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基于离散元方法的橡胶颗粒沥青混合料疲劳性能与破冰机理研究
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摘要
目前,沥青混合料的研究主要集中于从宏观角度探求其发生机理,其实宏观现象的本质需要从细观机理上去解释,这是各种复杂沥青路面工程问题研究的关键切入点,也是未来沥青路面工程研究的发展趋势。Cundall与Strack创立并发展起来的离散单元法可以较全面的给出从细观变化到宏观响应的各种信息,并能够有效的通过各种细观参数对宏观现象的影响进行延伸讨论,有益于从本质上揭示沥青混合料的宏观现象。
     橡胶颗粒沥青混合料是由沥青胶浆包裹的粗、细集料及橡胶颗粒的颗粒单元组成的多相复合材料,其工程性质相当复杂。沥青路面在行车荷载的作用下,单个集料颗粒与单个橡胶颗粒均具有独特的运行方式,且均呈现了非均匀、离散的力学特性。
     本文从橡胶颗粒沥青混合料的细观结构入手,以混合料的离散元分析为主线,从三种典型级配结构的数值模型分析,到骨架密实型结构的分形级配研究;进而研究混合料劈裂试验数值模型,建立橡胶颗粒沥青混合料耗散能、分形维数与疲劳寿命的对应关系;通过分析橡胶颗粒掺量、冰层厚度及温度对混合料破冰性能的影响,验证了混合料破冰数值模型的研究结论,从而揭示了橡胶颗粒沥青混合料的破冰机理,最终将分形级配、疲劳性能与破冰机理的研究成果应用于橡胶颗粒沥青混合料的级配组成设计中,通过实体工程验证了细观数值模拟与室内试验的研究成果,为抗冻结沥青路面的工程应用提供一定的理论指导。
     通过理论分析构建了三种典型的橡胶颗粒沥青混合料细观数值模型,提出了以平均不平衡力与平均接触力为主的细观参数,同时通过力学试验确定了抗压强度与抗压回弹模量两个宏观参数。比较细观数值模拟与力学试验所获取的结论,从宏观与细观两个角度证明了橡胶颗粒沥青混合料的适宜级配是骨架密实型结构。
     本文构建的橡胶颗粒沥青混合料劈裂细观数值模型以裂缝数与劈裂强度为主要细观参数,与劈裂试验确定的宏观参数劈裂抗拉强度与劲度模量相互验证,从宏观与细观两个角度验证了橡胶颗粒的掺加将明显降低沥青混合料的力学强度。
     通过构建不同橡胶颗粒掺量、不同冰层厚度混合料—冰层相互作用的细观数值模型,将应变能与颗粒位移的细观参数与摆值平均加权回升量与摆值平均加权回升率的宏观参数相互比较,从宏观与细观两个角度揭示了橡胶颗粒沥青混合料的破冰机理。
     综上所述,离散单元法为以离散性为重要特征的橡胶颗粒沥青混合料问题进行细观研究提供了很好的数值分析工具,真正做到了从细观机理上去解释宏观现象的本质,为揭示橡胶颗粒沥青混合料早期破坏原因及探求混合料破冰机理,提供了一种试验结合理论分析的新思路。
At present,the study field of the asphalt mixture mainly focused on exploring theoccurrence mechanism from its macroscopic perspective. In fact, the essence of macroscopicphenomena needs from microcosmic mechanism, which is the key point of all kinds ofcomplicated asphalt pavement engineering problems for their researchs.Studying from themicroscopic perspective is also the development trend for asphalt pavement engineeringresearches. The discrete element method is founded and developed by Cundall and Strack,whose important characteristic is discreteness.It can provide very good numerical analysistools, and also can give all kinds of information from microcosmic changes to themacroscopic response comprehensively.In addition to this,it can be used to discusseeffectively through the influence from all sorts of microcosmic parameters on themacroscopic phenomena further, which is conducive to revealing the macroscopicphenomenon of asphalt mixture essentially.
     Crumb rubber modified asphalt mixture is composed of coarse and fine aggregate whichare wrapped by the asphalt mortar materials and the particles of the crumb rubber unit,so it isa multiphase composite material, its engineering properties are quite complex. When theasphalt pavement is under traffic load, the single aggregate particles and a single crumbrubber both have a unique way of running, and they show a non-uniform and discretemechanical characteristics.
     This paper starts with the microstructure of the crumb rubber modified asphalt mixture,and it makes mix of discrete element analysis as the main line,from numerical simulationanalysis for three kinds of typical graded structure to the study on fractal graded of skeletondense structure. And then discusses the indirect tension test numerical model of mixture,establishes the corresponding relations of dissipated energy, fractal dimension with the fatiguelife of crumb rubber modified asphalt mixture. Through the analysis of the influence onice-breaking performances from rubber particle volume fraction, ice thickness andtemperature, proving the research conclusion of mixture ice numerical model, Thus it revealsthe ice-breaking mechanism of crumb rubber modified asphalt mixtures.Ultimately,theresearch results of fractal gradation and fatigue performance as well as ice-breakingmechanism were used in the grading components design of crumb rubber modified asphaltmixture. Through the entity engineering,verifying the microcosmic numerical simulation andindoor test research results, which provides certain theoretical guidance for the antifreezing asphalt pavement.
     This paper established microcosmic numerical model for three typical structure throughtheoretical analysis, and put forward microcosmic parameters mainly including the averageunbalanced force and average contact force and at the same time determined two macroscopicparameters which were the compressive strength and compressive modulus of resiliencethrough mechanical test. Comparative microcosmic numerical simulation and the conclusionobtained from mechanical test, it proved that the skeleton dense type structure is the mostsuitable for crumb rubber modified asphalt mixture from the macroscopic and microcosmictwo angles.
     In this paper,the splitting microcosmic numerical model of crumb rubber modifiedasphalt mixture made fracture number and indirect tension as the main microcosmicparameters,which was mutual verification with two macroscopic parameters called splittingtensile strength and stiffness modulus which were determined splitting test. It verified theadding of rubber particles would decrease the mechanical strength of asphalt mixture fromthe macroscopic and mesoscopic two angles.
     The paper constructed microcosmic numerical model which could reflect the interactionof different mixture and different ice thickness,the strain energy and particle displacement ofthe microcosmic parameters were compared with two macroscopic parameters named therally amount weighted average of BPN and the rally rate weighted average of BPN, whichrevealed the ice-breaking of the crumb rubber modified asphalt mixture from themacroscopic and mesoscopic two angles.
     In a word, discrete element method provides very good numerical analysis tools for themicrocosmic study of the crumb rubber modified asphalt mixture which makes discrete asimportant characteristics,which truly could explain the the essence of macroscopicphenomena from microcosmic mechanism, and it provides a new idea which makes testcombine with theoretical analysis to reveal early failure causes and explore the ice-breakingmechanism of crumb rubber modified asphalt mixture.
引文
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