铜在土壤上的吸附行为及共存污染物对其吸附的影响
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摘要
土壤重金属污染已经成为东北老工业基地备受关注的环境问题。吸附是影响重金属污染物在土壤中迁移转化、生物有效性、生物累积性和归宿的主要因素。开展重金属污染物的吸附行为及其在复合污染条件下共存污染物对其吸附的影响,将有助于深入了解和预测该地区真实情况下无机污染物的环境行为和生态风险,并对其污染控制和治理提供科学依据。
本文在研究Pb2+、Zn2+和Cu2+在土壤-水界面的吸附行为和主要影响因素的基础上,探讨了土壤中固相组成和有机质对Cu2+吸附的贡献和作用。开展了Pb2+和Cu2+在复合污染中的竞争吸附机理研究。重点考察阿特拉津、噻吩璜隆和2,4-D对Cu2+在土壤上的吸附行为的影响。论文取得了以下的研究成果：
(1)采用静态批实验的方法研究了Pb2+、Zn2+和Cu2+在土壤上的吸附性能和主要影响因素。结果表明：Freundlich方程很好地描述了土壤对Pb2+、Zn2+和Cu2+的吸附等温线,重金属在土壤上的吸附系数与土壤pH、有机碳含量、阳离子交换量(CEC)和游离氧化铁(Fed)的含量有关。溶液的pH和离子强度是影响金属吸附的主要因素,随着pH的上升和离子强度的下降,土壤对金属的吸附量和KF值都增大。Cu2+,Zn2+和Pb2+的吸附是一个自发的放热过程。
(2)对比研究脱除有机质前后土壤对铜的吸附行为的变化发现,脱除有机质后土壤的理化性质发生了明显变化,有机质是铜在土壤上吸附的主要来源,溶解性有机碳会提高铜的移动性,脱除有机质后的土壤对铜的吸附能力明显下降。Freundlich和Langmuir方程都能很好地描述铜在脱除有机质前后土壤上的吸附等温线。对吸附等温方程的参数与土壤理化性质进行相关分析表明：原状土中pHH2O对KF与贡献率达到84.5%,CEC和有机质(OC)对n的贡献率达到96.1%以上；而脱除有机质后的土壤,KF和土壤性质的相关性发生了明显变化,CEC对n的贡献率只有65.4%。原状土中Qmax与OC、Ald、CEC都相关,而脱除有机质后的土壤Qmax只与CEC呈显著地正相关。
(3)研究在单一吸附体系和二元金属共存体系中Cu2+和Pb2+的竞争吸附和解吸行为。结果发现,Cu2+和Pb2+的解吸等温线和吸附等温线类似,都可以用Freundlich方程描述(R2>0.96)。土壤的理化性质影响金属的吸附能力,在单一体系和二元金属体系中,土壤对Pb2+的吸附能力都大于Cu2+。在两种金属共存的体系中,共存金属离子的存在影响两种金属的吸附总量,表现为金属离子之间的竞争吸附作用。红外光谱分析表明,土壤表面的羧基、羟基和羰基都能与金属离子发生键合作用。
(4)研究了噻吩璜隆、2,4-D和阿特拉津影响土壤铜的吸附行为及作用机理。结果发现：铜在土壤上的吸附量随着噻吩璜隆和2,4-D浓度的增加而下降,原因在于噻吩璜隆和2,4-D的出现,土壤表面的Zeta电位和溶液pH下降,DOC溶出增加,同时噻吩璜隆、2,4-D和DOC与铜在溶液中形成的络合物与土壤表面的亲和力下降。然而,阿特拉津与铜共存,土壤溶液pH上升、DOC溶出下降和吸附态的阿特拉津以“桥”键增加了铜的吸附位点,导致了土壤对铜的吸附能力随着阿特拉津浓度的增大而显著提高。
以上的研究数据和结果有助于了解和预测东北地区土壤中重金属污染物的生态风险和环境安全,为探讨复合污染中污染物之间的吸附规律及其在农药污染地区其它无机污染物的归趋和迁移转化提供科学依据。
Soil contamination of heavy metals has become an increasingly important environmental issue in Northeast of China. Investigation of sorption phenomena of heavy metals and potential effects by other coexistence pollutants in combined pollution is of great importance, because these processes are associated with the mobility, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and finally the fate of heavy metal pollutants in the soil environment. The further understanding of the interaction mechanism between other coexistent organic compound and heavy metals will help us to apprehend and evaluate the complex behaviors and ecological risks of heavy metals in the actual environment, and will offer scientific basis for regulation, control, and remediation of inorganic pollutants in the Northeast of China where heavy metals often co-exist with other pollutants.
