上海地区环境中多溴联苯醚分布规律及其来源研究
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摘要
上海市是我国工业和经济发展的中心,近年来,由于人口急剧增长和工业快速发展,上海地区各类以PBDEs为阻燃剂的产品生产和使用非常集中,现有的研究表明PBDEs已普遍存在于上海市的各环境介质中。已有研究对上海市各地区PBDEs释放源的研究还比较零散,尚未对上海市各地区环境介质中PBDEs的空间分布规律、来源特征及时间趋势形成全面系统的监测和分析。
本研究在建立各环境介质中PBDEs分析检测方法的基础上,系统考察上海市各地区马路边表层土壤中PBDEs污染水平及分布,探讨上海中心城区往各城郊结合地区方向上PBDEs浓度变化趋势,了解上海市各地区PBDEs释放源,评估居民住宅区、工业园区、装饰材料市场、城市垃圾焚烧厂、城市垃圾填埋场和上海电子废弃物回收拆解处置场地对周边环境的影响。同时开展上海市13家城市污水处理厂脱水污泥中PBDEs的污染状况研究,分析其浓度水平、组成特征和近三年的趋势评价,并且跟踪上海市各地区污水厂脱水污泥的最终处置方式和归宿,关注上海污泥再利用后PBDEs的生态风险。采集上海垃圾填埋场和电子废弃物回收拆解处置场地、二手电子市场和废弃家电集中回收点土壤、树叶、矿化垃圾、渗滤液和灰尘样品,了解上海市主要PBDEs污染源区域的PBDEs环境行为和归宿,考察对周边环境的影响。以鸟类作为指示生物监测亚太地区环境中PBDEs污染现状,了解上海市外围环境中PBDEs分布情况以及迁徙鸟体内PBDEs的分布特点和主要影响因素。以留鸟麻雀(Passer montanus)作为城市环境监测对象,求索上海市各地区麻雀体内PBDEs浓度与该地区PBDEs释放源之间的关系,并通过与国内外其他地区研究结果的比较,评价上海地区环境中PBDEs的污染现状。主要结果和结论如下：
上海市中心城区和郊区马路土壤中Sum-PBDEs浓度范围分别14.5～64.2ng/g dw和0.875～68.2ng/g dw。垃圾填埋场和电子废弃物回收场所是上海重要的PBDEs释放源。上海工业园区、居民住宅区、垃圾焚烧厂和装饰材料市场对周边PBDEs的污染影响相对较小,各地区马路土壤中PBDEs有着不同的本地来源。从上海市各地区表层土壤中PBDEs地理空间分布图来看,上海市郊区中PBDEs的污染源主要集中在垃圾填埋场和各区县工业园区,而市中心地区PBDEs污染源分布较多且复杂,主要有大型居民住宅区,工业园区和废弃家电集中回收点。整个上海市表层土壤中PBDEs储量达到了16.4t。我们的研究结果比珠江三角洲土壤中PBDEs储量要低,这与城市的城市化水平、工业水平和电子废弃物拆解活动有关。
相较于欧洲和北美的污泥样品,上海市13家污水厂污泥中BDE47,99,100浓度水平较低,BDE209含量水平处于是世界范围的前列,高于世界大部分地区,仅次于美国和西班牙两国。这标志着上海城市化程度和工业水平较高,城市污泥成为上海各地区排放PBDEs的最终“汇”,但同时上海地区污泥中BDE209存在较高的污染风险。2010到2012年上海地区污泥中PBDE含量没有呈现出时间趋势,上海2010年脱水污泥中赋存8.7kg∑7PBDEs和1.50t BDE209,上海填埋场可能成为上海新的PBDEs点污染源。
在浦东新区某废弃物回收拆解车间中,4个地面灰尘样品按Sum-PBDEs浓度水平排列依次为电路板粗碎车间地面灰尘(108177ng/g)>电视机拆卸车间地面灰尘(95446ng/g)>离拆解回收操作线20m地面灰尘(21121ng/g)>电路板细碎车间地面灰尘(17278ng/g)。曲阳路废弃家电回收点地面灰尘中Sum-PBDEs浓度达到了43064ng/g。虬江路二手电子经营店聚集区域和稀疏区域的2个表层土壤样品中Sum-PBDEs浓度水平分别是上海市工业园区和中心城区住宅区表层土壤的9倍左右。表明二手电子聚集区域对周边环境PBDEs的污染程度要远远高于工业园区和住宅区,是上海市PBDEs主要的污染源。废旧家电回收点和二手经营店是新PBDEs释放源,其敞开式的拆卸方式有利PBDEs向外扩散。
本研究的土壤和树叶样品证实城市垃圾填埋场是周边环境中PBDEs的释放源,且老港垃圾填埋场对周边环境有较强的PBDEs输入。老港垃圾渗滤液中PBDEs浓度水平较低,这与老港垃圾填埋场两种垃圾渗滤液处理工艺不无关系。1989～2002年矿化垃圾的PBDEs历史演变趋势研究发现矿化垃圾中BDE209含量的指数型增长趋势,指示出上海从20世纪90年代到目前一直在大量使用Deca商业品,并与上海市废弃家用电器填埋量有关。上海老港垃圾填埋场PBDEs的储量达到28.7t,它是上海地区PBDEs巨大的储库,并可作为上海地区的“源”。
东亚-澳大利亚迁徙线上的鸭类、燕鸥类、鹭类和鸥类迁徙鸟体内PBDEs浓度水平要低于在欧洲地区黑海-地中海迁徙线、北美地区的美洲太平洋迁徙线、美洲密西西比迁徙线和美洲大西洋迁徙线上的同类水生鸟。鸻鹬和鸭类迁徙鸟有相同的食物种类范围,肌肉中δ15N和δ13C稳定同位素结果表明鸭类偏食植物类,而鸻鹬类则偏食螺类、贝类和蟹类。不同地区食物中的PBDEs分布情况将影响到鸻鹬和鸭类迁徙鸟体内PBDEs的分布。东亚-澳大利亚迁徙线上鸭类的迁徙范围主要集中于中国,韩国和日本,比鸻鹬类更容易接触到BDE209污染的食物,尤其是在中国沿海水域。澳大利亚、中国、日本和韩国为鸻鹬类迁徙鸟提供了BDE209来源。本研究首次关注到东亚-澳大利亚迁徙路径上迁徙鸟不同的迁徙行为对其体内PBDEs分布模式的影响,还首次关注到东亚-澳大利亚迁徙路径上候鸟的BDE209定向传输角色。
采用留鸟麻雀作为指示生物监测上海各地区环境中PBDEs,上海麻雀肌肉中Sum-PBDEs浓度顺序遵循老港垃圾填埋场>城市中心地区>工业园区>城郊结合区域>农村地区>偏远地区,指示出老港垃圾填埋场和工业园区是上海重要的PBDEs释放源,且填埋场对周边环境的影响要大于工业园区。上海市麻雀肌肉样品中以BDE209为主。与北京和广东省的研究结果相比较,上海市麻雀中PBDEs浓度处于较低水平,但上海垃圾填埋场,工业园区和中心城区麻雀肌肉中的高PBDEs浓度样点应当引起重视。
