蚓粪基质对辣椒幼苗生长的促进效应及作用机理研究
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摘要
基质是幼苗生存的场所,也是幼苗所需水分、养分、温度等的介质,有支撑、营养作物的基本功能。当前在世界范围内农、林、花卉业生产所需的育苗基质中,以泥炭为原料的基质产品始终占主导地位。然而泥炭地是全球重要的聚碳系统,赋存条件改变和资源化利用会导致泥炭释放出大量的CO2、CH4、N2O等温室气体,泥炭资源有限,大量开采会破坏湿地生态系统,随着人们对生态环境的关注,探求既环保又经济的新型基质己成为重要课题。
蚓粪是蚯蚓通过体腔消化道消解有机固废的产物,具有很好的孔性、通气性、排水性和高的持水量,有很大的表面积,使得许多有益微生物得以生存并具有良好的吸收和保持营养物质的能力,可以为植物生长发育提供一个良好的生境,作为有机代用基质具备了产业化发展的前提条件,但有关这方面的具体研究还不多。
本研究在分析通过蚯蚓过腹处理牛粪而得到的蚓粪的基本性质和不同蚓粪基质配方的基础上,以辣椒幼苗为作为植物材料,研究蚓粪基质对辣椒幼苗生长过程的影响,并探讨蚓粪基质培育辣椒壮苗的机理。结果表明,蚓粪基质对辣椒幼苗生长有明显促进作用,有利于形成壮苗,主要结果如下：
蚓粪的结构性好,具有较多的微空隙、层状和颗粒状结构。蚓粪中含有大量促使蚓粪形成良好微结构的风干后呈凝胶状的物质,这些物质可被正丁醇充分淋洗、从而导致蚓粪团聚体结构性变劣,而水无法淋洗出这类物质,因此育苗过程中的频繁浇水不会破坏蚓粪基质的优良结构。蚯蚓过腹促进了牛粪中木质素、纤维素、半纤维素、糖类及其他碳水化合物的分解,增加了化合物Ⅰ(HPLC保留值为35.12-35.27min)的含量。蚓粪中的微生物区系丰富,真菌、细菌和放线菌的数量显著高于牛粪。有机固废经蚯蚓消解后,细菌群落多样性及结构发生明显变化,随着消解时间的延长,蚓粪细菌群落多样性及结构逐渐趋于稳定；蚓粪细菌群落结构的形成受饵料影响,并且在特定饵料间存在一定程度的趋同现象。蚯蚓过腹处理还增加了过氧化氢酶活性。蚓粪中大量的GA3和IAA能够对植物生长产生较大的刺激作用,而脲酶活性的降低在一定程度上有利于蚓粪的氮元素缓释。
与市售对照基质和蛭石(以泥炭为主要原料,氮磷钾总养分为2.5-5.0%,下同)相比,蚓粪的容重、总孔隙度、通气孔隙度、气／水大于前者,而持水孔隙度、最大持水量、水分截留量、田间持水量小于前者。蚓粪的酸缓冲容量与对照基质基本相当,而碱缓冲容量明显大于对照基质。粉碎和高温灭菌处理降低了蚓粪的酸缓冲容量,增加了碱缓冲容量,高温灭菌处理效果比粉碎处理更为明显。
蚓粪基质的pH值小于对照基质,比对照基质的EC值高2-3倍、全氮含量高3-4倍、有效氮含量高2倍左右、全磷含量高1.6-2.0倍、有效磷含量高5-7倍、有机质含量高1.5-2.5倍。随着辣椒幼苗生育期的推延,基质pH值呈逐步上升的趋势,EC呈逐步下降的趋势,基质有效磷含量和钾含量呈逐步下降的趋势。
结果显示,蚓粪基质比对照基质更有利于辣椒幼苗的成苗率、展宽、株高、茎粗、叶片数、茎叶鲜(干)重、根表面积、根粗、根体积、根鲜重等指标的增大,但在苗初期对辣椒幼苗叶片叶绿素、根尖数、根鲜(干)重、总鲜(干)重、G值和壮苗指数等无明显影响,在苗中期和成苗期则明显提高了这些壮苗评价指标。即蚓粪基质对辣椒幼苗各指标的提升效果随着生育期的推延逐步明显,其主要原因在于中后期辣椒幼苗的根系已经充分发育,物质吸收能力和抵抗环境能力不断增强。
以小粒径蚓粪(蚓粪粉碎后)配制的基质比对照基质更有利于辣椒幼苗成苗率、茎粗、株高、展宽、叶片数、根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数、根系活力、G值和壮苗指数的提高,但导致成苗率、叶绿素含量、根粗发生不同程度下降。蚓粪粉碎后与蛭石按8～16：1体积比均匀混合后有利于辣椒幼苗形成壮苗。蚓粪粉碎后基质促进辣椒幼苗大部分形态和生理指标增大的主要原因在于：粉碎处理增加了蚓粪的容重、持水孔隙度和成坨性。在蚓粪中添加相同量的蛭石(蚓粪：蛭石=4：1,V/V,)时,粉碎处理会增加蚓粪基质的容重、总孔隙度、持水孔隙度、基质含水量和成坨性。
蚓粪中添加适量蛭石有利于辣椒幼苗的展宽、叶片数、根长、根表面积、根体积和根尖数的增加。蚓粪与蛭石按体积比4：1混合后会导致基质在辣椒幼苗整个生育期的pH值增大,全氮、有效氮、全磷、有效磷、水溶性钾、有机质含量和EC值下降。尽管添加蛭石对蚓粪性质的改变更有利于辣椒幼苗的生长,但考虑到成本和壮苗育苗效果,基质中的蚓粪与蛭石体积比与8：1为宜。
蚓粪基质经过高温灭菌处理后比未灭菌的新鲜蚓粪基质更有利于辣椒幼苗的叶绿素、茎粗、株高、展宽、叶片数、鲜(干)重、根长、根粗、根表面积、根体积、根冠比、幼苗G值等壮苗指标的增加。高温灭菌在使有益微生物失活的同时也使蚓粪中的对植物幼苗生长不利的微生物失活。高温灭菌过程导致了蚓粪中化合物Ⅰ(HPLC保留值为35.12-35.27min)发生去饱和、最终衍生出了极性更大的化合物Ⅱ-Ⅴ(HPLC保留值分别为3.09、11.35、17.55、19.07min),这类极性更大的衍生物水溶性更强,更利于植物的吸收和利用。高温灭菌也会导致GA3和IAA的增加,GA3增加量尤为明显。
