富氧条件下选择性催化丙烯还原氮氧化物的研究
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摘要
随着我国及全球机动车保有量的增加，机动车尾气排放问题日趋严重，其控制技术也得到不断的发展。由于具有良好的燃油经济性和污染物低排放性，稀薄燃烧汽油机（lean-burn）和柴油机已成为发动机的主流发展方向，而现有的三效催化（TWC）技术对此类发动机排放的氮氧化物（NO_x）还原去除不再有效。选择性催化还原（SCR）技术是目前最有效的去除NO_x的方法之一，其中NH_3-SCR已被成功应用于工业排放等固定源中NO_x的去除。但该技术不适合用于机动车移动源。
本论文研究了利用汽（柴）油机尾气中本身含有的碳氢化合物（HCs）作为还原剂,并在较低温度下实现择性催化还原（SCR）NO_x的催化剂及反应体系。采用溶胶凝胶法、水热合成法以及湿式浸渍法等方法分别制备了贵金属负载Pt/TiO_2、金属氧化物SnO_2/TiO_2以及介孔分子筛Pt/SBA-15（Pt/Al-SBA-15）三大类催化剂，通过XRD、TEM、BET、XPS、NMR等分析表征方法及低温吸附（ADS）、程序升温脱附（TPD）、程序升温氧化（TPO）、选择性催化还原反应（SCR）等催化剂活性评价方法，分别考察比较了C_3H_6-SCR催化活性，并结合原位傅立叶变换红外光谱（in situ DRIFTS）表征，初步揭示了富氧条件下Pt/TiO_2、SnO_2/TiO_2催化剂上C_3H_6-SCR可能的反应机理。
主要工作和结论如下：
1、当载体TiO_2负载了活性组分后（Pt和SnO_2），对NO_x的吸附能力明显增强，NO在催化剂上除了物理吸附外，还伴有化学吸附（化学反应）；但是载体及催化剂对还原剂C_3H_6的吸附则相对较弱。
2、活性组分的负载显著提高了载体对NO的吸附能力，也相应地增加了NO-TPD的脱附量。在NO-TPD低温段出现的NO脱附峰，主要来自于载体对NO的物理吸附以及NO在贵金属表面的解离吸附；而高温段脱附的NO和NO_2则来自于催化剂表面硝酸盐的分解。催化剂的NO吸附能力及其NO-TPD脱附量的大小，是由载体的BET比表面积等物理化学特性、以及活性组分本身特性及分散度等多方面因素共同决定的。
3、当载体负载了活性组分Pt后（Pt/TiO_2，Pt/SBA-15），催化剂的NO/C_3H_6-TPO氧化活性显著增强，催化剂的优异低温催化氧化活性和其C_3H_6-SCR活性密切相关，且NO和C_3H_6在SCR反应中的转化相比于在TPO中的转化均受到抑制；而SnO_2/TiO_2样品在TPO以及SCR反应中的相关活性均在中高温区域达到最大值（>300℃），其TPO活性与SCR活性也相关。
4、在所有Pt/TiO_2系列催化剂中，PT500（0.5％Pt/TiO_2，溶胶凝胶制备TiO_2-焙烧温度500℃）显示出最佳的SCR活性，在180℃可以同时实现47.03％的最大NO_x转化效率和100％的C_3H_6转化率，催化剂的SCR活性随反应温度呈现出“火山口”变化规律。最佳的催化活性与催化剂对NO_x的强烈吸附及其较大的Pt分散度、优异的TPO活性以及锐钛矿晶型有关；金属氧化物Mn_2O_3、CeO_2和Co3O4与PT500催化剂机械混合可以提高SCR活性，协同效应较明显，可能是由于这部分金属氧化物强化了HC-SCR反应中间物种的生成，因而活性得到提高。
5、SnO_2/TiO_2催化剂在中高温区域具有最大NO_x转化效率。5%SnO_2/TiO_2催化剂在320℃时可以实现40.3％的最大NO_x转化效率及280℃时实现100％的C_3H_6转化率。该催化剂和Pt系催化剂的反应温度区间及活性的差异主要取决于活性组分本身特性。XRD和XPS分析结果表明，活性组分SnO_2负载到T500（溶胶凝胶制备TiO_2-焙烧温度500℃）载体后并没有形成其他复合氧化物。
6、Pt/SBA-15催化剂具有优异的低温SCR活性，0.5％Pt/SBA-15在140℃可以同时实现80.1%的最大NO_x转化效率和87.04％的C_3H_6转化率，PtO_2可能是该催化剂的主要活性位。该催化剂具有较宽的活性窗口，在相对高温区域（>300°C）仍然具有60％左右的NO_x转化率；适量的Al掺入SBA-15分子筛后，催化剂的NO_x转化效率得到提高，主要是由于进入分子筛骨架的四配位AlO4引起催化剂表面的酸性增强所致。
7、提高O_2浓度和还原剂C_3H_6浓度均能提高NO_x最大转化效率。活性组分存在最佳负载量：贵金属Pt的最佳负载量为0.5％，金属氧化物SnO_2的最佳负载量为5％；该催化剂具有优良的催化稳定性和结构稳定性。
8、通过原位红外分析（in situ DRIFTS），对PT500和SnO_2/TiO_2催化剂上C_3H_6-SCR可能的反应机理做了初步探讨。研究结果表明，两种催化剂上C_3H_6-SCR反应均可以归属为硝酸盐反应机理，进一步结合反应物共吸附、SCR反应以及分步反应的红外图谱，分析可知，PT500上主要是双齿硝酸盐参与反应，而SnO_2/TiO_2催化剂上主要是桥式和单齿硝酸盐参与SCR反应。C_3H_6和NO的活化是该反应重要的起始步骤。
With the increase of the motor vehicles, the problems caused by exhaust gaspollution are being much more serious, and also the emission control technology hasbeen developed dramatically. However, the traditional three-way catalysts (TWC) arenot effective for the removal of exhausts emitted from lean-burn engines and dieselvehicles. Alternatively，selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_xis one of the mosteffective methods for NO_x removal, and NH_3-SCR technique has already beenapplied into the removal of NO_x emitted stationary source successfully, which isunsuitable for the removal of NO_x emitted from mobile source.