Shanghai is the center for industrial and economic development in China. Recently, all kinds of PBDEs-treated products are used frequently because of rapid increase in population and industry. Available studies have shown that PBDEs are ubiquitous contaminant in different environment mediums from Shanghai. However, little information was available on the emission sources, spatial distribution pattern and temporal trend of PBDEs in Shanghai.
In this study, reliable analysis and instrument method for qualitative and quantitative determination of PBDEs in different environment mediums were built up. Roadside soils were collected from different regions in Shanghai to systematically investigate the concentrations, congeners profiles, PBDEs diffusion patterns from urban areas to suburban areas and potential sources in Shanghai including residential districts, industrial park, decoration material markets, incinerators, landfill and waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling and disposal sites. Sewage sludge samples were collected from13wastewater treatment plants in Shanghai to investigate levels, congeners profiles, temporal trend, fate and ecological risks. Meanwhile, soils, vegetation leaves, leachates and workshop-floor dust samples were collected to understand PBDEs behavior, fate and pollution degree in WEEE recycling and disposal sites and landfill, which are main point pollution sources of PBDEs in Shanghai. Finally, the concentrations of PBDEs in migratory waterbirds on the East Asian-Australasian flyway and residential eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus) gave an indication of the general exposure and uses of these compounds in Asian-Pacific region and Shanghai, respectively. The major findings are listed below:
Sum-PBDEs concentrations in roadside soils from urban and suburban areas ranged14.5-64.2ng/g dw and0.875～68.2ng/g dw. Landfill and WWWE recycling and disposal sites in Shanghai were main emission sources of PBDEs, while ambient environment around industrial parks, residential neighborhoods, incinerators and decoration material markets was less influenced by PBDEs. Different regions in Shanghai had its local sources of PBDEs. Based on the geographic and spatial distribution of soils in Shanghai, the main PBDEs sources in suburban areas in Shanghai were landfill site and industrial parks, but the main ones in urban areas were complicated, including large residential neighborhood, industrial parks and WEEE recycling and disposal sites. The inventory of PBDEs in soil was estimated to be16.4ton and was lower than the result from Pearl River Delta, which was related with the urbanization level, industrialization level and WEEE recycling and disposal activities.