蚓粪基质中加入适当氮肥可提高辣椒幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量、株高、叶片数、茎叶鲜(干)重、总鲜(干)重、根表面积,初期根尖数、中后期的根鲜(干)重、G值、壮苗指数苗。蚓粪基质中添加1.0kg·m-3尿素比添加0.5kg·m-3尿素更有利于辣椒幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、株高、茎粗、叶片数、茎叶鲜(干)重、根鲜(干)重、总鲜(干)重、G值、根冠比和壮苗指数苗的增加,但氮肥添加量与辣椒幼苗成苗率呈反比,即过量的尿素氮会导致幼苗的中毒现象。
添加氮肥会降低蚓粪基质在辣椒幼苗生育期间的pH值,增大基质的EC值。1.0kg·m-3尿素添加量比0.5kg·m-3尿素添加量更有利于基质有效氮含量保持在较高水平。添加磷钾肥也会导致基质在辣椒幼苗整个生育期的pH值减小,EC值增大,可提高辣椒幼苗的成苗率、展宽、茎叶鲜(干)重、根粗、根体积、总鲜(干)重、G值等壮苗指数,但对叶绿素含量、株高、茎粗、叶片、根长、根表面积、根鲜(干)重等无明显影响。
研究结果显示,蚓粪基质能明显促进辣椒根、茎和叶等各器官的系统发育,有利于培育壮苗,其有益效果在中后期更为明显。蚓粪促进辣椒壮苗形成是综合因素作用下的结果,包括孔性、结构性、酸碱缓冲性、盐缓冲性的增加,较高的植物营养物质含量和较强的养分缓释性能,丰富的有益微生物,大量的活性氨基酸、有益酶、植物激素等,这些有机活性物质的存在也是蚓粪促进辣椒壮苗形成的重要原因。
蚓粪中含有大量使蚓粪保持良好微结构的胶状物质,这类物质不会被水淋洗损失,保证了育苗过程中浇水措施不会使基质的结构性劣变。
在具体应用方面,蚓粪基质配方以蚓粪与蛭石体积比为8：1、添加0.5-1.0kg·m-3尿素、添加10.0kg·m-3过磷酸钙和1.0kg·m-3硫酸钾为宜。在蚓粪基质生产过程中,蚓粪采收后应该首先进行好氧高温堆置后熟,这有利于杀灭蚓粪中有害生物、促进更多的植物活性有机物产生,同时尽可能多的保持有益活性微生物数量。蚓粪后熟后无需风干粉碎,直接过筛使蚓粪具有较好的商品感官即可,这有利于节约生产成本和充分发挥蚓粪的有益作用。
Current nursery substrates for raising seedlings in agriculture, forestry and flower production are mostly derived from peat which is one of the important natural resources. Peat acts as a carbon sink and can release CO2, CH4and other greenhouse gases during its utilization as resource and due to the change of its storage condition. Massive mining of peat may destroy wetland. It is necessary to develop new materials for nursery substrates to replace peat, from the viewpoint of resource preservation and environmental protection. Organic solid wastes can be transformed to vermicompost through earthworm digestion. Vermicompost is characterized by its porosity, permeability of air and water and water holding capacity. The larger surface area of vermicompost can adsorb nutrients required by plants and provide habitats for microbes. Therefore, vermicompost-based substrate can provide seedlings the ideal growth conditions and is becoming a promising substitute for peat. However, information and investigations on this aspect have been in scarce yet.
In this study, earthworm was used to digest cow manure, then vermicompost was obtained. Based on the analysis of the basic properties of vermicompost, different formulas of vermicompost-based substrates were designed. With capsicum seedling as material, the effects of the substrates on seedling growth were investigated and the mechanisms pertaining to vermicompost-formulated substrate strengthening capsicum seedling were analyzed. Results obtained in this study were summarized as follows.