Selective catalytic reduction by hydrocarbons (HCs, a natural componentalready present in combustion exhaust) is an effective and convenient techniquewhich can remove both pollutants simultaneously. In this work, the oxygen-rich,low-temperature and low-concentration vehicle exhaust was simulated in lab scale. Aseries of catalysts were prepared for C_3H_6-SCR by sol-gel, hydrothermal andwet-impregnation methods, including Pt/TiO_2, SnO_2/TiO_2and Pt/SBA-15(Pt/Al-SBA-15). The prepared catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, BETsurface area, TEM, NMR, XPS and evaluated by adsorption (ADS), temperatureprogrammed desorption (TPD), temperature programmed oxidation (TPO), selectivecatalytic reduction (SCR)，NH_3-TPD and in situ DRIFTS techniques. The main resultsand conclusions are summarized as follows:
1． The NO_xadsorption ability of the support was enhanced significantly afterimpregnation of active components (Pt and SnO_2), in that case, the adsorptionprocess of NO_xhappened on catalysts not only include physical adsorption, butalso chemical adsorption. In the meantime, both the supports and catalysts hadlimited adsorption capacity of C_3H_6, indicating that main influence factor of propene adsorption depends on the physiochemical properties of supports.
2． Impregnation of active components enhanced the NO_xadsorption abilitysignificantly as well as the NO_xdesorption amounts during TPD process. The NOdesorption peaks appeared in the low temperature range could be ascribed tophysical adsorption of NO and the dissociative adsorption of NO, whereas the NO_xdesorption peaks displayed in the high temperature range could be assigned to thedecomposition of nitrate species formed on the catalysts surface. The NO-ADScapacity and NO-TPD amounts depends on the physiochemical properties ofsupports (e.g., BET area, acidic and basic properties), as well as the activecomponents natural properties.
3. It can be concluded that the Pt loading (Pt/TiO_2，Pt/SBA-15) improved thesamples oxidation activities in the TPO processes of NO to NO_2and C_3H_6to CO_2in low temperature range markedly, which correlates well with their SCRactivities. The competitive reaction of reactants (C_3H_6and NO) and intermediateswith the active oxygen species on catalyst surface (e.g., Pt-O, adsorbed oxygen)resulted in mutual inhibitition for the oxidation of NO and C_3H_6in SCR reaction.The SnO_2/TiO_2catalyst reached its maximum NO_xreduction efficiency at relativehigher temperature（>300℃）,which correlates well with its NO/C_3H_6-TPOactivity as well.