BDE47,99,100levels in sewage sludge samples from Shanghai were much lower than those in North America and European. BDE209concentration was higher than those from most of the world, followed by samples from U.S.A and Spain, which indicated that sludge acted as the final sink of PBDEs released from Shanghai. Meanwhile, massive usage of BDE209showed that urbanization and industrial levels in Shanghai were at the high end of global range. No temporal trend was observed in PBDEs concentration in sludge from2010to2012. The inventory of∑7PBDEs and BDE209in sludge in2010was estimated to be8.7kg and1.50ton, respectively. High BDE209concentration in sludge from Shanghai posed possible ecological risk applied to agricultural land and landfill treatment.
Sum-PBDEs concentrations in4workshop-floor dust samples from one WWWE recycling site in Pudong New Area followed the order below:coarse crushing workshop for waste printed circuit boards (108177ng/g)> disassembly workshop for waste TVs (95446ng/g)>20m away from disassembly line (21121ng/g)> fine crushing workshop for waste printed circuit boards (17278ng/g). Sum-PBDEs concentration in1floor dust sample from exchange shops of waste home appliances on Quyang Road reached to43064ng/g. Meanwhile, sum-PBDEs concentrations in two soil samples from second hand stores of home on Qiujiang Road were9times higher than those from industrial park and urban districts in Shanghai, which indicated that the pollution levels in second hand business were greater than those in industrial park and urban districts. The open dismantling behaviors in exchange shops and second hand stores were conducive to diffusion of PBDEs.
Topsoil and vegetation leaves samples from Shanghai Laogang Municipal Landfill (SLML) proved PBDEs leakage from landfill site and vegetation uptake. PBDEs concentration in leachate samples obtained from SLML were lower than those from USA, Canada and South Africa landfill sites is not surprising since the leachates from SLML were treated by A2/O (Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic) and reed wetland process. PBDEs tendency of historical evolution in aged refuse from1989to2002found exponential increase in BDE209concentration, which suggested the increasing market demands for deca-BDE mixture after1990in China. The inventory of PBDEs in SLML was28.7ton, which was related to the landfill amount of waste home appliances. SLML can be considered as one main recipient of PBDEs, receiving inputs predominantly from the PBDEs-containing waste, but also one main emission source of PBDEs to ambient environment.
Compared with flyways around the world, migratory waterbirds on the East Asian-Australasian fly way exhibited lower PBDEs burdens than those reported on Black Sea-Mediterranean flyway in Europe and Pacific, Atlantic, Mississippi flyway in North America. Stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes and stomach content analysis indicated shorebirds and ducks had the same dietary composition, but showed different preference to bivalves, gastropods and crustaceans for shorebirds and aquatic plant material for ducks. Migratory species had inherent migratory routes and thus had exposure to PBDEs during their stay in breeding grounds, stopover sites and wintering grounds with high use of different commercial PBDEs mixtures. Higher percentage of BDE209in ducks than shorebirds suggested that breeding ranges and wintering grounds of ducks comprise wetlands in inland and coastal China and Korea where BDE209pollution was serious in Asian-Pacific region. Our findings reveal the influence of migratory behavior on PBDEs distribution and transportation of PBDEs by migratory waterbirds on the East Asian-Australasian flyway.
The geographic distribution of sum-PBDEs concentrations in residential eurasian tree sparrow (Parus montanus) samples from different regions in Shanghai followed the order below:landfill> urban> industrial parks> suburban> rural> remote, which indicated that landfill and industrial parks were main emission sources of PBDEs, and also pollution levels in landfill were greater than those in industrial parks. BDE209was the main congener in eurasian tree sparrow samples in Shanghai. Compared with the results from Beijing and Guangdong province, PBDEs levels in eurasian tree sparrow samples in Shanghai were at lower level. However, great attention should be paid to high concentrations samples in landfill, industrial parks and urban areas.
