河套灌区含有马铃薯的复种体系建立及资源利用效率的评价
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摘要
内蒙古河套灌区灌溉便利,而且长期形成了大水漫灌和秋浇水习惯,由此并引起了过量施肥,这已导致河套灌区的地下水硝酸盐含量超标严重。但受黄河水源分配等因素的影响,内蒙古河套灌区大水、大肥的局面难以短期内改变。马铃薯是该地区近年来发展较快的作物,但马铃薯根系较浅,因此该地区马铃薯水肥利用率更低。为确保马铃薯产业的可持续发展,如何在地区灌溉制度不变的前提下提高马铃薯的资源利用效率成为亟待解决的问题。河套灌区光热资源丰富,无霜期较长,因此,本研究提出了“浅根作物(马铃薯)+深根作物”高效栽培的设想,即变一季栽培为双季栽培。通过集成覆膜技术、早熟栽培技术、深根系作物栽培技术、茬口选择技术,养分管理技术等建立了内蒙古河套灌区“早熟马铃薯+后作”双季节栽培体系,旨在提高资源利用效率、经济效益、减轻因过量施氮肥导致的地下水污染问题。有关结果如下：
1.建立的早熟马铃薯与深根系作物双季节栽培体系氮肥回收率、光能利用率、土地利用率、经济效益普遍高于晚熟马铃薯单季节露地栽培,收获后0-160cm土层硝态氮累积量均低于晚熟马铃薯单季节露地栽培。从增加经济净收益、降低土壤硝态氮淋洗风险,提高氮肥回收率、光能利用效率、土地利用效率多角度综合分析,在马铃薯+向日葵、马铃薯+高丹草、马铃薯+大白菜三个体系中,早熟马铃薯覆膜栽培+大白菜体系为最优选择。
2.在225kg N/hm2施氮量下,与氮肥100%基施相比,氮肥50%基施+50%追施处理促进了农艺性状建成、各器官干物质累积,由此显著提高了马铃薯产量、净收益、氮肥回收率以及水分利用率,降低了晚熟马铃薯收获后土壤硝态氮的累积。
3.覆膜提高了10cm土深地温、0-20cm土层土壤含水率。覆膜处理降低了马铃薯收获后土壤硝态氮向深层淋洗的风险,提高了马铃薯水分利用效率。覆膜处理提早了早熟马铃薯的生育进程,促进了干物质累积,而且提高了肥料偏生产力、光能利用率以及单株结薯重和块茎单产。覆膜虽然促进了晚熟马铃薯块茎膨大期以前干物质累积,但并未对肥料偏生产力、光能利用率、块茎产量产生显著影响,而且降低了块茎商品率。
4.在早熟马铃薯+大白菜双季节栽培体系设置了大白菜茬口4水平氮肥田间试验,结果表明：复种茬口施氮量在120kg N/hm2时,大白菜产量、体系净收益达到最大。随复种茬口施氮量的增加,体系光能利用效率、大白菜水分利用效率呈现增加的趋势,氮肥回收率呈现递减的趋势；大白菜体内硝酸盐含量、收获后0-160cm土层硝态氮含量随复种茬口施氮量的增加而增加。大白菜产量、体系净收益与大白菜体内硝酸盐含量、土壤硝态氮累积量之间的矛盾很难协调。
5.施氮量为225kg N/hm2下,在早熟马铃薯+高丹草双季栽培体系设置了高丹草种植密度试验,结果表明：在80000-250000株/hm2范围内,随着种植密度的增加,高丹草干鲜草产量、高丹草水分利用效率、体系氮肥回收率、体系光能利用率显著提高,高丹草收获后0-160cm土层内硝态氮总累积量呈现递减趋势,进而降低了硝态氮污染地下水的风险。
6.河套灌区早熟马铃薯费乌瑞它覆膜栽培,各器官氮磷钾浓度随生育期的延长而呈现下降的趋势；全生育期内根茎叶中氮磷钾累积量呈现单峰曲线变化趋势,块茎中氮磷钾累积量随生育期延长呈现上升趋势；河套灌区早熟马铃薯费乌瑞它覆膜栽培生产1000kg块茎,植株所需N、P205、K20分别为3.00kg、1.53kg、6.72kg。河套灌区晚熟马铃薯克新1号单季节露地栽培,190kg N/hm2为推荐施氮量。
Hetao irrigated area of Inner Mongolia has the convenient irrigation. And the long-term flooding irrigation and autumn irrigation adding the excess usage of nitrogen fertilizer, which lead to the local groundwater's nitrate contamination seriously. The excess usage of water and fertilizer at Hetao irrigated area of Inner Mongolia can not be easily altered in the short time because of the Yellow River water distribution. Potato is the fast developing crop at this place. However, the water and nitrogen fertilizer's use efficiencies in the local potato production are even lower because of potato's shallow root system. For ensuring the sustainable development of potato industry, immediate solution is required to improve the resources use efficiencies of potato without changing the flooding irrigation pattern. Hetao irrigated area had abundant solar energy, and long frost-free season, therefore, this research proposed a hypothesis of shallow root crop(potato)+deep root crop culture pattern to improve resources use efficiencies, that was to change mono potato production into double cropping system. An early potato+cover crop double cropping system was established at Hetao irrigated area of Inner Mongolia through the combinational technology applications including plastic mulch, early potato culture, deep root crop culture, selection of the cover crop, and nutrient management to improve the resources use efficiencies, net economic returns and alleviate the nitrate contamination in groundwater. The results were as follows:
