造纸污泥纤维板优化工艺的研究
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摘要
随着我国造纸工业的迅速发展,造纸污泥的产量越来越大,造纸污泥的污染也越来越严重。因此,如何妥善、科学地处理和利用造纸污泥已成为国内外共同研究的重要课题之一。本研究利用造纸厂产生的污泥制造纤维板,解决了造纸行业大量污泥的处理问题,减少了环境污染,也为人造板制造开辟了新的原料来源,具有保护生态环境和节约木材使用的双重意义。通过研究了造纸污泥的基础性质、脲醛树脂和酚醛树脂胶对造纸污泥纤维板性能的影响、回收纸造纸污泥-木纤维复合纤维板的研究,竹造纸污泥-树皮复合纤维板以及竹造纸污泥板-单板复合板的探索研究,得到以下研究结果：
(1)利用光学显微镜、元素分析仪、X-射线衍射仪、表面张力仪等手段和技术研究了造纸污泥的理化性质：湿回收纸造纸污泥含水率为72.10%,有机物含量为49.85%,pH为6.60值,干回收纸造纸污泥中粗纤维含量为39%,回收纸造纸污泥中纤维的长度绝大部分(约80.64%)处于50-230gm区间,湿污泥C、H、N、S元素分别为9.93%、1.44%、0.35%、0.39%；湿竹造纸污泥含水率为79.90%,pH为6.62,综纤维素含量为16.52%,木质素含量为0.0025%,竹造纸污泥纤维长度主要集中在1600-1800μm区域内,相对结晶对为61.48%。
(2)利用红外光谱和同步热分析研究了脲醛树脂胶(UF)和酚醛树脂胶(PF)与污泥的胶合机理：造纸污泥表面的Si主要以Si02的形式存在；UF在污泥表面形成了较厚的胶层,未加热时无法产生大量的稳定基团；而PF在污泥表面形成的胶层较薄,并对污泥表面有相当的活性。造纸污泥具有良好的耐热性,单独加热造纸污泥,在温度所测范围内没有发生明显的吸热和放热现象；UF与污泥的混合物的热反应曲线只呈现出一定的放热行为,没有出现明显的吸、放热峰,热反应特征不显著；PF树脂胶与污泥混合后的热反应特征较明显。
(3)回收纸造纸污泥压板工艺表明：密度对板子性能影响极显著,随着密度和施胶量的增加,板子的性能和24hTS增加显著。热压时间和热压温度对板子力学性能影响不显著。通过分析不同热压工艺条件下压制的纯污泥纤维板力学性能和24hTS,在降低成本和提高生产效率的基础上,确定10mm厚的污泥代替部分木材纤维压制复合人造板的增加,TS也相应增加。结合课题要求,密度为0.8g/cm3的复合板,较优工艺条件为：不分级污泥颗粒与木纤维配比为3:7,酚醛树脂胶粘剂(PF),污泥施胶量13%,木纤维施胶量10%,分别施胶后分层铺装,热压温度140℃,热压时间6mmin时满足国家标准。IB为1.035MPa,蒸煮后IB为0.225MPa,MOR为27.08MPa,MOE为2.82GPa,TS为6.46%。优化工艺参数为：目标密度0.8g/cm3,热压温度160℃,热压时间30sce/mm,无分级污泥施胶量为13%。
(4)回收纸造纸污泥-木纤维复合板制造工艺表明：复合方式对性能有一定影响,原料配比对性能影响显著。随着木纤维含量的增加,内结合强度(IB)、静曲模量(MOR)和弹性模量(MOE)逐渐增加,TS也相应增加。结合课题要求,密度为0.8g/cm3的复合板,较优工艺条件为：不分级污泥颗粒与木纤维配比为3:7,酚醛树脂胶粘剂(PF),污泥施胶量13%,木纤维施胶量10%,分别施胶后分层铺装,热压温度140℃,热压时间6mmin时满足国家标准。IB为1.035MPa,蒸煮后IB为0.225MPa, MOR为27.08MPa, MOE为2.82GPa,TS为6.46%。
(5)无分级竹造纸污泥板性能测试结果表明：绝大部分纯污泥纤维板各项性能不能满足国标的要求,但通过采用先进的设备有望显著提高产品的性能。
(6)竹造纸污泥-树皮复合纤维板和竹造纸污泥板-单板复合板结果表明：污泥含量对板的各项性能影响显著,铺装方式对板的各项性能有一定的影响,纯竹造纸污泥纤维板与木材单板制造复合板力学性能显著提高。
With the development of paper industry, production of paper sludge has been increasing rapidly, and the pollution of papermaking sludge has been increased seriously. Therefore, the properly scientific treatment and utilization of paper sludge have become the most important subjects at home and abroad. This study used paper mill to manufacture sludge fiberboard which solved the problem of dealing with a lot of sludge, reduced the environmental pollution, at the same time opened up a new raw material source for the production of wood-based panels, protected the ecological environment, and utilized wood economically. The primary property of the paper sludge, the effect of urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) and phenolic resin (PF) on sludge fiberboard, wood fiber-reinforced paper sludge fiberboard, bamboo paper sludge-bark fiberboard, and bamboo paper sludge fiberboard-veneer composite particleboard were studied. The main research findings are summarized as follows:
(1) Used Optical Microscope, Elemental Analysis, XRD, Contact Angle Tester, and so on to study physical and chemical properties of paper sludge:the moisture content of wet paper sludge was72.10%; the organic material content was49.85%; pH was6.60; fiber content of dry content sludge was39%; the length of most fiber (about80.64%) was in the range of50to230pm; C, H, N, S element of wet paper sludge was9.93%,1.44%,0.35%,0.39%, responsibility. The moisture content of wet bamboo paper sludge was79.90%; pH was6.62; the holocellulose content was16.52%; the lignin content was0.0025%; the length of most fiber was in the range of1600to1800μm; the relative crystallinity was61.48%.