Under scanning electron microscope, vermicompost showed granular and bedded structure and had higher microporosity. The vermicompost contained the gelatinous substance(s) after air-drying which helped vermicompost maintain good structure. N-butyl alcohol could washed out the substance(s) and destroyed aggregate structure of the vermicompost, while water had no influence on the substance(s) which indicated that the ideal structure of vermicompost-formulated substrate was not affected by frequent watering during seedling growth. Far-infrared spectrum analysis showed that after earthworm digestion, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, sugar and other carbohydrates in cow manure were gradually decomposed and converted to humus substances, while water soluble organic silicon compounds changed to inorganic silicon oxides. An unknown substance in cow manure (Substance I, with retention time35.12-35.27min. detected by HPLC) increased after earthworm digestion. The number of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes in vermicompost was higher than that in cow manure. After earthworm digestion, hydrogen peroxidase activity increased. The bacterial communities diversity and structure changes significantly between waste organic solid and vermicompost. The latter bacterial community diversity and structure is gradually stabilizing with the extension of digestion time. The bacterial community structure of vermicompost from the same bait is in a certain degree of convergence. Large amount of GA3and IAA was detected in vermicompost, which could stimulate seedling growth, while decline of urease activity in vermicompost helped to delay nitrogen release during seedling growth. Compared with current commercial substrate (CK, peat-based, with total N, P and K of2.5-5.0%), the bulk density, total porosity and aerial porosity and air/water ratio of vermicompost were higher, while water-holding porosity, water-holding and retention capacity was lower. The acid buffer capacity of vermicompost was similar to that of CK, but the buffer capacity of alkalinity and salt was higher than that of CK. High temperature sterilization and grinding, especially the former, decreased the capacity of acid and salt but increased the alkaline capacity.