本研究在建立各环境介质中PBDEs分析检测方法的基础上,系统考察上海市各地区马路边表层土壤中PBDEs污染水平及分布,探讨上海中心城区往各城郊结合地区方向上PBDEs浓度变化趋势,了解上海市各地区PBDEs释放源,评估居民住宅区、工业园区、装饰材料市场、城市垃圾焚烧厂、城市垃圾填埋场和上海电子废弃物回收拆解处置场地对周边环境的影响。同时开展上海市13家城市污水处理厂脱水污泥中PBDEs的污染状况研究,分析其浓度水平、组成特征和近三年的趋势评价,并且跟踪上海市各地区污水厂脱水污泥的最终处置方式和归宿,关注上海污泥再利用后PBDEs的生态风险。采集上海垃圾填埋场和电子废弃物回收拆解处置场地、二手电子市场和废弃家电集中回收点土壤、树叶、矿化垃圾、渗滤液和灰尘样品,了解上海市主要PBDEs污染源区域的PBDEs环境行为和归宿,考察对周边环境的影响。以鸟类作为指示生物监测亚太地区环境中PBDEs污染现状,了解上海市外围环境中PBDEs分布情况以及迁徙鸟体内PBDEs的分布特点和主要影响因素。以留鸟麻雀(Passer montanus)作为城市环境监测对象,求索上海市各地区麻雀体内PBDEs浓度与该地区PBDEs释放源之间的关系,并通过与国内外其他地区研究结果的比较,评价上海地区环境中PBDEs的污染现状。主要结果和结论如下：
上海市中心城区和郊区马路土壤中Sum-PBDEs浓度范围分别14.5～64.2ng/g dw和0.875～68.2ng/g dw。垃圾填埋场和电子废弃物回收场所是上海重要的PBDEs释放源。上海工业园区、居民住宅区、垃圾焚烧厂和装饰材料市场对周边PBDEs的污染影响相对较小,各地区马路土壤中PBDEs有着不同的本地来源。从上海市各地区表层土壤中PBDEs地理空间分布图来看,上海市郊区中PBDEs的污染源主要集中在垃圾填埋场和各区县工业园区,而市中心地区PBDEs污染源分布较多且复杂,主要有大型居民住宅区,工业园区和废弃家电集中回收点。整个上海市表层土壤中PBDEs储量达到了16.4t。我们的研究结果比珠江三角洲土壤中PBDEs储量要低,这与城市的城市化水平、工业水平和电子废弃物拆解活动有关。
相较于欧洲和北美的污泥样品,上海市13家污水厂污泥中BDE47,99,100浓度水平较低,BDE209含量水平处于是世界范围的前列,高于世界大部分地区,仅次于美国和西班牙两国。这标志着上海城市化程度和工业水平较高,城市污泥成为上海各地区排放PBDEs的最终“汇”,但同时上海地区污泥中BDE209存在较高的污染风险。2010到2012年上海地区污泥中PBDE含量没有呈现出时间趋势,上海2010年脱水污泥中赋存8.7kg∑7PBDEs和1.50t BDE209,上海填埋场可能成为上海新的PBDEs点污染源。
在浦东新区某废弃物回收拆解车间中,4个地面灰尘样品按Sum-PBDEs浓度水平排列依次为电路板粗碎车间地面灰尘(108177ng/g)>电视机拆卸车间地面灰尘(95446ng/g)>离拆解回收操作线20m地面灰尘(21121ng/g)>电路板细碎车间地面灰尘(17278ng/g)。曲阳路废弃家电回收点地面灰尘中Sum-PBDEs浓度达到了43064ng/g。虬江路二手电子经营店聚集区域和稀疏区域的2个表层土壤样品中Sum-PBDEs浓度水平分别是上海市工业园区和中心城区住宅区表层土壤的9倍左右。表明二手电子聚集区域对周边环境PBDEs的污染程度要远远高于工业园区和住宅区,是上海市PBDEs主要的污染源。废旧家电回收点和二手经营店是新PBDEs释放源,其敞开式的拆卸方式有利PBDEs向外扩散。
本研究的土壤和树叶样品证实城市垃圾填埋场是周边环境中PBDEs的释放源,且老港垃圾填埋场对周边环境有较强的PBDEs输入。老港垃圾渗滤液中PBDEs浓度水平较低,这与老港垃圾填埋场两种垃圾渗滤液处理工艺不无关系。1989～2002年矿化垃圾的PBDEs历史演变趋势研究发现矿化垃圾中BDE209含量的指数型增长趋势,指示出上海从20世纪90年代到目前一直在大量使用Deca商业品,并与上海市废弃家用电器填埋量有关。上海老港垃圾填埋场PBDEs的储量达到28.7t,它是上海地区PBDEs巨大的储库,并可作为上海地区的“源”。
东亚-澳大利亚迁徙线上的鸭类、燕鸥类、鹭类和鸥类迁徙鸟体内PBDEs浓度水平要低于在欧洲地区黑海-地中海迁徙线、北美地区的美洲太平洋迁徙线、美洲密西西比迁徙线和美洲大西洋迁徙线上的同类水生鸟。鸻鹬和鸭类迁徙鸟有相同的食物种类范围,肌肉中δ15N和δ13C稳定同位素结果表明鸭类偏食植物类,而鸻鹬类则偏食螺类、贝类和蟹类。不同地区食物中的PBDEs分布情况将影响到鸻鹬和鸭类迁徙鸟体内PBDEs的分布。东亚-澳大利亚迁徙线上鸭类的迁徙范围主要集中于中国,韩国和日本,比鸻鹬类更容易接触到BDE209污染的食物,尤其是在中国沿海水域。澳大利亚、中国、日本和韩国为鸻鹬类迁徙鸟提供了BDE209来源。本研究首次关注到东亚-澳大利亚迁徙路径上迁徙鸟不同的迁徙行为对其体内PBDEs分布模式的影响,还首次关注到东亚-澳大利亚迁徙路径上候鸟的BDE209定向传输角色。
采用留鸟麻雀作为指示生物监测上海各地区环境中PBDEs,上海麻雀肌肉中Sum-PBDEs浓度顺序遵循老港垃圾填埋场>城市中心地区>工业园区>城郊结合区域>农村地区>偏远地区,指示出老港垃圾填埋场和工业园区是上海重要的PBDEs释放源,且填埋场对周边环境的影响要大于工业园区。上海市麻雀肌肉样品中以BDE209为主。与北京和广东省的研究结果相比较,上海市麻雀中PBDEs浓度处于较低水平,但上海垃圾填埋场,工业园区和中心城区麻雀肌肉中的高PBDEs浓度样点应当引起重视。
