南海北部陆坡块体搬运沉积体系的沉积过程、分布及成因研究
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摘要
块体搬运沉积体系（即Mass Transport Deposits，简称MTDs）是一种深水区在重力作用下发育的深水沉积体系，在全球大陆边缘“从源到汇”研究体系中扮演着重要角色。块体搬运沉积作用不仅造成危害极大的深水地质灾害，而且与海洋天然气水合物和深水油气的形成过程与富集有密切联系。鉴于其重要的学术意义和工程意义，近年来成为了国内外海洋地质，深水工程和深水工业界关注的热点。为此，本文调研了美国墨西哥湾海域作业的BP公司“深水地平线”钻井平台爆炸事故的触发过程和灾害因素。在我国南海深水油气勘探开发步伐日益加快的背景下，本文选择南海北部陆坡MTDs为研究目标具有科学和实际意义。
本文主要利用近20年采集的部分二维和三维高分辨率地震数据，结合海底多波束地形地貌资料，在层序地层分析和地球物理属性分析基础的基础上，对南海北部陆坡深水区开展研究，确定第四系MTDs的分布范围，结构特征和的发育过程，并重点探讨了水合物分解与MTDs发育的相关性。
通过大量二维地震资料的解释成果，本文首次系统圈定了MTDs在南海北部陆坡区的主要分布范围，研究区主要MTDs主要分布于四个区域，我们分别命门为：a.琼东南盆地北部陆坡区MTDs（简称琼北MTDs）； b.琼东南盆地华光凹陷MTDs（简称华光MTDs）；c.珠江口盆地白云MTDs（简称白云MTDs）；和d.台西南盆地陆坡MTDs（简称九龙MTDs）。
根据新获得的海底地形地貌资料和地震资料，揭示了块体搬运沉积体系识别特征，MTDs的地震响应特征总体表现为弱振幅，半透明及杂乱反射。在其边缘接触区，可以识别出较为典型的犁式正断层和张性断层，具有强振幅的连续性反射特征；在MTDs的滑移搬运区，一般表现为块状平行或波状弱连续地震相；MTDs的趾部以挤压作用为主，其外形常表现为丘状，以同沉积型挤压逆冲构造为主要特征。
本文重点对白云凹陷天然气水合物的分解机理和白云块体搬运沉积体系开展了研究。根据水合物采样区的二维地震剖面建立了海底地质模型，采用极限平衡法进行海底稳定性判定，给出6种水合物分解模型情况下海底稳定性的安全因子，模拟结果显示：随着水合物分解量的增加，斜坡的稳定性逐渐减弱，当水合物的分解达到一定数量时，陆坡沉积物便会完全失稳。因此，我们认为白云凹陷研究区内水合物的分解对海底MTDs的发育具有诱发作用。同时，论文进行了海水水深，陆坡坡角以及水合物带厚度三个因素对海底失稳的敏感性分析。结果显示，海水水深的增加能有效的抑制MTDs的发育，斜坡坡角和水合物带厚度的增加都是MTDs发育的启动因素。
Mass transport deposits are one kind of sedimentary system driven by gravity flow indeep-water settings, which play an important role in the research of "source to sink"of continental margins. Mass transport deposits may not only cause geologic hazards,but also have close relationships with the formation and accumulation of marine gashydrates and hydrocarbon. Owing to the important academic value and very goodengineering practical value, mass transport deposits become a hot topic in marinegeology and oil industry. Therefore, this paper studied the caused reason and theprocesses of the oil company BP exploded and sank in Gulf of Mexico. Current paceof ocean oil and gas resources exploration and production construction is acceleratedincreasingly, this study focused on mass transport deposits has scientific and actualsignificance in the northern of the South China Sea.
Based on the2D and3D high resolution seismic data in nearly two decades, thedistribution area, architectures and development processing of quaternary masstransport deposits on the slope area of northern South China Sea are confirmed bycombining with interpretation of multi-beam imaging and sequence stratigraphyanalysis. The relationships between gas hydrate dissociation and mass transportdeposits are emphatically discussed.
The distribution area of mass transport deposits in the study area is first systematicallydetermined through interpretation of seismic sections in this paper. Mass transportdeposits are primarily concentrated in four regions: a. North Slope of theQiongdongnan basin; b. Huaguang sag of the Qiongdongnan basin; c. Baiyun sag of the Pearl River Mouth Basin; and d. North Slope of the Taixinan Basin.
Through the study of high resolution bathymetric data and seismic data, identificationof mass transport deposits from seismic profiles are weak amplitude, semitransparentand chaotic reflection. In the boundary contact region, it can identify normal faultsand extension faults with strong amplitude and continuous reflection; in thetranslation domain area, the seismic facies are weakly continuous reflection; in the toedomain area which is controlled by compressional action, and where most of foldsand synsedimentary thrust structures are developed.