The pH value of vermicompost was lower than that of CK but EC value, total N, available N, total P, available P and organic matter content of vermicompost was2-3,3-4,2,1.6-2.0,5-7and1.5-2.5times higher than those of CK, respectively. During seedling growth, pH value of vermicompost-formulated substrate increased, while EC and available P and K decreased.
The growth index values of the seedlings grown in vermicompost-based substrate, including survival rate, plant broadening, plant height, stem diameter, number of leafs, fresh weight of leaf and stem, root surface area, root diameter, root volume and fresh weight of root, were higher than those of the seedlings grown in CK. However, such promoting effects mainly appeared in middle and late stages, rather than early stage, of seedling development, due to the gradual enhancement of nutrient absorption and environmental resistance by the vermicompost.
The substrate derived from grinded vermicompost was more advantageous in promoting the increase of survival rate, stem diameter, plant height, plant broadening, number of leafs, root length, root surface area, root volume, root number, root vigor, G value and seedling index, but caused the decline in overall planting rate, chlorophyll content and root diameter. The substrate formulated by mixing grinded vermicompost and vermiculite with the ratio of8-16:1(v:v) was beneficial to the strengthening of the seedlings, due to the increase of bulk density, water holding capacity and lump or granular structure. When vermicompost was mixed with vermiculite (4:1, v:v), grinding increased bulk density, total porosity, water-holding porosity, water content and lump or granular structure of the substrate.
Addition of vermiculite helped the substrate enhance plant broadening, number of leafs, root length, root surface area, root volume and root tips of the seedlings. During seedling growth, pH value in the substrate (4vermicompost:1vermiculite, v:v) was higher, but total N, available N, total P, available P, water soluble K, organic matter content and EC was lower. Although addition of vermiculite was beneficial to seedling growth, the suitable ratio of vermicompost to vermiculite was4:1(v:v), considering the cost factor in preparing substrate.
After high temperature sterilization, the vermicompost-formulated substrate, compared with fresh one, showed better promoting effect on seedling growth. Substance Ⅰ (retention time:35.12-35.27min. in HPLC) was desatured under high temperature sterilization and more polar substances Ⅱ-Ⅴ (with retention time3.09,11.35,17.55and19.07min., respectively) were derived. These substances were more water soluble and easier to be absorbed by seedlings. Meanwhile, high temperature sterilization caused the increase of GA3and IAA (esp. the former) in the substrate.
Moderate addition of urea to the substrate was helpful in enhancing seedling growth. The seedling grown in the substrate added with urea with the rate of1.0kg.m-3had higher leaf chlorophyll content, plant height, number of leafs, fresh weight of seedlings, number of root tips, root surface area, root/shoot ratio, G value and seedling index, compared with those in the substrate with0.5kg.m-3urea added. Over-rate urea added to substrate was toxic to the seedlings and caused decline of survival rate.
Addition of urea reduced pH and increased EC value of the substrate during seedling growth. Higher available N level was maintained in the substrate with1.0kg.m-3urea added than in the substrate with0.5kg.m-3urea added. Addition of P and K to the substrate also urea reduced pH and increased EC value, and had promoting effect on survival rate, plant broadening, fresh weight of seedling plant, root diameter, root volume and G value. But P and K addition had no apparent effect on leaf chlorophyll content, plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, root length, root surface area and root fresh weight.
In summary, vermicompost-formulated substrate could promote the development of root, leaf and stem of capsicum seedling and was beneficial to the raising of sound seedlings. Such promoting effect displayed more apparently during the middle and late growth stages of the seedlings. The promoting effect was comprehensive and resulted from many aspects pertaining to the properties of the vermicompost, including high porosity, ideal structure, high buffer capacity to acid, alkaline and slat, high nutrient content, slow release of nutrients, abundant microbial flora, high content of active AA, beneficial enzymes and plant hormones. The gelatinous substance(s) in the vermicompost was not affected by frequent watering and helped the substrate maintain good structure during seedling growth.
