交叉偶极声波测井资料处理及在致密气层评价中的应用研究
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摘要
致密储层具有低孔、低渗、非均质性强的特点，复杂的孔隙结构对电阻率的影响可能远大于储层流体类型对电阻率的影响，这将使气、水层电阻率特征差别不明显，从而使常规的电阻率曲线在识别流体性质方面遇到较大的困难，而地层含气时，气层的声学信息比较明显，因而利用声波资料对气层进行定性识别及定量评价具有独特的优势。
本文基于上述背景，针对致密层测井评价所面临的难题，以交叉偶极声波测井资料为基础，对苏里格致密砂岩气田和松辽盆地南部砂砾岩气田储层评价进行了研究。
论文研究的主要内容包括以下几个方面：
对阵列声波测井资料进行了预处理，提取了纵波、横波及斯通利波的声波时差，并反演了地层横波的各向异性。
对致密气藏进行了流体替换研究，正演模拟不同流体状态下的岩石纵横波速度，为流体识别及地震勘探打下基础。
以弹性模量为基础，对含气储层进行了定性识别和含气饱和度的定量计算。
不同分布形式的泥质对测井结果的影响不同，本文对泥质的分布形式进行了定量划分。
论文的创新之处包括以下四点：1、利用差分进化算法反演地层横波各向异性，较传统模拟退火算法处理速度及
精度上均有提高。
2、利用纵横波速比小波能量分析对流体进行识别，实现了整口井进行连续处理，能够二维直观显示处理结果。
3、建立了基于弹性模量计算含气饱和度的模型，丰富了利用声波测井资料对储集层流体评价的方法。
4、对泥质的分布形式进行定量划分，将用声波计算的层状泥质用FMI计算出的层状泥质进行对比，结果表明利用阵列声波测井资料计算的泥质含量是可靠的。
Along with the deep going study of exploration and development of oil and gasfields, the target of exploration and development shifted from structural reservoirs tolithologic reservoirs.The unconventional oil and gas reservoirs with low porosity, lowpermeability and low saturation have been one of the most important oil and gasresources in the world. In the past ten years, we have made a great development in theexploration and development of tight gas reservoirs.
Until now Sugeli gas field was the biggest onshore gas filed with the world-classreserves in China. It’s a typical lithologic trapping reservoir with low porosity, lowpermeability and low saturation. Its complex logging responses caused by featuressuch as thin beds, strong heterogeneity, the large variation of physical property andcomplex relationship among fluids lead to the difficulty of calculating porositypermeability and saturation accurately. The reservoirs couldn’t be evaluatedeffectively with conventional methods.
There are tight sandstone and tight conglomerate reservoir existing in the deeplevel of southern Songliao basin.
Tight reservoirs with low porosity, low permeability and strong heterogeneityhave complex pore structure which influences the resistivity more than the type offluids in reservoirs. So there is no obvious difference between the gas and water onresistivity log. Therefore it’s hard to recognize the type of fluid with conventionalmethods by analysing resistivity. Fortunately, when the reservoir includes gas，thereare significant changes in the acoustic velocity, acoustic amplitude and somedynamics of rock which make the gas horizon apart from the oil and water throughanalysing acoustics information.In the paper, we took advantage of the array sonicdata to identify the gas reservoir qualitatively and evaluate it quantitatively, whichcontributes to the improvement the accuracy of log interpretation.
As a new means of logging, array acoustic logging contains much moreinformation than the old acoustic logging. In this paper, we mainly took thefollowing work:calculating the anisotropy，dividing the shale volume，identifingthe fluid type，quantitatively calculating the gas saturation，replacing the fluids andso on. We found an appropriate method of log interpretation for the tight sandstonereservoir of Sugeli gas field.The completed work included the following parts:
1. Processing cross-dipole acoustic logging data and extracting slowness
Preprocessing original DSI data includes gain processing, filtering andequalization processing. A mathematical model was set up for extracting the full waveslowness separately in the time domain and the frequency domain.The time-slowness correlation method was adopted in the time domain. Phase method was usedin the frequency domain. We could find that the approach is of correctness andreliability after compared our results with the software processing results.