1. The apparent nitrogen recovery ratios, solar energy use efficiencies, land equivalent ratios, net economic returns of the early potato+deep root crop double cropping systems were significantly higher as compared to those of the conventional late potato mono cropping system. The nitrate residual contents within0-160cm soil profile of the early potato+deep root crop double cropping systems were markedly lower than that of the conventional late potato mono cropping system. For the multiple purposes including reducing soil nitrate leaching risk, improving apparent nitrogen recovery ratio, improving solar energy use efficiency, improving land equivalent ratio, improving net economic return, the early potato+cabbage double cropping system (DCS) was the ideal choice compared with early potato+sunflower DCS, or early potato+sorghum hybrid sudangrass DCS.
2. At the nitrogen fertilizer applied rate of225kg N/hm2with50%basal application+50%top dressing, the potato agronomic traits, dry matter accumulations of different organs were significantly improved compared with those of the same nitrogen fertilizer applied rate with100%basal application for different potato cultivars. Therefore, the potato yields, net economic returns, apparent nitrogen recovery ratios, and water use efficiencies were remarkably improved. The nitrate residual contents within0-160cm soil profile after late potato harvest treated with50%basal application+50%top dressing were markedly lower than those of100%basal application at the nitrogen fertilizer applied rate of225kg N/hm.
3. The10cm soil temperature,0-20cm soil moisture were significantly improved by plastic mulch. The plastic mulch treatment reduced the risk of nitrate leaching to deeper soil, and improved the water use efficiencies of potatoes. The plastic mulch treatment improved the early potato development process, dry matter accumulation, fertilizer partial factor productivity, solar energy use efficiency, tuber yield per plant, and total tuber yield. Though the dry matter accumulation was improved before late potato bulking stage compared to culture in the open, the plastic mulch treatment had no significant effects on fertilizer partial factor productivity, solar energy use efficiency, and total tuber yield of late potato. And the late potato tuber commodity rate was reduced by plastic mulch.
4. Four level nitrogen fertilizer rates'effects at after crop were tested within early potato+cabbage double cropping system, and the results showed that:the cabbage yield, the system net economic return were the highest at the nitrogen applied rate of120kg N/hm2. With the nitrogen applied rates increasing, the system solar energy use efficiency, cabbage water use efficiency were significantly improved, but the apparent nitrogen recovery ratio was reduced. Nitrate contents in cabbage and nitrate residual contents within0-160cm soil profile were significantly increased with nitrogen fertilizer increasing at after crop. It was impossible to coordinate between cabbage yield, net economic return, and nitrate contents in cabbage, soil nitrate residual content.
5. Sorghum hybrid sudangrass (SHS) planting density effect was tested at the nitrogen fertilizer rate of225kg N/hm2, and the results indicated that:in the planting density range of80000-250000plants/hm2, the SHS fresh yield, dry yield, water use efficiency, DCD apparent nitrogen recovery ratio, DCD solar energy use efficiency, were significantly improved with the SHS planting density increasing. The nitrate residuals within0-160cm soil profile after SHS harvest were remarkably reduced with the SHS planting density increasing, therefore reduced the ground water nitrate contamination risk.
