用户名: 密码: 验证码:
山东近岸海域(黄海部分)生态环境现状及演变特征研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
由于人类的开发活动和全球环境的变化,海洋生物生态和化学环境处在不断变化中。因此,进行海洋生物生态和化学环境调查,掌握海洋生物的种类和数量、种群结构以及海洋化学的特征,对保护近海海洋环境和科学管理海洋资源是十分必要的。
     本研究通过对山东近岸海域生态环境进行调查,分析海洋生物生态要素和化学要素的时空分布、变化规律、形成机制和驱动因素;明确水体和沉积物中污染物在近岸海域的含量、分布及变化趋势,阐明对海洋生态系统可能造成的影响;揭示化学和生物要素的历史演变规律和特征,明确演变的主要驱动因素,全面评价山东省近岸典型海域的环境质量状况。研究结果表明:
     1.山东近岸海域环境质量总体良好。山东省近岸海域水体污染物主要为油类、重金属(汞、铅、镉、锌)和营养盐(尤其是活性磷酸盐)。山东省近岸沉积物除总氮外,其他均无超标现象,各类污染物含量较低,沉积物质量总体良好,潜在生态风险低,污染物对该海域沉积环境不存在威胁。山东省近岸生物质量污染情况基本良好,各类污染物含量水平较低。山东省近岸初级生产力较高,生物多样性较高,种属均匀度较好,群落结构呈现一定的空间异质性。
     2.山东近岸海域生态环境变化显著。自上世纪80年代至2006-2007年,山东省沿岸海域初级生产力水平显著高于上世纪80年代。从上世纪50年代至起,山东近岸海域内浮游植物的丰度呈现增多的趋势,最高值呈现有梯度的升高,种类数呈现增多的趋势。浮游动物的生物量呈现增多的趋势,浮游动物的种类有了明显的增多,大型底栖生物的生物量呈现先降后升的趋势。自上世纪80年代起,山东近岸海域各化学要素发生了显著的变化:海水温度相比于80年代有了显著的升高,由分散分布在山东半岛南部沿岸演变为高水温区集中在日照南部海域,低水温区集中在荣成湾海域;海水pH总体呈现降低的趋势,总体上山东半岛黄海南部海域高于北部海域;溶解氧相比80年代有明显的升高。
     3.山东近岸海域生态环境受到多种人为因素影响。选取水体环境因子作为分析对象,逐步筛选出山东省近岸海域生态环境变化的人为驱动因素:陆源排污、海水养殖、过度捕捞、海上溢油事故、围填海、海上施工建设、电厂温排水、沿海旅游。
     4.山东省近岸海域生态系统服务总价值为106.16×10~9元。2006年,该海域提供的7项服务总价值为106.16×10~9元。其中休闲娱乐和食品生产所占比重最大。休闲娱乐的价值为72×10~9元,食品生产服务的价值为25.23×10~9元。这两项服务的价值总和占服务总价值的91.59%。其它服务所占比重均小于5%。
Since the development of human and global environment change, marine ecologicaland chemical environment is in a constantly changing progress. To understand thespecies, quantities and population structure of marine lives as well as thecharacteristic of marine chemicals, marine environmental investigation should beconducted. The results are beneficial to coastal marine environment protection andscientific management of marine resources.
     In this study, the marine environmental investigation was conducted in Shandongcoastal area. Then the results of this investigation were used to analyze the special andtemporal distribution, variation, formation mechanism and driving factors of bothbiological and chemical elements. Meanwhile, the contents, distributions andvariations of pollutants in water columns and sediments were also realized, as well asthe possible impacts of pollutants on marine ecosystem. The historical evolutioncharacteristics and evolution driving forces of chemical and biological elements wererevealed. Finally, the marine environmental quality of typical coastal area inShandong was evaluated. Main results of this study were as follows:
     1. Generally, Shandong coastal environmental quality was good. The mainpollutants in water columns were heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc) andnutrients (especially active phosphate). Pollutant contents investigated in sedimentswere below standards except for total nitrogen. Sediment quality was generally goodand had low potential ecological risk. Pollutants posed no threat to the coastalsediment. In addition, biological quality of Shandong coastal area was also good.Pollutant contents in marine organisms remained at low levels except for petroleumhydrocarbon residues. At the same time, the results showed that Shandong coastalarea had high primary productivity, high biodiversity, good species evenness and thecommunity structure showed certain spatial heterogeneity.
     2. Shandong coastal environment changed significantly. Since the1980s, theprimary productivity observed in this study was significantly higher than that in the1980s. From the1950s until now, the abundance of phytoplankton in Shandong coastal area has grown obviously, with gradient increase in the maximum values.Significant increases were also observed in phytoplankton species, zooplanktonbiomass and zooplankton species. However, the biomass of macrobenthos showedupward trend after the first drop.