In application, the optimum formula of the substrate for raising capsicum seedling was:8vermicompost:1vermiculite (v:v)+0.5-1.0kg.m-3urea+10.0kg.m-3calcium superphosphate+1.0kg.m-3potassium sulfate. After collection from earthworm bed, high temperature and aerobic composting was recommended to kill the pest, to speed up the formation of active organic substance and to maintain beneficial microbes. After composting, the sieved vermicompost (without air-drying) can be directly used to formulate the substrate, to save the production cost, as well as to preserve the beneficial effect of the vermicompost.
蚓粪是蚯蚓通过体腔消化道消解有机固废的产物,具有很好的孔性、通气性、排水性和高的持水量,有很大的表面积,使得许多有益微生物得以生存并具有良好的吸收和保持营养物质的能力,可以为植物生长发育提供一个良好的生境,作为有机代用基质具备了产业化发展的前提条件,但有关这方面的具体研究还不多。
本研究在分析通过蚯蚓过腹处理牛粪而得到的蚓粪的基本性质和不同蚓粪基质配方的基础上,以辣椒幼苗为作为植物材料,研究蚓粪基质对辣椒幼苗生长过程的影响,并探讨蚓粪基质培育辣椒壮苗的机理。结果表明,蚓粪基质对辣椒幼苗生长有明显促进作用,有利于形成壮苗,主要结果如下：
蚓粪的结构性好,具有较多的微空隙、层状和颗粒状结构。蚓粪中含有大量促使蚓粪形成良好微结构的风干后呈凝胶状的物质,这些物质可被正丁醇充分淋洗、从而导致蚓粪团聚体结构性变劣,而水无法淋洗出这类物质,因此育苗过程中的频繁浇水不会破坏蚓粪基质的优良结构。蚯蚓过腹促进了牛粪中木质素、纤维素、半纤维素、糖类及其他碳水化合物的分解,增加了化合物Ⅰ(HPLC保留值为35.12-35.27min)的含量。蚓粪中的微生物区系丰富,真菌、细菌和放线菌的数量显著高于牛粪。有机固废经蚯蚓消解后,细菌群落多样性及结构发生明显变化,随着消解时间的延长,蚓粪细菌群落多样性及结构逐渐趋于稳定；蚓粪细菌群落结构的形成受饵料影响,并且在特定饵料间存在一定程度的趋同现象。蚯蚓过腹处理还增加了过氧化氢酶活性。蚓粪中大量的GA3和IAA能够对植物生长产生较大的刺激作用,而脲酶活性的降低在一定程度上有利于蚓粪的氮元素缓释。
与市售对照基质和蛭石(以泥炭为主要原料,氮磷钾总养分为2.5-5.0%,下同)相比,蚓粪的容重、总孔隙度、通气孔隙度、气／水大于前者,而持水孔隙度、最大持水量、水分截留量、田间持水量小于前者。蚓粪的酸缓冲容量与对照基质基本相当,而碱缓冲容量明显大于对照基质。粉碎和高温灭菌处理降低了蚓粪的酸缓冲容量,增加了碱缓冲容量,高温灭菌处理效果比粉碎处理更为明显。
蚓粪基质的pH值小于对照基质,比对照基质的EC值高2-3倍、全氮含量高3-4倍、有效氮含量高2倍左右、全磷含量高1.6-2.0倍、有效磷含量高5-7倍、有机质含量高1.5-2.5倍。随着辣椒幼苗生育期的推延,基质pH值呈逐步上升的趋势,EC呈逐步下降的趋势,基质有效磷含量和钾含量呈逐步下降的趋势。
结果显示,蚓粪基质比对照基质更有利于辣椒幼苗的成苗率、展宽、株高、茎粗、叶片数、茎叶鲜(干)重、根表面积、根粗、根体积、根鲜重等指标的增大,但在苗初期对辣椒幼苗叶片叶绿素、根尖数、根鲜(干)重、总鲜(干)重、G值和壮苗指数等无明显影响,在苗中期和成苗期则明显提高了这些壮苗评价指标。即蚓粪基质对辣椒幼苗各指标的提升效果随着生育期的推延逐步明显,其主要原因在于中后期辣椒幼苗的根系已经充分发育,物质吸收能力和抵抗环境能力不断增强。
以小粒径蚓粪(蚓粪粉碎后)配制的基质比对照基质更有利于辣椒幼苗成苗率、茎粗、株高、展宽、叶片数、根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数、根系活力、G值和壮苗指数的提高,但导致成苗率、叶绿素含量、根粗发生不同程度下降。蚓粪粉碎后与蛭石按8～16：1体积比均匀混合后有利于辣椒幼苗形成壮苗。蚓粪粉碎后基质促进辣椒幼苗大部分形态和生理指标增大的主要原因在于：粉碎处理增加了蚓粪的容重、持水孔隙度和成坨性。在蚓粪中添加相同量的蛭石(蚓粪：蛭石=4：1,V/V,)时,粉碎处理会增加蚓粪基质的容重、总孔隙度、持水孔隙度、基质含水量和成坨性。
蚓粪中添加适量蛭石有利于辣椒幼苗的展宽、叶片数、根长、根表面积、根体积和根尖数的增加。蚓粪与蛭石按体积比4：1混合后会导致基质在辣椒幼苗整个生育期的pH值增大,全氮、有效氮、全磷、有效磷、水溶性钾、有机质含量和EC值下降。尽管添加蛭石对蚓粪性质的改变更有利于辣椒幼苗的生长,但考虑到成本和壮苗育苗效果,基质中的蚓粪与蛭石体积比与8：1为宜。
蚓粪基质经过高温灭菌处理后比未灭菌的新鲜蚓粪基质更有利于辣椒幼苗的叶绿素、茎粗、株高、展宽、叶片数、鲜(干)重、根长、根粗、根表面积、根体积、根冠比、幼苗G值等壮苗指标的增加。高温灭菌在使有益微生物失活的同时也使蚓粪中的对植物幼苗生长不利的微生物失活。高温灭菌过程导致了蚓粪中化合物Ⅰ(HPLC保留值为35.12-35.27min)发生去饱和、最终衍生出了极性更大的化合物Ⅱ-Ⅴ(HPLC保留值分别为3.09、11.35、17.55、19.07min),这类极性更大的衍生物水溶性更强,更利于植物的吸收和利用。高温灭菌也会导致GA3和IAA的增加,GA3增加量尤为明显。