In order to further the correlationship clearly between mass transport deposits and thedissociation of gas hydrate, on the basis of2D seismic profile in gas hydrate samplingarea, we established geomechanical mode and estimated the stability of submarineslope through ultimate equilibrium method. Six different gas hydrate dissolutionmodels are chosen to calculate the safety factors. We found that the stability ofsubmarine slope decreases with the increasing dissolution of gas hydrate, whiledissociation reached critical value the slope will fail totally. Consequently, we regardthe dissociation of gas hydrate as an inductive effect of mass transport depositsdevelopment. Meanwhile，we did some sensitivity analysis about water depth, slopeangle and thickness of gas hydrate for the development of MTDs. The results showedthat the increasing of water depth could restrain the development of MTDs，but theincreasing of slope angle and gas hydrate thickness are significant inducing factor ofMTDs.
本文主要利用近20年采集的部分二维和三维高分辨率地震数据，结合海底多波束地形地貌资料，在层序地层分析和地球物理属性分析基础的基础上，对南海北部陆坡深水区开展研究，确定第四系MTDs的分布范围，结构特征和的发育过程，并重点探讨了水合物分解与MTDs发育的相关性。
通过大量二维地震资料的解释成果，本文首次系统圈定了MTDs在南海北部陆坡区的主要分布范围，研究区主要MTDs主要分布于四个区域，我们分别命门为：a.琼东南盆地北部陆坡区MTDs（简称琼北MTDs）； b.琼东南盆地华光凹陷MTDs（简称华光MTDs）；c.珠江口盆地白云MTDs（简称白云MTDs）；和d.台西南盆地陆坡MTDs（简称九龙MTDs）。
根据新获得的海底地形地貌资料和地震资料，揭示了块体搬运沉积体系识别特征，MTDs的地震响应特征总体表现为弱振幅，半透明及杂乱反射。在其边缘接触区，可以识别出较为典型的犁式正断层和张性断层，具有强振幅的连续性反射特征；在MTDs的滑移搬运区，一般表现为块状平行或波状弱连续地震相；MTDs的趾部以挤压作用为主，其外形常表现为丘状，以同沉积型挤压逆冲构造为主要特征。
本文重点对白云凹陷天然气水合物的分解机理和白云块体搬运沉积体系开展了研究。根据水合物采样区的二维地震剖面建立了海底地质模型，采用极限平衡法进行海底稳定性判定，给出6种水合物分解模型情况下海底稳定性的安全因子，模拟结果显示：随着水合物分解量的增加，斜坡的稳定性逐渐减弱，当水合物的分解达到一定数量时，陆坡沉积物便会完全失稳。因此，我们认为白云凹陷研究区内水合物的分解对海底MTDs的发育具有诱发作用。同时，论文进行了海水水深，陆坡坡角以及水合物带厚度三个因素对海底失稳的敏感性分析。结果显示，海水水深的增加能有效的抑制MTDs的发育，斜坡坡角和水合物带厚度的增加都是MTDs发育的启动因素。
Mass transport deposits are one kind of sedimentary system driven by gravity flow indeep-water settings, which play an important role in the research of "source to sink"of continental margins. Mass transport deposits may not only cause geologic hazards,but also have close relationships with the formation and accumulation of marine gashydrates and hydrocarbon. Owing to the important academic value and very goodengineering practical value, mass transport deposits become a hot topic in marinegeology and oil industry. Therefore, this paper studied the caused reason and theprocesses of the oil company BP exploded and sank in Gulf of Mexico. Current paceof ocean oil and gas resources exploration and production construction is acceleratedincreasingly, this study focused on mass transport deposits has scientific and actualsignificance in the northern of the South China Sea.
Based on the2D and3D high resolution seismic data in nearly two decades, thedistribution area, architectures and development processing of quaternary masstransport deposits on the slope area of northern South China Sea are confirmed bycombining with interpretation of multi-beam imaging and sequence stratigraphyanalysis. The relationships between gas hydrate dissociation and mass transportdeposits are emphatically discussed.
The distribution area of mass transport deposits in the study area is first systematicallydetermined through interpretation of seismic sections in this paper. Mass transportdeposits are primarily concentrated in four regions: a. North Slope of theQiongdongnan basin; b. Huaguang sag of the Qiongdongnan basin; c. Baiyun sag of the Pearl River Mouth Basin; and d. North Slope of the Taixinan Basin.
Through the study of high resolution bathymetric data and seismic data, identificationof mass transport deposits from seismic profiles are weak amplitude, semitransparentand chaotic reflection. In the boundary contact region, it can identify normal faultsand extension faults with strong amplitude and continuous reflection; in thetranslation domain area, the seismic facies are weakly continuous reflection; in the toedomain area which is controlled by compressional action, and where most of foldsand synsedimentary thrust structures are developed.
In order to further the correlationship clearly between mass transport deposits and thedissociation of gas hydrate, on the basis of2D seismic profile in gas hydrate samplingarea, we established geomechanical mode and estimated the stability of submarineslope through ultimate equilibrium method. Six different gas hydrate dissolutionmodels are chosen to calculate the safety factors. We found that the stability ofsubmarine slope decreases with the increasing dissolution of gas hydrate, whiledissociation reached critical value the slope will fail totally. Consequently, we regardthe dissociation of gas hydrate as an inductive effect of mass transport depositsdevelopment. Meanwhile，we did some sensitivity analysis about water depth, slopeangle and thickness of gas hydrate for the development of MTDs. The results showedthat the increasing of water depth could restrain the development of MTDs，but theincreasing of slope angle and gas hydrate thickness are significant inducing factor ofMTDs.
引文
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