4. Among all Pt/TiO_2samples, PT500exhibited the best NO_xconversion efficiencyof47.03%and100%C_3H_6conversion simultaneously at180℃under the standardreaction condition，the SCR activity displayed a “volcano shape” variation versustemperature. This enhanced activity of PT500may be due to the strongest NO_xadsorption capacity，the outstanding oxidation activities in TPO process and thehighest Pt dispersion together with its anatase phase. Promotive effect of MOx(M=Mn, Ce, Co) mechanically mixed with PT500on SCR activity was observed,which might be associated with the enhancement formation of intermediatespecies.
5. Nevertheless, the SnO_2/TiO_2sample showed maximum40.3％NO_xreduction at 320℃and100％conversion of C_3H_6at280℃, respectively. The difference ofcatalytic performances between Pt/TiO_2and SnO_2/TiO_2correlates well withthe natural properties of active components themselves. The XRD and XPSresults exhibited that SnO_2was loaded onto the TiO_2support and no othercomposite oxide was formed.
6. The0.5%Pt/SBA-15sample achieved markedly high80.1%NO_xreduction and87.04%C_3H_6conversion simultaneously at140℃. The XPS results suggested thatPt, PtO and PtO_2were all presented on the catalyst, whereas PtO_2species mightplay a role as main active site. The incorporation of appropriate amount Al intoSBA-15improved catalytic performance, which could be ascribed to theenhancement of catalyst surface acidity caused by tetrahedrally coordinated AlO4.
7. Higher concentrations of O_2and C_3H_6led to higher NO_xconversion efficiencies.Higher amount of active components loading also favored NO_xconversion, but anoptimum content was observed. For Pt the optimal amount was0.5%, whereas5%was for SnO_2. In addition, the synthesized catalysts possessed good catalyticstability and physical stability.
8. From the in situ DRIFTS spectra obtained in C_3H_6-SCR for PT500and SnO_2/TiO_2,it could be deduced that both samples could be ascribed to nitrates reactionmechanism. However, according to the in situ DRIFTS spectra of coadsorption ofreactants, SCR and stepwise reaction, it was obvious that bidentate nitrates weremore active than other kinds of nitrates and readily participating in C_3H_6-SCR onPT500catalysts, whereas bridged and monodentate nitrates were believed to bemore reactive and readily involved in C_3H_6-SCR on SnO_2/TiO_2catalyst. Theinitial activations of NO and C_3H_6were crucial steps in the SCR reaction.