蚓粪基质中加入适当氮肥可提高辣椒幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量、株高、叶片数、茎叶鲜(干)重、总鲜(干)重、根表面积,初期根尖数、中后期的根鲜(干)重、G值、壮苗指数苗。蚓粪基质中添加1.0kg·m-3尿素比添加0.5kg·m-3尿素更有利于辣椒幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、株高、茎粗、叶片数、茎叶鲜(干)重、根鲜(干)重、总鲜(干)重、G值、根冠比和壮苗指数苗的增加,但氮肥添加量与辣椒幼苗成苗率呈反比,即过量的尿素氮会导致幼苗的中毒现象。
添加氮肥会降低蚓粪基质在辣椒幼苗生育期间的pH值,增大基质的EC值。1.0kg·m-3尿素添加量比0.5kg·m-3尿素添加量更有利于基质有效氮含量保持在较高水平。添加磷钾肥也会导致基质在辣椒幼苗整个生育期的pH值减小,EC值增大,可提高辣椒幼苗的成苗率、展宽、茎叶鲜(干)重、根粗、根体积、总鲜(干)重、G值等壮苗指数,但对叶绿素含量、株高、茎粗、叶片、根长、根表面积、根鲜(干)重等无明显影响。
研究结果显示,蚓粪基质能明显促进辣椒根、茎和叶等各器官的系统发育,有利于培育壮苗,其有益效果在中后期更为明显。蚓粪促进辣椒壮苗形成是综合因素作用下的结果,包括孔性、结构性、酸碱缓冲性、盐缓冲性的增加,较高的植物营养物质含量和较强的养分缓释性能,丰富的有益微生物,大量的活性氨基酸、有益酶、植物激素等,这些有机活性物质的存在也是蚓粪促进辣椒壮苗形成的重要原因。
蚓粪中含有大量使蚓粪保持良好微结构的胶状物质,这类物质不会被水淋洗损失,保证了育苗过程中浇水措施不会使基质的结构性劣变。
在具体应用方面,蚓粪基质配方以蚓粪与蛭石体积比为8：1、添加0.5-1.0kg·m-3尿素、添加10.0kg·m-3过磷酸钙和1.0kg·m-3硫酸钾为宜。在蚓粪基质生产过程中,蚓粪采收后应该首先进行好氧高温堆置后熟,这有利于杀灭蚓粪中有害生物、促进更多的植物活性有机物产生,同时尽可能多的保持有益活性微生物数量。蚓粪后熟后无需风干粉碎,直接过筛使蚓粪具有较好的商品感官即可,这有利于节约生产成本和充分发挥蚓粪的有益作用。
Current nursery substrates for raising seedlings in agriculture, forestry and flower production are mostly derived from peat which is one of the important natural resources. Peat acts as a carbon sink and can release CO2, CH4and other greenhouse gases during its utilization as resource and due to the change of its storage condition. Massive mining of peat may destroy wetland. It is necessary to develop new materials for nursery substrates to replace peat, from the viewpoint of resource preservation and environmental protection. Organic solid wastes can be transformed to vermicompost through earthworm digestion. Vermicompost is characterized by its porosity, permeability of air and water and water holding capacity. The larger surface area of vermicompost can adsorb nutrients required by plants and provide habitats for microbes. Therefore, vermicompost-based substrate can provide seedlings the ideal growth conditions and is becoming a promising substitute for peat. However, information and investigations on this aspect have been in scarce yet.
In this study, earthworm was used to digest cow manure, then vermicompost was obtained. Based on the analysis of the basic properties of vermicompost, different formulas of vermicompost-based substrates were designed. With capsicum seedling as material, the effects of the substrates on seedling growth were investigated and the mechanisms pertaining to vermicompost-formulated substrate strengthening capsicum seedling were analyzed. Results obtained in this study were summarized as follows.