     Since the1980s, the chemical element in Shandong coastal area has changedsignificantly. The water temperature has significantly increased. The high temperaturearea centralized in southern coast of Rizhao, which distributed dispersedly in southerncoast of Shandong in1980s, While the low temperature area in this investigationcentralized in Rongcheng Bay. Compared to the1980s, the seawater pH value hassignificantly decreased and the dissolved oxygen has significantly increased.
     3. Ecology environment in Shandong coastal area was influenced by a varietyof anthropogenic factors. Water environmental elements were used to figure out theanthropogenic driving factors of environmental change: land-based sources of sewage,aquaculture, overfishing, oil spills, land reclamation, costal construction, power plantcooling water, coastal tourism.
     4. The annual general ecosystem service in Shandong area amount to106.16×10~9yuan. In2006, the seven core ecosystem functions provided by this areaamounted to106.16×10~9yuan. Among these, recreation and food production are themost important service which value72×10~9and25.23×10~9yuan respectively. Thesetwo services value is91.59%of total value from all services, while other servicesvalue is below5%respectively.
引文
Costanza R. The ecological, economic, and social importance of the oceans. EcologicalEconomics,1999,31:199-213.
    Costanza R., D’arge R., De Groot R., et al. The value of the world’s ecosystem services andnatural capital. Nature,1997,387:253-260.
    Costanza R., Mageau M.What is a healthy ecosystem? Aquatic Ecology,1999,33(1):105-115.
    David W.S., Olof L. The health and future of coral reef systems. Ocean&CoastalManagement,2000,43:657-688.
    European Environment Agency. Environment in the European Union at the turn of thecentury, Environmental Assessment Report No.2. Copenhagen: European EnvironmentAgency,1999.
    FAO. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. Rome,2004,153pp.
    Harris H.J., Harris V.A., Regier H.A. Importance of the nearshore area for sustainableredevelopment in the Great Lakes with observations on the Baltic Sea.Ambio,1988,5:163-261.
    Kautsky N., Evans S. Role biodeposition by Mytilus edulis inthe circulation of matter andnutrients in a Baltic coastal ecosystem.Mar Ecol Prog Ser,1987,38:201-212
    Knap A. Indicators of Ocean Health and human health: Environmental health perspectives,2002,110(9):839-845.
    Lalli C.M., Parsons T.R. Biological oceanography: An introduction. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann,1997.
    Makarewicz J.C.Photo synthetic parameters as indicators of ecosystemealth. Journal of GreatLakes Research,1991,17(3):333-343.
    Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and human well-being: a framework forassessment. World Resources Institute,2003.
    Rapport D.J. What constitutes ecosystem health? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine,1989,33:120-132;
    Riebesell U., Zondervan I., Rost B. Reduced calcification in marine plankton in response toincreased atmospheric CO2. Nature,2000,407:364-367.
    Ryther J.H. Photosynthesis and fish production in the sea. Science,1969,1:72-76.
    Schaeffer D.J., Henricks E.E., Kerster H.W. Ecosystem health:1.Measuring ecosystem health.Environ. Man.,1988,12:445-455.
    Thorne M.B., Catena J.G. The living ocean: understanding and protecting marine biodiversity.Washington DC: Island Press,1991.
    Tovar A, Moreno C. Environmental implications of in tensive marine aquaculture in earthenponds. Mar Poll Bull,2000,40(11):981-998.
    Wrona F.J., Cash K.J. The ecosystem approach to environmental assessment:Moving fromtheory to practice. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health,1996,5(2):89-97.
    柴心玉,张志南,孙军.胶州湾北部水域叶绿素-a含量和初级生产力.青岛海洋大学学报,2004,30(2):45-52.
    陈碧鹃,陈聚法.胶州湾北部沿岸浮游植物生态特征的研究.海洋水产研究,2000,21(2):34-40.
    陈江麟,王圣洁,赵冬至等.胶州湾陆源排污总量控制与快速评价系统设计.中国人口·资源与环境,2000,10(专刊):84-86.
    陈泮勤.地球系统碳循环.北京:科学出版社,2004,17-19.
    陈秀国.浅析海水养殖对水环境的影响及防治措施.现代农业科学,2008,15(11):111-112.
    陈做志,邱永松,贾晓平等.捕捞对北部湾海洋生态系统的影响.应用生态学报,2008,19(7):1604-1610.
    崔毅,陈碧鹃,陈聚法.黄渤海海水养殖自身污染的评估.应用生态学报,2005,16(1):180-185.