本论文研究了利用汽（柴）油机尾气中本身含有的碳氢化合物（HCs）作为还原剂,并在较低温度下实现择性催化还原（SCR）NO_x的催化剂及反应体系。采用溶胶凝胶法、水热合成法以及湿式浸渍法等方法分别制备了贵金属负载Pt/TiO_2、金属氧化物SnO_2/TiO_2以及介孔分子筛Pt/SBA-15（Pt/Al-SBA-15）三大类催化剂，通过XRD、TEM、BET、XPS、NMR等分析表征方法及低温吸附（ADS）、程序升温脱附（TPD）、程序升温氧化（TPO）、选择性催化还原反应（SCR）等催化剂活性评价方法，分别考察比较了C_3H_6-SCR催化活性，并结合原位傅立叶变换红外光谱（in situ DRIFTS）表征，初步揭示了富氧条件下Pt/TiO_2、SnO_2/TiO_2催化剂上C_3H_6-SCR可能的反应机理。
主要工作和结论如下：
1、当载体TiO_2负载了活性组分后（Pt和SnO_2），对NO_x的吸附能力明显增强，NO在催化剂上除了物理吸附外，还伴有化学吸附（化学反应）；但是载体及催化剂对还原剂C_3H_6的吸附则相对较弱。
2、活性组分的负载显著提高了载体对NO的吸附能力，也相应地增加了NO-TPD的脱附量。在NO-TPD低温段出现的NO脱附峰，主要来自于载体对NO的物理吸附以及NO在贵金属表面的解离吸附；而高温段脱附的NO和NO_2则来自于催化剂表面硝酸盐的分解。催化剂的NO吸附能力及其NO-TPD脱附量的大小，是由载体的BET比表面积等物理化学特性、以及活性组分本身特性及分散度等多方面因素共同决定的。
3、当载体负载了活性组分Pt后（Pt/TiO_2，Pt/SBA-15），催化剂的NO/C_3H_6-TPO氧化活性显著增强，催化剂的优异低温催化氧化活性和其C_3H_6-SCR活性密切相关，且NO和C_3H_6在SCR反应中的转化相比于在TPO中的转化均受到抑制；而SnO_2/TiO_2样品在TPO以及SCR反应中的相关活性均在中高温区域达到最大值（>300℃），其TPO活性与SCR活性也相关。
4、在所有Pt/TiO_2系列催化剂中，PT500（0.5％Pt/TiO_2，溶胶凝胶制备TiO_2-焙烧温度500℃）显示出最佳的SCR活性，在180℃可以同时实现47.03％的最大NO_x转化效率和100％的C_3H_6转化率，催化剂的SCR活性随反应温度呈现出“火山口”变化规律。最佳的催化活性与催化剂对NO_x的强烈吸附及其较大的Pt分散度、优异的TPO活性以及锐钛矿晶型有关；金属氧化物Mn_2O_3、CeO_2和Co3O4与PT500催化剂机械混合可以提高SCR活性，协同效应较明显，可能是由于这部分金属氧化物强化了HC-SCR反应中间物种的生成，因而活性得到提高。
5、SnO_2/TiO_2催化剂在中高温区域具有最大NO_x转化效率。5%SnO_2/TiO_2催化剂在320℃时可以实现40.3％的最大NO_x转化效率及280℃时实现100％的C_3H_6转化率。该催化剂和Pt系催化剂的反应温度区间及活性的差异主要取决于活性组分本身特性。XRD和XPS分析结果表明，活性组分SnO_2负载到T500（溶胶凝胶制备TiO_2-焙烧温度500℃）载体后并没有形成其他复合氧化物。
6、Pt/SBA-15催化剂具有优异的低温SCR活性，0.5％Pt/SBA-15在140℃可以同时实现80.1%的最大NO_x转化效率和87.04％的C_3H_6转化率，PtO_2可能是该催化剂的主要活性位。该催化剂具有较宽的活性窗口，在相对高温区域（>300°C）仍然具有60％左右的NO_x转化率；适量的Al掺入SBA-15分子筛后，催化剂的NO_x转化效率得到提高，主要是由于进入分子筛骨架的四配位AlO4引起催化剂表面的酸性增强所致。
7、提高O_2浓度和还原剂C_3H_6浓度均能提高NO_x最大转化效率。活性组分存在最佳负载量：贵金属Pt的最佳负载量为0.5％，金属氧化物SnO_2的最佳负载量为5％；该催化剂具有优良的催化稳定性和结构稳定性。
8、通过原位红外分析（in situ DRIFTS），对PT500和SnO_2/TiO_2催化剂上C_3H_6-SCR可能的反应机理做了初步探讨。研究结果表明，两种催化剂上C_3H_6-SCR反应均可以归属为硝酸盐反应机理，进一步结合反应物共吸附、SCR反应以及分步反应的红外图谱，分析可知，PT500上主要是双齿硝酸盐参与反应，而SnO_2/TiO_2催化剂上主要是桥式和单齿硝酸盐参与SCR反应。C_3H_6和NO的活化是该反应重要的起始步骤。
With the increase of the motor vehicles, the problems caused by exhaust gaspollution are being much more serious, and also the emission control technology hasbeen developed dramatically. However, the traditional three-way catalysts (TWC) arenot effective for the removal of exhausts emitted from lean-burn engines and dieselvehicles. Alternatively，selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_xis one of the mosteffective methods for NO_x removal, and NH_3-SCR technique has already beenapplied into the removal of NO_x emitted stationary source successfully, which isunsuitable for the removal of NO_x emitted from mobile source.