Under scanning electron microscope, vermicompost showed granular and bedded structure and had higher microporosity. The vermicompost contained the gelatinous substance(s) after air-drying which helped vermicompost maintain good structure. N-butyl alcohol could washed out the substance(s) and destroyed aggregate structure of the vermicompost, while water had no influence on the substance(s) which indicated that the ideal structure of vermicompost-formulated substrate was not affected by frequent watering during seedling growth. Far-infrared spectrum analysis showed that after earthworm digestion, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, sugar and other carbohydrates in cow manure were gradually decomposed and converted to humus substances, while water soluble organic silicon compounds changed to inorganic silicon oxides. An unknown substance in cow manure (Substance I, with retention time35.12-35.27min. detected by HPLC) increased after earthworm digestion. The number of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes in vermicompost was higher than that in cow manure. After earthworm digestion, hydrogen peroxidase activity increased. The bacterial communities diversity and structure changes significantly between waste organic solid and vermicompost. The latter bacterial community diversity and structure is gradually stabilizing with the extension of digestion time. The bacterial community structure of vermicompost from the same bait is in a certain degree of convergence. Large amount of GA3and IAA was detected in vermicompost, which could stimulate seedling growth, while decline of urease activity in vermicompost helped to delay nitrogen release during seedling growth. Compared with current commercial substrate (CK, peat-based, with total N, P and K of2.5-5.0%), the bulk density, total porosity and aerial porosity and air/water ratio of vermicompost were higher, while water-holding porosity, water-holding and retention capacity was lower. The acid buffer capacity of vermicompost was similar to that of CK, but the buffer capacity of alkalinity and salt was higher than that of CK. High temperature sterilization and grinding, especially the former, decreased the capacity of acid and salt but increased the alkaline capacity.
The pH value of vermicompost was lower than that of CK but EC value, total N, available N, total P, available P and organic matter content of vermicompost was2-3,3-4,2,1.6-2.0,5-7and1.5-2.5times higher than those of CK, respectively. During seedling growth, pH value of vermicompost-formulated substrate increased, while EC and available P and K decreased.