2. Inverting the anisotropy of shear wave with differential evolution algorithm
Anisotropic inversion of cross-dipole logging data is an important technique inmodern acoustic logging. We established the differential evolution algorithm on thebasis of waveform inversion objective function.The relative error of results waswithin5%between this algorithm and the simulated annealing treatment.However，the processing speed is faster than the simulated annealing by above20%.
3. Summarizing the characteristics of the logging response and the loggingevaluation model in Sugeli gas field，the tight sandstone gas reservoirs.
4. Studying the fluid replacement of tight sandstone reservoirs
We studied fluid replacement of tight sandstone reservoir and predicted thechange of elastic parameters caused by the change of fluid. Forward simulation ofcompressional wave velocity and shear wave velocity of rock under different fluidstates lay the foundation for the fluid identification and the AVO effect of seismicexploration.
5. Identifying fluid based on the elastic modulus and the wavelet transform
We took advantage of the data of P and S wave from array sonic and conventionallogging curve to recognize the fluid. The fluid was recognized by single parameter elastic modulus，two-dimensional，three-dimensional rendezvous analysis techniquesand wavelet energy spectrum analysis technology. In the wavelet energy spectrumanalysis techniques，we study the ratio of P and S wave. We can process the wholewell continuously by combining with auto-layering technology instead of processinglayer one by one. The matching between energy spectrum matching and depth domaincame to realize. The results could be showed with two-dimensional visual.
6. Evaluating laminated shale and dispersed shale quantitatively
We divided the laminated shale using Tang’s method for the laminated shalewith macro-anisotropic, then, we calibrated it by the results of FMI. Finally， wedistinguished the structural shale from the dispersed shale with the Thomas-Stieberplates.
7. Establishing the model for quantitative calculation of gas saturation
Based on the Gassmann equation, we took advantage of the P-S slowness and thedensity logging to set up a model for calculating the gas saturation with elasticmodulus. It enriched the methods of evaluating the fluid in reservoirs with loggingdata.
In this paper， we evaluated tight sandstone reservoir based on the array soniclogging data, and overcame the difficulties in the current evaluation technology. Anew method without resistivity to evaluate the tight sandstone reservoir was foundand proved well.
本文基于上述背景，针对致密层测井评价所面临的难题，以交叉偶极声波测井资料为基础，对苏里格致密砂岩气田和松辽盆地南部砂砾岩气田储层评价进行了研究。
论文研究的主要内容包括以下几个方面：
对阵列声波测井资料进行了预处理，提取了纵波、横波及斯通利波的声波时差，并反演了地层横波的各向异性。
对致密气藏进行了流体替换研究，正演模拟不同流体状态下的岩石纵横波速度，为流体识别及地震勘探打下基础。
以弹性模量为基础，对含气储层进行了定性识别和含气饱和度的定量计算。
不同分布形式的泥质对测井结果的影响不同，本文对泥质的分布形式进行了定量划分。
论文的创新之处包括以下四点：1、利用差分进化算法反演地层横波各向异性，较传统模拟退火算法处理速度及
精度上均有提高。
2、利用纵横波速比小波能量分析对流体进行识别，实现了整口井进行连续处理，能够二维直观显示处理结果。
3、建立了基于弹性模量计算含气饱和度的模型，丰富了利用声波测井资料对储集层流体评价的方法。
4、对泥质的分布形式进行定量划分，将用声波计算的层状泥质用FMI计算出的层状泥质进行对比，结果表明利用阵列声波测井资料计算的泥质含量是可靠的。
Along with the deep going study of exploration and development of oil and gasfields, the target of exploration and development shifted from structural reservoirs tolithologic reservoirs.The unconventional oil and gas reservoirs with low porosity, lowpermeability and low saturation have been one of the most important oil and gasresources in the world. In the past ten years, we have made a great development in theexploration and development of tight gas reservoirs.