Based on the sorption of Pb2+, Cu2+and Zn2+to soil-water interface, the sorption mechanisms of Pb+and Cu2+in combined pollution environment were discussed detailedly, including many factors which influence the sorption process. In addition, Sorption behavior of Cu2+was attributed to mineral composition and organic matter in soil. Besides, the sorption processes and interaction effects of Cu2+in other co-exiting pesticides were investigated. The main conclusions of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the sorption characteristics of Pb2+, Cu2+and Zn2+by soil and main factors influendcing sorption effect were examined.The sorption isotherms of three metals were well reproduced using the Freundlich model. Sorption coefficients for heavy metals were depended on soil pH content, organic carbon, cation-exchange capacity (CEC) and free iron oxide (Ald). The pH and ionic strength of soil solution were two primary parameters for influence on sorption of heavy metals. Sorption amount of metal and sorption coefficients (KF) increased with the increase of pH and the decrease of ionic strength. The sorption of Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+on soil was exothermic and spontaneous.
(2) The behavior of Cu2+in untreated samples and soil samples treated with hydrogen peroxide to remove organic matter in the soil was compared. The results showed that there were obvious changes in the physico-chemical properties of the soil which was removed of organic matter. Soil organic matter was response to the sorption of Cu2+on soil and dissolved organic carbon could facilitate the mobility of the metal, and the Cu2+sorption of the samples treated depressed. The adsorption data were fitted well by the Freundlich equation and the Langmuir equation. Multiple regression analyses of the sorption isotherm parameters and soil physico-chemical properties suggested that pH2O accounted for about84.5%of the variance in the Freundlich pre-exponential parameter (XF) of original soil, and CEC and organic carbon (OC) accounted for65.4%of the variance in the Freundlich exponent(n); KF of treated soil was independent of soil properties and CEC accounted for only65.4%of n of treated soil; the Langmuir coefficient (Qmax) of original soil was linear with OC, Ald and CEC, but after soil treated, Qmax was remarkably dependent of CEC.
(3) The competitive sorption and desorption of Pb2+and Cu2+in soil were investigated using single and binary metal solutions. The desorption isotherms of Cu2+and Pb2+were similar to the sorption isotherms, with well fit of Freundlich equation (R2>0.96). The results showed that the soils had greater sorption capacity for Pb2+than Cu2+in single and binary metal solutions, which was affected strongly by the soil characteristics. In the binary metal solution containing Pb2+and Cu2+(1:1molar ratio), the amout of Pb2+and Cu2+sorption was affected by the simultaneous presence of the two metals, indicating the competition between the two metals. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy revealed that the carboxyl, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups were the main binding sites of metal ions.
(4) The effects of thifensulfuron (TS),2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and atrazine (AT) on the sorption of Cu2+on soil were investigated. The results indicated that thifensulfuron and2,4-D markedly diminished the sorption of Cu2+Mechanisms of the suppression effects of thifensulfuron and2,4-D on the Cu2+sorption included the following:the degrease of equilibrium solutionl pH and soil zeta potential simultaneity occurred in the presence of thifensulfuron and2,4-D, the increase of equilibrium solutionl DOC, the DOC-Cu, TS-Cu and2,4-D-Cu complexes had the weaker affinity than Cu2+ion itself, hence decreased the sorption of Cu2+. The presence of AT significantly increased Cu2+sorption, which could be due to increasing Cu2+sorption via the atrazine bridge, or due to the increase of equilibrium solutionl pH and the decrease of equilibrium solutionl DOC.