The growth index values of the seedlings grown in vermicompost-based substrate, including survival rate, plant broadening, plant height, stem diameter, number of leafs, fresh weight of leaf and stem, root surface area, root diameter, root volume and fresh weight of root, were higher than those of the seedlings grown in CK. However, such promoting effects mainly appeared in middle and late stages, rather than early stage, of seedling development, due to the gradual enhancement of nutrient absorption and environmental resistance by the vermicompost.
The substrate derived from grinded vermicompost was more advantageous in promoting the increase of survival rate, stem diameter, plant height, plant broadening, number of leafs, root length, root surface area, root volume, root number, root vigor, G value and seedling index, but caused the decline in overall planting rate, chlorophyll content and root diameter. The substrate formulated by mixing grinded vermicompost and vermiculite with the ratio of8-16:1(v:v) was beneficial to the strengthening of the seedlings, due to the increase of bulk density, water holding capacity and lump or granular structure. When vermicompost was mixed with vermiculite (4:1, v:v), grinding increased bulk density, total porosity, water-holding porosity, water content and lump or granular structure of the substrate.
Addition of vermiculite helped the substrate enhance plant broadening, number of leafs, root length, root surface area, root volume and root tips of the seedlings. During seedling growth, pH value in the substrate (4vermicompost:1vermiculite, v:v) was higher, but total N, available N, total P, available P, water soluble K, organic matter content and EC was lower. Although addition of vermiculite was beneficial to seedling growth, the suitable ratio of vermicompost to vermiculite was4:1(v:v), considering the cost factor in preparing substrate.
After high temperature sterilization, the vermicompost-formulated substrate, compared with fresh one, showed better promoting effect on seedling growth. Substance Ⅰ (retention time:35.12-35.27min. in HPLC) was desatured under high temperature sterilization and more polar substances Ⅱ-Ⅴ (with retention time3.09,11.35,17.55and19.07min., respectively) were derived. These substances were more water soluble and easier to be absorbed by seedlings. Meanwhile, high temperature sterilization caused the increase of GA3and IAA (esp. the former) in the substrate.
Moderate addition of urea to the substrate was helpful in enhancing seedling growth. The seedling grown in the substrate added with urea with the rate of1.0kg.m-3had higher leaf chlorophyll content, plant height, number of leafs, fresh weight of seedlings, number of root tips, root surface area, root/shoot ratio, G value and seedling index, compared with those in the substrate with0.5kg.m-3urea added. Over-rate urea added to substrate was toxic to the seedlings and caused decline of survival rate.
Addition of urea reduced pH and increased EC value of the substrate during seedling growth. Higher available N level was maintained in the substrate with1.0kg.m-3urea added than in the substrate with0.5kg.m-3urea added. Addition of P and K to the substrate also urea reduced pH and increased EC value, and had promoting effect on survival rate, plant broadening, fresh weight of seedling plant, root diameter, root volume and G value. But P and K addition had no apparent effect on leaf chlorophyll content, plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, root length, root surface area and root fresh weight.
In summary, vermicompost-formulated substrate could promote the development of root, leaf and stem of capsicum seedling and was beneficial to the raising of sound seedlings. Such promoting effect displayed more apparently during the middle and late growth stages of the seedlings. The promoting effect was comprehensive and resulted from many aspects pertaining to the properties of the vermicompost, including high porosity, ideal structure, high buffer capacity to acid, alkaline and slat, high nutrient content, slow release of nutrients, abundant microbial flora, high content of active AA, beneficial enzymes and plant hormones. The gelatinous substance(s) in the vermicompost was not affected by frequent watering and helped the substrate maintain good structure during seedling growth.
In application, the optimum formula of the substrate for raising capsicum seedling was:8vermicompost:1vermiculite (v:v)+0.5-1.0kg.m-3urea+10.0kg.m-3calcium superphosphate+1.0kg.m-3potassium sulfate. After collection from earthworm bed, high temperature and aerobic composting was recommended to kill the pest, to speed up the formation of active organic substance and to maintain beneficial microbes. After composting, the sieved vermicompost (without air-drying) can be directly used to formulate the substrate, to save the production cost, as well as to preserve the beneficial effect of the vermicompost.
引文
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