    崔毅,马绍赛,李云平等.莱州湾污染及其对渔业资源的影响.海洋水产研究,2003,24(1):35-41.
    国家海洋局.2003年中国海洋环境质量公报.2004.
    国家海洋局.2004年中国海洋环境质量公报.2005.
    国家海洋局.2005年中国海洋环境质量公报.2006.
    国家海洋局.2006年中国海洋环境质量公报.2007.
    国家海洋局.2007年中国海洋环境质量公报.2008.
    国家海洋局.2008年中国海洋环境质量公报.2009.
    国家海洋局北海分局.黄海环境污染基线调查报告.2000.
    贺益英.关于火、核电厂循环冷却水的余热利用问题.中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2004,2(4):315-316.
    胡德良,杨华南.热排放对湘江大型底栖无脊椎动物的影响.环境污染治理技术与设,2001:25-27.
    黄道建,黄小平,岳维忠.大型海藻体内TN和TP含量及其对近海环境修复的意义.台湾海峡,2005,24(3):316-321.
    辉煌的中国渔业史.北京水产,1999,4:39-40.
    贾怡然.填海造地对胶州湾环境容量的影响研究.中国海洋大学硕士论文,2006.
    焦念志,海湾生态过程与持续发展.科学出版社,2001.
    教育部财务司,国家统计局社会和科技统计司编.中国教育经费统计年鉴2005.北京:中国统计出版社,2006.
    金显仕,邓景耀.莱州湾渔业资源群落结构和生物多样性的变化.生物多样性,2000,8(1):65-72.
    金显仕.山东半岛南部水域春季游泳动物群落结构的变化.水产学报,2003,27(1):19-24.
    冷悦山.胶州湾海洋生态系统健康评价研究.青岛:中国海洋大学,2008.
    李超伦,张芳,申欣,杨波,沈志良,孙松.胶州湾叶绿素的浓度、分布特征及其周年变化.海洋与湖沼,2005,36(6):499-506.
    李惠生.中国海洋文化传统与东亚文明.曲金良,主编.中国海洋文化研究.北京:海洋出版社,2005.
    李乃胜,于洪军,赵松龄等.胶州湾自然环境与地质演化.北京:海洋出版社,2006:272-275.
    李平,董志文.滨海旅游发展中的环境问题及对策.海岸工程,1999,18(2):38-41.
    李新正,于海燕,王永强,帅莲梅,张宝琳,刘瑞玉.胶州湾大型底栖动物的物种多样性现状.生物多样性,2001,9(1):80-84.
    李艳,李瑞香,王宗灵,朱明远,孙丕喜,夏滨.胶州湾浮游植物群落结构及其变化的初步研究.海洋科学进展,2005,23(3):328-334.
    刘东艳,孙军,唐优才,钱树本.胶州湾北部水域浮游植物研究I-种类组成和数量变化.青岛海洋大学学报,2002,32(1):67-72.
    刘慧,唐启升.国际海洋生物碳汇研究进展.中国水产科学,2011,17(3):695-702.
    刘建军,王文杰,李春来.生态系统健康研究进展.环境科学研究,2002,15(1):41-44;
    刘林.胶州湾海岸带空间资源利用时空演变.国家海洋局第一海洋研究所硕士论文,2008.
    刘雯,盛红.建设山东省海洋旅游经济带研究.改革与战略,2009,5:129-156.
    彭本荣,洪华生.海岸带生态系统服务价值评估—理论与应用研究.北京:海洋出版社,2006.
    秦昌波.天津海岸带生态系统健康评价研究.北京:中国环境科学研究院,2006.
    青岛市海洋渔业局.2005年青岛市海洋环境质量公报.2006.
    邱大洪.海岸和近海工程学科中的科学技术问题.大连理工大学学报,2000,40(6):
    631-637.
    任玲,张曼平,孙军,李铁,祝陈坚.胶州湾内外水体部分化学、生物因子的调查分析.青岛海洋大学学报,2003,33(4):557-564.
    山东省海洋与渔业厅.2006年山东省海洋环境质量公报.2007.
    山东省科学技术委员会.山东省海岸带和海涂资源综合调查报告集-综合调查报告.中国科学技术出版社.1990.
    宋金明,徐永福,胡维平,等.中国近海与湖泊碳的生物地球化学.北京:科学出版社,2008.
    宋金明.中国近海生物地球化学.济南:山东科技出版社,2004.
    孙本晓.黄渤海蓝点马鲛资源现状及其保护.北京:中国农业科学院,2009.
    孙军,刘东艳,王宗灵,等.浮游动物摄食在赤潮生消过程中的作用.生态学报,2004,24(7):1514-1522.