6. The early potato Favorite cultured with plastic mulch at Hetao irrigated area showed that with the extension of growth period, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations at different organs dropped. The total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulations in root, stem and leaf showed a unimodal curve, while the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in tuber increase with the extension of growth period. To produce1000kg potato tuber with plastic mulch at Hetao irrigated area, the early potato Favorite required N:3.00kg, P2O5:1.53kg, K2O:6.72kg, respectively. The recommended nitrogen fertilizer applied rate for late potato Kexin No.1mono cultured in the open at Hetao irrigated area was190kg N/hm2.
1.建立的早熟马铃薯与深根系作物双季节栽培体系氮肥回收率、光能利用率、土地利用率、经济效益普遍高于晚熟马铃薯单季节露地栽培,收获后0-160cm土层硝态氮累积量均低于晚熟马铃薯单季节露地栽培。从增加经济净收益、降低土壤硝态氮淋洗风险,提高氮肥回收率、光能利用效率、土地利用效率多角度综合分析,在马铃薯+向日葵、马铃薯+高丹草、马铃薯+大白菜三个体系中,早熟马铃薯覆膜栽培+大白菜体系为最优选择。
2.在225kg N/hm2施氮量下,与氮肥100%基施相比,氮肥50%基施+50%追施处理促进了农艺性状建成、各器官干物质累积,由此显著提高了马铃薯产量、净收益、氮肥回收率以及水分利用率,降低了晚熟马铃薯收获后土壤硝态氮的累积。
3.覆膜提高了10cm土深地温、0-20cm土层土壤含水率。覆膜处理降低了马铃薯收获后土壤硝态氮向深层淋洗的风险,提高了马铃薯水分利用效率。覆膜处理提早了早熟马铃薯的生育进程,促进了干物质累积,而且提高了肥料偏生产力、光能利用率以及单株结薯重和块茎单产。覆膜虽然促进了晚熟马铃薯块茎膨大期以前干物质累积,但并未对肥料偏生产力、光能利用率、块茎产量产生显著影响,而且降低了块茎商品率。
4.在早熟马铃薯+大白菜双季节栽培体系设置了大白菜茬口4水平氮肥田间试验,结果表明：复种茬口施氮量在120kg N/hm2时,大白菜产量、体系净收益达到最大。随复种茬口施氮量的增加,体系光能利用效率、大白菜水分利用效率呈现增加的趋势,氮肥回收率呈现递减的趋势；大白菜体内硝酸盐含量、收获后0-160cm土层硝态氮含量随复种茬口施氮量的增加而增加。大白菜产量、体系净收益与大白菜体内硝酸盐含量、土壤硝态氮累积量之间的矛盾很难协调。
5.施氮量为225kg N/hm2下,在早熟马铃薯+高丹草双季栽培体系设置了高丹草种植密度试验,结果表明：在80000-250000株/hm2范围内,随着种植密度的增加,高丹草干鲜草产量、高丹草水分利用效率、体系氮肥回收率、体系光能利用率显著提高,高丹草收获后0-160cm土层内硝态氮总累积量呈现递减趋势,进而降低了硝态氮污染地下水的风险。
6.河套灌区早熟马铃薯费乌瑞它覆膜栽培,各器官氮磷钾浓度随生育期的延长而呈现下降的趋势；全生育期内根茎叶中氮磷钾累积量呈现单峰曲线变化趋势,块茎中氮磷钾累积量随生育期延长呈现上升趋势；河套灌区早熟马铃薯费乌瑞它覆膜栽培生产1000kg块茎,植株所需N、P205、K20分别为3.00kg、1.53kg、6.72kg。河套灌区晚熟马铃薯克新1号单季节露地栽培,190kg N/hm2为推荐施氮量。
Hetao irrigated area of Inner Mongolia has the convenient irrigation. And the long-term flooding irrigation and autumn irrigation adding the excess usage of nitrogen fertilizer, which lead to the local groundwater's nitrate contamination seriously. The excess usage of water and fertilizer at Hetao irrigated area of Inner Mongolia can not be easily altered in the short time because of the Yellow River water distribution. Potato is the fast developing crop at this place. However, the water and nitrogen fertilizer's use efficiencies in the local potato production are even lower because of potato's shallow root system. For ensuring the sustainable development of potato industry, immediate solution is required to improve the resources use efficiencies of potato without changing the flooding irrigation pattern. Hetao irrigated area had abundant solar energy, and long frost-free season, therefore, this research proposed a hypothesis of shallow root crop(potato)+deep root crop culture pattern to improve resources use efficiencies, that was to change mono potato production into double cropping system. An early potato+cover crop double cropping system was established at Hetao irrigated area of Inner Mongolia through the combinational technology applications including plastic mulch, early potato culture, deep root crop culture, selection of the cover crop, and nutrient management to improve the resources use efficiencies, net economic returns and alleviate the nitrate contamination in groundwater. The results were as follows:
1. The apparent nitrogen recovery ratios, solar energy use efficiencies, land equivalent ratios, net economic returns of the early potato+deep root crop double cropping systems were significantly higher as compared to those of the conventional late potato mono cropping system. The nitrate residual contents within0-160cm soil profile of the early potato+deep root crop double cropping systems were markedly lower than that of the conventional late potato mono cropping system. For the multiple purposes including reducing soil nitrate leaching risk, improving apparent nitrogen recovery ratio, improving solar energy use efficiency, improving land equivalent ratio, improving net economic return, the early potato+cabbage double cropping system (DCS) was the ideal choice compared with early potato+sunflower DCS, or early potato+sorghum hybrid sudangrass DCS.