(2) Used Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR) and Synchronization Thermal Analyzer to study the bonding mechanism with UF, PF and paper sludge. The results of FTIR showed:Si, in the surface layers of sludge, was detected in kinds of forms silicon dioxide. After glue application, compared to adhesive joint of PF and sludge, the layer of resin was thicker than urea formaldehyde (UF) and sludge. And much active was detected by phenol-formaldehyde (PF). And the study of TG-DSC showed that there were no phenomena of absorbing and putting hot when the paper mill sludge was heated. And there were certain obvious phenomena of absorbing and putting hot when UF and paper mill sludge were heated. Compared to UF and sludge the hot-reaction was clearer by paper mill sludge and PF.
(3) In this study, manufacture board by paper mill sludge solely also indicated that the density was the most important effect to the bending properties of sludge board. And for the temperature and time of hot press which was not the most important. For needs of the Program, the better appropriate technical conditions were as follows:thickness-10mm, density-0.8g/cm3, hot press temperature-160℃, hot press time-30sec/mm, the resin content for the paper mill sludge-13%.
(4) Techniques of paper mill sludge and wood fiber composite boards also indicated that wood fiber to paper mill sludge ratio had great influence on the properties of board. And the effect of mixing methods on the mechanical properties was not obvious. With the adding of wood fiber, the physical and mechanical of board increased evidently. The optimal parameter composite of board as follows:the density-0.8g/cm3, the PF resin content for the paper mill sludge-13%, for wood fiber-10%, hot press temperature-160℃, hot press time-30sec/mm. And the spreading raw materials were separated. With30%Non-classification sludge-grain, the experiment results of MOR, MOE, IB, after boiling IB, TS were27.08MPa,2.82GPa,1.035MPa,0.225MPa, and6.46%.
(5) All the products were produced in the lab, most of the bamboo paper mill sludge fiberboard can not satisfy the requirements, because personal factors played a great role on these. The use of advanced equipment was expected to significantly improve product performance.
(6) The results showed that the ratio of bamboo paper mill sludge had great affected on the properties of board, the mixing methods on the mechanical properties was not obvious. The mechanical properties of plywood was good not only than both bamboo paper mill sludge solely but also with the bark.
(1)利用光学显微镜、元素分析仪、X-射线衍射仪、表面张力仪等手段和技术研究了造纸污泥的理化性质：湿回收纸造纸污泥含水率为72.10%,有机物含量为49.85%,pH为6.60值,干回收纸造纸污泥中粗纤维含量为39%,回收纸造纸污泥中纤维的长度绝大部分(约80.64%)处于50-230gm区间,湿污泥C、H、N、S元素分别为9.93%、1.44%、0.35%、0.39%；湿竹造纸污泥含水率为79.90%,pH为6.62,综纤维素含量为16.52%,木质素含量为0.0025%,竹造纸污泥纤维长度主要集中在1600-1800μm区域内,相对结晶对为61.48%。
(2)利用红外光谱和同步热分析研究了脲醛树脂胶(UF)和酚醛树脂胶(PF)与污泥的胶合机理：造纸污泥表面的Si主要以Si02的形式存在；UF在污泥表面形成了较厚的胶层,未加热时无法产生大量的稳定基团；而PF在污泥表面形成的胶层较薄,并对污泥表面有相当的活性。造纸污泥具有良好的耐热性,单独加热造纸污泥,在温度所测范围内没有发生明显的吸热和放热现象；UF与污泥的混合物的热反应曲线只呈现出一定的放热行为,没有出现明显的吸、放热峰,热反应特征不显著；PF树脂胶与污泥混合后的热反应特征较明显。
(3)回收纸造纸污泥压板工艺表明：密度对板子性能影响极显著,随着密度和施胶量的增加,板子的性能和24hTS增加显著。热压时间和热压温度对板子力学性能影响不显著。通过分析不同热压工艺条件下压制的纯污泥纤维板力学性能和24hTS,在降低成本和提高生产效率的基础上,确定10mm厚的污泥代替部分木材纤维压制复合人造板的增加,TS也相应增加。结合课题要求,密度为0.8g/cm3的复合板,较优工艺条件为：不分级污泥颗粒与木纤维配比为3:7,酚醛树脂胶粘剂(PF),污泥施胶量13%,木纤维施胶量10%,分别施胶后分层铺装,热压温度140℃,热压时间6mmin时满足国家标准。IB为1.035MPa,蒸煮后IB为0.225MPa,MOR为27.08MPa,MOE为2.82GPa,TS为6.46%。优化工艺参数为：目标密度0.8g/cm3,热压温度160℃,热压时间30sce/mm,无分级污泥施胶量为13%。
(4)回收纸造纸污泥-木纤维复合板制造工艺表明：复合方式对性能有一定影响,原料配比对性能影响显著。随着木纤维含量的增加,内结合强度(IB)、静曲模量(MOR)和弹性模量(MOE)逐渐增加,TS也相应增加。结合课题要求,密度为0.8g/cm3的复合板,较优工艺条件为：不分级污泥颗粒与木纤维配比为3:7,酚醛树脂胶粘剂(PF),污泥施胶量13%,木纤维施胶量10%,分别施胶后分层铺装,热压温度140℃,热压时间6mmin时满足国家标准。IB为1.035MPa,蒸煮后IB为0.225MPa, MOR为27.08MPa, MOE为2.82GPa,TS为6.46%。
(5)无分级竹造纸污泥板性能测试结果表明：绝大部分纯污泥纤维板各项性能不能满足国标的要求,但通过采用先进的设备有望显著提高产品的性能。
(6)竹造纸污泥-树皮复合纤维板和竹造纸污泥板-单板复合板结果表明：污泥含量对板的各项性能影响显著,铺装方式对板的各项性能有一定的影响,纯竹造纸污泥纤维板与木材单板制造复合板力学性能显著提高。