    孙磊.胶州湾海岸带生态系统健康评价与预测研究.青岛:中国海洋大学,2008.
    孙松,张永山,吴玉霖,张光涛,张芳,蒲新明.胶州湾初级生产力周年变化,海洋与湖沼,2005,36(6):481-486.
    孙松,周克,杨波,张永山,吉鹏.胶州湾浮游动物生态学研究I.种类组成,海洋与湖沼,2008,39(1):1-7.
    田家怡,慕金波等.山东小清河流域水污染问题与水质管理研究.东营市:石油大学出版社,1996:202-240
    王荣,焦念志,李超伦,沈志良,吉鹏.胶州湾的初级生产力和新生产力,海洋科学集刊,1995,36:181-194.
    王如松,林顺坤,欧阳志云.海南生态省建设的理论与实践.北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
    王文琪,章佩群.双壳类指示生物反映下的胶州湾生态环境的研究.海洋与湖沼,1999,30(5):491-499.
    王悠,窦勇,唐学玺,杨震.山东近岸黄海海域初级生产力的时空分布变化研究.中国海洋大学学报,2009,39(4):633-640.
    王有邦.山东省海洋水产资源开发利用问题探讨.中国人口·资源与环境,2000,10(专刊):8-10.
    王志霞,刘敏燕.溢油对海洋生态系统的损害研究进展.水道港口,2008,29(5):367-371.
    辛玉征,石同林.东营沿海水工作业的安全管理.中国水运,2008,9:30-31.
    徐晓群,曾江宁,曾淦宁等.滨海电厂温排水对浮游动物分布的影响.生态学杂志,2008,27(6):933-939.
    薛占胜.山东沿海经济带发展战略研究[EB/OL]. http://www.sdjw.gov.cn/show.asp?type=zwgk&id=140
    闫俊岭,陈明,李剑.防控海洋溢油污染迫在眉睫——山东烟台长岛海域油污染事件解析.环境保护,2009,422:43-45.
    杨鸣,赵中华,郑冰.发展山东省海水健康养殖的构想和主要对策.海洋水产研究,2005,26(1):68-73.
    杨卫华,高会旺,张永举.海水养殖对近岸海域环境影响的研究进展.海洋湖沼通报,2006,1(1):100-107.
    袁兴中,刘江,陆健健.生态系统健康评价——概念构架与指标选择.应用生态学报,2001,12(4):627-629;
    曾晓起,朴成华,姜伟等.胶州湾及其邻近水域渔业生物多样性的调查研究.中国海洋大学学报,2004,34(6):977-982.
    翟美华.烟台市养虾废水排放及控制.海洋环境科学,1996,15(4):58-61.
    翟水晶,李缇来,胡维平,钱谊.火电厂温排水对湿地生态系统的影响分析—以江苏射阳港电厂为例.海洋环境科学,2008,27(6):571-575.
    翟水晶,李缇来,胡维平等.火电厂温排水对湿地生态系统的影响分析———以江苏射阳港电厂为例.海洋环境科学,2008,27(6):571-575.
    张波,唐启升.渤、黄、东海高营养层次重要生物资源种类的营养级研究.海洋科学进展,2004,22(4):393-404.
    张朝晖,石洪华,姜振波,等.海洋生态系统服务的来源与实现.生态学杂志,2006,25(12):1574-1579.
    张朝晖,周骏,吕吉斌,等.海洋生态系统服务的内涵与特点.海洋环境科学.2007,26(3):259-263.
    张继红,方建光,唐启升.中国浅海贝藻养殖对海洋碳循环的贡献.地球科学进展,2005,20(3):359-365.
    张健,施青松,黄宝兴.围垦的社会经济价值及其对海洋环境影响的评估.海洋学研究,2006,24(增刊):20-25.
    张婧.胶州湾海岸带生态安全研究.青岛:中国海洋大学,2009.
    赵宪勇.黄海鳗鱼种群动力学特征及其资源可持续利用.中国海洋大学博士论文,2006.
    赵延茂,宋朝枢,等.黄河三角洲自然保护区科学考察集.北京:中国林业出版社,1995.
    中国海湾志编纂委员会.中国海湾志(第四分册).北京:海洋出版社,1993.
    钟美明.胶州湾海域生态系统健康评估.青岛:中国海洋大学,2010.
    周毅,杨红生.烟台四十里湾浅海养殖生物及附着生物的化学组成,有机净生产量及其生态效应.水产学报,2002,26(1):21-27.
    朱爱美,叶思源,卢文喜.胶州湾海域大型底栖生物的调查与研究,海洋地质动态,2006,22(10):24-27.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700