Selective catalytic reduction by hydrocarbons (HCs, a natural componentalready present in combustion exhaust) is an effective and convenient techniquewhich can remove both pollutants simultaneously. In this work, the oxygen-rich,low-temperature and low-concentration vehicle exhaust was simulated in lab scale. Aseries of catalysts were prepared for C_3H_6-SCR by sol-gel, hydrothermal andwet-impregnation methods, including Pt/TiO_2, SnO_2/TiO_2and Pt/SBA-15(Pt/Al-SBA-15). The prepared catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, BETsurface area, TEM, NMR, XPS and evaluated by adsorption (ADS), temperatureprogrammed desorption (TPD), temperature programmed oxidation (TPO), selectivecatalytic reduction (SCR)，NH_3-TPD and in situ DRIFTS techniques. The main resultsand conclusions are summarized as follows:
1． The NO_xadsorption ability of the support was enhanced significantly afterimpregnation of active components (Pt and SnO_2), in that case, the adsorptionprocess of NO_xhappened on catalysts not only include physical adsorption, butalso chemical adsorption. In the meantime, both the supports and catalysts hadlimited adsorption capacity of C_3H_6, indicating that main influence factor of propene adsorption depends on the physiochemical properties of supports.
2． Impregnation of active components enhanced the NO_xadsorption abilitysignificantly as well as the NO_xdesorption amounts during TPD process. The NOdesorption peaks appeared in the low temperature range could be ascribed tophysical adsorption of NO and the dissociative adsorption of NO, whereas the NO_xdesorption peaks displayed in the high temperature range could be assigned to thedecomposition of nitrate species formed on the catalysts surface. The NO-ADScapacity and NO-TPD amounts depends on the physiochemical properties ofsupports (e.g., BET area, acidic and basic properties), as well as the activecomponents natural properties.
3. It can be concluded that the Pt loading (Pt/TiO_2，Pt/SBA-15) improved thesamples oxidation activities in the TPO processes of NO to NO_2and C_3H_6to CO_2in low temperature range markedly, which correlates well with their SCRactivities. The competitive reaction of reactants (C_3H_6and NO) and intermediateswith the active oxygen species on catalyst surface (e.g., Pt-O, adsorbed oxygen)resulted in mutual inhibitition for the oxidation of NO and C_3H_6in SCR reaction.The SnO_2/TiO_2catalyst reached its maximum NO_xreduction efficiency at relativehigher temperature（>300℃）,which correlates well with its NO/C_3H_6-TPOactivity as well.
4. Among all Pt/TiO_2samples, PT500exhibited the best NO_xconversion efficiencyof47.03%and100%C_3H_6conversion simultaneously at180℃under the standardreaction condition，the SCR activity displayed a “volcano shape” variation versustemperature. This enhanced activity of PT500may be due to the strongest NO_xadsorption capacity，the outstanding oxidation activities in TPO process and thehighest Pt dispersion together with its anatase phase. Promotive effect of MOx(M=Mn, Ce, Co) mechanically mixed with PT500on SCR activity was observed,which might be associated with the enhancement formation of intermediatespecies.
5. Nevertheless, the SnO_2/TiO_2sample showed maximum40.3％NO_xreduction at 320℃and100％conversion of C_3H_6at280℃, respectively. The difference ofcatalytic performances between Pt/TiO_2and SnO_2/TiO_2correlates well withthe natural properties of active components themselves. The XRD and XPSresults exhibited that SnO_2was loaded onto the TiO_2support and no othercomposite oxide was formed.
6. The0.5%Pt/SBA-15sample achieved markedly high80.1%NO_xreduction and87.04%C_3H_6conversion simultaneously at140℃. The XPS results suggested thatPt, PtO and PtO_2were all presented on the catalyst, whereas PtO_2species mightplay a role as main active site. The incorporation of appropriate amount Al intoSBA-15improved catalytic performance, which could be ascribed to theenhancement of catalyst surface acidity caused by tetrahedrally coordinated AlO4.
7. Higher concentrations of O_2and C_3H_6led to higher NO_xconversion efficiencies.Higher amount of active components loading also favored NO_xconversion, but anoptimum content was observed. For Pt the optimal amount was0.5%, whereas5%was for SnO_2. In addition, the synthesized catalysts possessed good catalyticstability and physical stability.
8. From the in situ DRIFTS spectra obtained in C_3H_6-SCR for PT500and SnO_2/TiO_2,it could be deduced that both samples could be ascribed to nitrates reactionmechanism. However, according to the in situ DRIFTS spectra of coadsorption ofreactants, SCR and stepwise reaction, it was obvious that bidentate nitrates weremore active than other kinds of nitrates and readily participating in C_3H_6-SCR onPT500catalysts, whereas bridged and monodentate nitrates were believed to bemore reactive and readily involved in C_3H_6-SCR on SnO_2/TiO_2catalyst. Theinitial activations of NO and C_3H_6were crucial steps in the SCR reaction.
引文
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