With the development of paper industry, production of paper sludge has been increasing rapidly, and the pollution of papermaking sludge has been increased seriously. Therefore, the properly scientific treatment and utilization of paper sludge have become the most important subjects at home and abroad. This study used paper mill to manufacture sludge fiberboard which solved the problem of dealing with a lot of sludge, reduced the environmental pollution, at the same time opened up a new raw material source for the production of wood-based panels, protected the ecological environment, and utilized wood economically. The primary property of the paper sludge, the effect of urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) and phenolic resin (PF) on sludge fiberboard, wood fiber-reinforced paper sludge fiberboard, bamboo paper sludge-bark fiberboard, and bamboo paper sludge fiberboard-veneer composite particleboard were studied. The main research findings are summarized as follows:
(1) Used Optical Microscope, Elemental Analysis, XRD, Contact Angle Tester, and so on to study physical and chemical properties of paper sludge:the moisture content of wet paper sludge was72.10%; the organic material content was49.85%; pH was6.60; fiber content of dry content sludge was39%; the length of most fiber (about80.64%) was in the range of50to230pm; C, H, N, S element of wet paper sludge was9.93%,1.44%,0.35%,0.39%, responsibility. The moisture content of wet bamboo paper sludge was79.90%; pH was6.62; the holocellulose content was16.52%; the lignin content was0.0025%; the length of most fiber was in the range of1600to1800μm; the relative crystallinity was61.48%.
(2) Used Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR) and Synchronization Thermal Analyzer to study the bonding mechanism with UF, PF and paper sludge. The results of FTIR showed:Si, in the surface layers of sludge, was detected in kinds of forms silicon dioxide. After glue application, compared to adhesive joint of PF and sludge, the layer of resin was thicker than urea formaldehyde (UF) and sludge. And much active was detected by phenol-formaldehyde (PF). And the study of TG-DSC showed that there were no phenomena of absorbing and putting hot when the paper mill sludge was heated. And there were certain obvious phenomena of absorbing and putting hot when UF and paper mill sludge were heated. Compared to UF and sludge the hot-reaction was clearer by paper mill sludge and PF.
(3) In this study, manufacture board by paper mill sludge solely also indicated that the density was the most important effect to the bending properties of sludge board. And for the temperature and time of hot press which was not the most important. For needs of the Program, the better appropriate technical conditions were as follows:thickness-10mm, density-0.8g/cm3, hot press temperature-160℃, hot press time-30sec/mm, the resin content for the paper mill sludge-13%.
(4) Techniques of paper mill sludge and wood fiber composite boards also indicated that wood fiber to paper mill sludge ratio had great influence on the properties of board. And the effect of mixing methods on the mechanical properties was not obvious. With the adding of wood fiber, the physical and mechanical of board increased evidently. The optimal parameter composite of board as follows:the density-0.8g/cm3, the PF resin content for the paper mill sludge-13%, for wood fiber-10%, hot press temperature-160℃, hot press time-30sec/mm. And the spreading raw materials were separated. With30%Non-classification sludge-grain, the experiment results of MOR, MOE, IB, after boiling IB, TS were27.08MPa,2.82GPa,1.035MPa,0.225MPa, and6.46%.
(5) All the products were produced in the lab, most of the bamboo paper mill sludge fiberboard can not satisfy the requirements, because personal factors played a great role on these. The use of advanced equipment was expected to significantly improve product performance.
(6) The results showed that the ratio of bamboo paper mill sludge had great affected on the properties of board, the mixing methods on the mechanical properties was not obvious. The mechanical properties of plywood was good not only than both bamboo paper mill sludge solely but also with the bark.
引文
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