The above results provide data to predict and model the environmrntal health and ecological risk of heavy metals, improve the understanding of sorption mechanisms of pulltants in combined contamination, and offer a theoretical gist for the sorption of inorganic pollutants in pesticide-contaminated soil.
本文在研究Pb2+、Zn2+和Cu2+在土壤-水界面的吸附行为和主要影响因素的基础上,探讨了土壤中固相组成和有机质对Cu2+吸附的贡献和作用。开展了Pb2+和Cu2+在复合污染中的竞争吸附机理研究。重点考察阿特拉津、噻吩璜隆和2,4-D对Cu2+在土壤上的吸附行为的影响。论文取得了以下的研究成果：
(1)采用静态批实验的方法研究了Pb2+、Zn2+和Cu2+在土壤上的吸附性能和主要影响因素。结果表明：Freundlich方程很好地描述了土壤对Pb2+、Zn2+和Cu2+的吸附等温线,重金属在土壤上的吸附系数与土壤pH、有机碳含量、阳离子交换量(CEC)和游离氧化铁(Fed)的含量有关。溶液的pH和离子强度是影响金属吸附的主要因素,随着pH的上升和离子强度的下降,土壤对金属的吸附量和KF值都增大。Cu2+,Zn2+和Pb2+的吸附是一个自发的放热过程。
(2)对比研究脱除有机质前后土壤对铜的吸附行为的变化发现,脱除有机质后土壤的理化性质发生了明显变化,有机质是铜在土壤上吸附的主要来源,溶解性有机碳会提高铜的移动性,脱除有机质后的土壤对铜的吸附能力明显下降。Freundlich和Langmuir方程都能很好地描述铜在脱除有机质前后土壤上的吸附等温线。对吸附等温方程的参数与土壤理化性质进行相关分析表明：原状土中pHH2O对KF与贡献率达到84.5%,CEC和有机质(OC)对n的贡献率达到96.1%以上；而脱除有机质后的土壤,KF和土壤性质的相关性发生了明显变化,CEC对n的贡献率只有65.4%。原状土中Qmax与OC、Ald、CEC都相关,而脱除有机质后的土壤Qmax只与CEC呈显著地正相关。
(3)研究在单一吸附体系和二元金属共存体系中Cu2+和Pb2+的竞争吸附和解吸行为。结果发现,Cu2+和Pb2+的解吸等温线和吸附等温线类似,都可以用Freundlich方程描述(R2>0.96)。土壤的理化性质影响金属的吸附能力,在单一体系和二元金属体系中,土壤对Pb2+的吸附能力都大于Cu2+。在两种金属共存的体系中,共存金属离子的存在影响两种金属的吸附总量,表现为金属离子之间的竞争吸附作用。红外光谱分析表明,土壤表面的羧基、羟基和羰基都能与金属离子发生键合作用。
(4)研究了噻吩璜隆、2,4-D和阿特拉津影响土壤铜的吸附行为及作用机理。结果发现：铜在土壤上的吸附量随着噻吩璜隆和2,4-D浓度的增加而下降,原因在于噻吩璜隆和2,4-D的出现,土壤表面的Zeta电位和溶液pH下降,DOC溶出增加,同时噻吩璜隆、2,4-D和DOC与铜在溶液中形成的络合物与土壤表面的亲和力下降。然而,阿特拉津与铜共存,土壤溶液pH上升、DOC溶出下降和吸附态的阿特拉津以“桥”键增加了铜的吸附位点,导致了土壤对铜的吸附能力随着阿特拉津浓度的增大而显著提高。
以上的研究数据和结果有助于了解和预测东北地区土壤中重金属污染物的生态风险和环境安全,为探讨复合污染中污染物之间的吸附规律及其在农药污染地区其它无机污染物的归趋和迁移转化提供科学依据。
Soil contamination of heavy metals has become an increasingly important environmental issue in Northeast of China. Investigation of sorption phenomena of heavy metals and potential effects by other coexistence pollutants in combined pollution is of great importance, because these processes are associated with the mobility, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and finally the fate of heavy metal pollutants in the soil environment. The further understanding of the interaction mechanism between other coexistent organic compound and heavy metals will help us to apprehend and evaluate the complex behaviors and ecological risks of heavy metals in the actual environment, and will offer scientific basis for regulation, control, and remediation of inorganic pollutants in the Northeast of China where heavy metals often co-exist with other pollutants.