Until now Sugeli gas field was the biggest onshore gas filed with the world-classreserves in China. It’s a typical lithologic trapping reservoir with low porosity, lowpermeability and low saturation. Its complex logging responses caused by featuressuch as thin beds, strong heterogeneity, the large variation of physical property andcomplex relationship among fluids lead to the difficulty of calculating porositypermeability and saturation accurately. The reservoirs couldn’t be evaluatedeffectively with conventional methods.
There are tight sandstone and tight conglomerate reservoir existing in the deeplevel of southern Songliao basin.
Tight reservoirs with low porosity, low permeability and strong heterogeneityhave complex pore structure which influences the resistivity more than the type offluids in reservoirs. So there is no obvious difference between the gas and water onresistivity log. Therefore it’s hard to recognize the type of fluid with conventionalmethods by analysing resistivity. Fortunately, when the reservoir includes gas，thereare significant changes in the acoustic velocity, acoustic amplitude and somedynamics of rock which make the gas horizon apart from the oil and water throughanalysing acoustics information.In the paper, we took advantage of the array sonicdata to identify the gas reservoir qualitatively and evaluate it quantitatively, whichcontributes to the improvement the accuracy of log interpretation.
As a new means of logging, array acoustic logging contains much moreinformation than the old acoustic logging. In this paper, we mainly took thefollowing work:calculating the anisotropy，dividing the shale volume，identifingthe fluid type，quantitatively calculating the gas saturation，replacing the fluids andso on. We found an appropriate method of log interpretation for the tight sandstonereservoir of Sugeli gas field.The completed work included the following parts:
1. Processing cross-dipole acoustic logging data and extracting slowness
Preprocessing original DSI data includes gain processing, filtering andequalization processing. A mathematical model was set up for extracting the full waveslowness separately in the time domain and the frequency domain.The time-slowness correlation method was adopted in the time domain. Phase method was usedin the frequency domain. We could find that the approach is of correctness andreliability after compared our results with the software processing results.
2. Inverting the anisotropy of shear wave with differential evolution algorithm
Anisotropic inversion of cross-dipole logging data is an important technique inmodern acoustic logging. We established the differential evolution algorithm on thebasis of waveform inversion objective function.The relative error of results waswithin5%between this algorithm and the simulated annealing treatment.However，the processing speed is faster than the simulated annealing by above20%.
3. Summarizing the characteristics of the logging response and the loggingevaluation model in Sugeli gas field，the tight sandstone gas reservoirs.
4. Studying the fluid replacement of tight sandstone reservoirs
We studied fluid replacement of tight sandstone reservoir and predicted thechange of elastic parameters caused by the change of fluid. Forward simulation ofcompressional wave velocity and shear wave velocity of rock under different fluidstates lay the foundation for the fluid identification and the AVO effect of seismicexploration.
5. Identifying fluid based on the elastic modulus and the wavelet transform
We took advantage of the data of P and S wave from array sonic and conventionallogging curve to recognize the fluid. The fluid was recognized by single parameter elastic modulus，two-dimensional，three-dimensional rendezvous analysis techniquesand wavelet energy spectrum analysis technology. In the wavelet energy spectrumanalysis techniques，we study the ratio of P and S wave. We can process the wholewell continuously by combining with auto-layering technology instead of processinglayer one by one. The matching between energy spectrum matching and depth domaincame to realize. The results could be showed with two-dimensional visual.
6. Evaluating laminated shale and dispersed shale quantitatively
We divided the laminated shale using Tang’s method for the laminated shalewith macro-anisotropic, then, we calibrated it by the results of FMI. Finally， wedistinguished the structural shale from the dispersed shale with the Thomas-Stieberplates.
7. Establishing the model for quantitative calculation of gas saturation
Based on the Gassmann equation, we took advantage of the P-S slowness and thedensity logging to set up a model for calculating the gas saturation with elasticmodulus. It enriched the methods of evaluating the fluid in reservoirs with loggingdata.
In this paper， we evaluated tight sandstone reservoir based on the array soniclogging data, and overcame the difficulties in the current evaluation technology. Anew method without resistivity to evaluate the tight sandstone reservoir was foundand proved well.
引文
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