in China pay attention to "quantity"not to" quality", which is not consistent with the regional economic goal, thus leads toregional economic management dislocation and imbalance, bringing a series of regionaleconomic problem. So strengthening regional economic management is the effectiveways to control these problems.
     Regional economic management is a new management branch, it is close contactwith economics branch disciplines such as regional economics and macroeconomics,but it has also obvious difference. In order to stress on management features of thediscipline, this paper critically absorbs the effective components of the regionaleconomic correlation theory and clearly differentiates the intension of regionaleconomic management and characteristics of regional economic quality and takingquality as the breakthrough point and research into regional economic managementunder the scientific management principle.
     So far, some regional economic evaluation systems still exists general problems indomestic and foreign. They pay attention to “quantity” not to “quality”. Or data isdifficult to collect because of too many systems, which is not practical. What’s more,the data is based on static. To make up for these defects, the essay has put forward theregional economic quality evaluation system formed by subjective evaluation methodand objective evaluation method,also regional residents satisfaction evaluation methodand the regional economic fairness evaluation, regional economic coordination evaluation and regional economic competitiveness evaluation. Through empiricalresearch, the essay has established the objective evaluation model, the per capitaincome gap trend model of different area residents, the productivity efficiency gapchange trend model. These models have evaluated the fairness of provincial economic.Provincial economic development coordination has been assessed by provincial highenergy city distribution density and four cities difference index. Provincial economicreality competitiveness has been evaluated by provincial production elements totalattraction and production elements average gravity data. Provincial economic potentialcompetitiveness has been evaluated by provincial cities net system tension strengthmodel. Taking Sichuan as an example, the essay has conducted the provincial economicquality evaluation from regional economic fairness, regional economic competitivenessand regional economic harmony. Through the evaluation conclusions, the authoranalyses the main reason why the regional economy quality of Sichuan is poor,thinking it is caused by the unreasonable provincial city system structure.
     The essay has constructed the city scale and three empirical models of three kindsof economic benefits in the region, revealing the evolution rule of three kinds ofeconomic benefits and city scale, from which the economic benefits have beenmaximized. The essay has also analyzed the city scale of the risk of natural disasters,transportation accessibility and the carrying capacity of resources, special considerationto the risk of the earthquake and mudslides in Sichuan province, putting forward thereasonable city scale of Sichuan and verifying the city architecture in Sichuan isunreasonable according to the actual data of the number of cities, size structure andspatial structure. It expounds the internal reason why the city size gap between centralcity and other parts is being widened by the interests’ game model. Government mustdo something in the aspect of regulation city structure.
     Based on management organization and coordination functions, combined withtypical cases, from regional economic management decision system, decision effectsystem, regulation system, balance and coordination system, the third party evaluationmechanism and public participation pattern, the thesis has conducted a Sino-foreigncomparative analysis, summarizing its advantages and disadvantages, experience andlessons, which provides a basis for democratization and scientific for regionaleconomic organization and coordination management in Sichuan. According to theprinciple of objective management and regional economic quality requirement, thispaper has put forward provincial economy management strategy and tactical target of Sichuan in the future.
     Around the problems of "unfair distribution",“imbalance regional development”and “feeble regional economic competitiveness”, the author thinks the fundamentalapproaches to quality problems of Sichuan including the following measures: constructreasonable provincial urban system, Striving to cultivate a group of cities of1.5-2.4million urban populations. Control center city excessive expansion based on the risk ofeconomies of scale and natural disasters. The basis work of effective management ofthe regional economic is to build an independent and impartial third party evaluationmechanism and the objective regional economic quality evaluation system. Putting thebalanced urban and rural development pilot in the sub center city not in the center cityis more effective and value. It needs special support mechanisms and policy-orientedfor developing the remote areas and the rural economy, focusing on doing the urbandevelopment work from the town to the small city to the medium-sized city to the bigcity. Transform provincial economic development model and vigorously develop thedistinctive industry which is demanded by domestic and enhance sustainabledevelopment power of the provincial economy. The current household registration isthe biggest obstacle for residents enjoying the fare social welfare and public facilitiesand it is the biggest obstacle for increasing farmer’s income and employment. It is themost discriminatory system, which should be abolished. It is the effective way tonarrow the gap between regions that narrow the area of the province and set up specialdevelopment area and special development fund, which is used to support thedevelopment of the backward area.
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