Based on the sorption of Pb2+, Cu2+and Zn2+to soil-water interface, the sorption mechanisms of Pb+and Cu2+in combined pollution environment were discussed detailedly, including many factors which influence the sorption process. In addition, Sorption behavior of Cu2+was attributed to mineral composition and organic matter in soil. Besides, the sorption processes and interaction effects of Cu2+in other co-exiting pesticides were investigated. The main conclusions of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the sorption characteristics of Pb2+, Cu2+and Zn2+by soil and main factors influendcing sorption effect were examined.The sorption isotherms of three metals were well reproduced using the Freundlich model. Sorption coefficients for heavy metals were depended on soil pH content, organic carbon, cation-exchange capacity (CEC) and free iron oxide (Ald). The pH and ionic strength of soil solution were two primary parameters for influence on sorption of heavy metals. Sorption amount of metal and sorption coefficients (KF) increased with the increase of pH and the decrease of ionic strength. The sorption of Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+on soil was exothermic and spontaneous.
(2) The behavior of Cu2+in untreated samples and soil samples treated with hydrogen peroxide to remove organic matter in the soil was compared. The results showed that there were obvious changes in the physico-chemical properties of the soil which was removed of organic matter. Soil organic matter was response to the sorption of Cu2+on soil and dissolved organic carbon could facilitate the mobility of the metal, and the Cu2+sorption of the samples treated depressed. The adsorption data were fitted well by the Freundlich equation and the Langmuir equation. Multiple regression analyses of the sorption isotherm parameters and soil physico-chemical properties suggested that pH2O accounted for about84.5%of the variance in the Freundlich pre-exponential parameter (XF) of original soil, and CEC and organic carbon (OC) accounted for65.4%of the variance in the Freundlich exponent(n); KF of treated soil was independent of soil properties and CEC accounted for only65.4%of n of treated soil; the Langmuir coefficient (Qmax) of original soil was linear with OC, Ald and CEC, but after soil treated, Qmax was remarkably dependent of CEC.
(3) The competitive sorption and desorption of Pb2+and Cu2+in soil were investigated using single and binary metal solutions. The desorption isotherms of Cu2+and Pb2+were similar to the sorption isotherms, with well fit of Freundlich equation (R2>0.96). The results showed that the soils had greater sorption capacity for Pb2+than Cu2+in single and binary metal solutions, which was affected strongly by the soil characteristics. In the binary metal solution containing Pb2+and Cu2+(1:1molar ratio), the amout of Pb2+and Cu2+sorption was affected by the simultaneous presence of the two metals, indicating the competition between the two metals. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy revealed that the carboxyl, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups were the main binding sites of metal ions.
(4) The effects of thifensulfuron (TS),2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and atrazine (AT) on the sorption of Cu2+on soil were investigated. The results indicated that thifensulfuron and2,4-D markedly diminished the sorption of Cu2+Mechanisms of the suppression effects of thifensulfuron and2,4-D on the Cu2+sorption included the following:the degrease of equilibrium solutionl pH and soil zeta potential simultaneity occurred in the presence of thifensulfuron and2,4-D, the increase of equilibrium solutionl DOC, the DOC-Cu, TS-Cu and2,4-D-Cu complexes had the weaker affinity than Cu2+ion itself, hence decreased the sorption of Cu2+. The presence of AT significantly increased Cu2+sorption, which could be due to increasing Cu2+sorption via the atrazine bridge, or due to the increase of equilibrium solutionl pH and the decrease of equilibrium solutionl DOC.
The above results provide data to predict and model the environmrntal health and ecological risk of heavy metals, improve the understanding of sorption mechanisms of pulltants in combined contamination, and offer a theoretical gist for the sorption of inorganic pollutants in pesticide-contaminated soil.
引文
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