2. At the nitrogen fertilizer applied rate of225kg N/hm2with50%basal application+50%top dressing, the potato agronomic traits, dry matter accumulations of different organs were significantly improved compared with those of the same nitrogen fertilizer applied rate with100%basal application for different potato cultivars. Therefore, the potato yields, net economic returns, apparent nitrogen recovery ratios, and water use efficiencies were remarkably improved. The nitrate residual contents within0-160cm soil profile after late potato harvest treated with50%basal application+50%top dressing were markedly lower than those of100%basal application at the nitrogen fertilizer applied rate of225kg N/hm.
3. The10cm soil temperature,0-20cm soil moisture were significantly improved by plastic mulch. The plastic mulch treatment reduced the risk of nitrate leaching to deeper soil, and improved the water use efficiencies of potatoes. The plastic mulch treatment improved the early potato development process, dry matter accumulation, fertilizer partial factor productivity, solar energy use efficiency, tuber yield per plant, and total tuber yield. Though the dry matter accumulation was improved before late potato bulking stage compared to culture in the open, the plastic mulch treatment had no significant effects on fertilizer partial factor productivity, solar energy use efficiency, and total tuber yield of late potato. And the late potato tuber commodity rate was reduced by plastic mulch.
4. Four level nitrogen fertilizer rates'effects at after crop were tested within early potato+cabbage double cropping system, and the results showed that:the cabbage yield, the system net economic return were the highest at the nitrogen applied rate of120kg N/hm2. With the nitrogen applied rates increasing, the system solar energy use efficiency, cabbage water use efficiency were significantly improved, but the apparent nitrogen recovery ratio was reduced. Nitrate contents in cabbage and nitrate residual contents within0-160cm soil profile were significantly increased with nitrogen fertilizer increasing at after crop. It was impossible to coordinate between cabbage yield, net economic return, and nitrate contents in cabbage, soil nitrate residual content.
5. Sorghum hybrid sudangrass (SHS) planting density effect was tested at the nitrogen fertilizer rate of225kg N/hm2, and the results indicated that:in the planting density range of80000-250000plants/hm2, the SHS fresh yield, dry yield, water use efficiency, DCD apparent nitrogen recovery ratio, DCD solar energy use efficiency, were significantly improved with the SHS planting density increasing. The nitrate residuals within0-160cm soil profile after SHS harvest were remarkably reduced with the SHS planting density increasing, therefore reduced the ground water nitrate contamination risk.
6. The early potato Favorite cultured with plastic mulch at Hetao irrigated area showed that with the extension of growth period, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations at different organs dropped. The total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulations in root, stem and leaf showed a unimodal curve, while the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in tuber increase with the extension of growth period. To produce1000kg potato tuber with plastic mulch at Hetao irrigated area, the early potato Favorite required N:3.00kg, P2O5:1.53kg, K2O:6.72kg, respectively. The recommended nitrogen fertilizer applied rate for late potato Kexin No.1mono cultured in the open at Hetao irrigated area was190kg N/hm2.
引文
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