Shanghai is the center for industrial and economic development in China. Recently, all kinds of PBDEs-treated products are used frequently because of rapid increase in population and industry. Available studies have shown that PBDEs are ubiquitous contaminant in different environment mediums from Shanghai. However, little information was available on the emission sources, spatial distribution pattern and temporal trend of PBDEs in Shanghai.
In this study, reliable analysis and instrument method for qualitative and quantitative determination of PBDEs in different environment mediums were built up. Roadside soils were collected from different regions in Shanghai to systematically investigate the concentrations, congeners profiles, PBDEs diffusion patterns from urban areas to suburban areas and potential sources in Shanghai including residential districts, industrial park, decoration material markets, incinerators, landfill and waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling and disposal sites. Sewage sludge samples were collected from13wastewater treatment plants in Shanghai to investigate levels, congeners profiles, temporal trend, fate and ecological risks. Meanwhile, soils, vegetation leaves, leachates and workshop-floor dust samples were collected to understand PBDEs behavior, fate and pollution degree in WEEE recycling and disposal sites and landfill, which are main point pollution sources of PBDEs in Shanghai. Finally, the concentrations of PBDEs in migratory waterbirds on the East Asian-Australasian flyway and residential eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus) gave an indication of the general exposure and uses of these compounds in Asian-Pacific region and Shanghai, respectively. The major findings are listed below:
Sum-PBDEs concentrations in roadside soils from urban and suburban areas ranged14.5-64.2ng/g dw and0.875～68.2ng/g dw. Landfill and WWWE recycling and disposal sites in Shanghai were main emission sources of PBDEs, while ambient environment around industrial parks, residential neighborhoods, incinerators and decoration material markets was less influenced by PBDEs. Different regions in Shanghai had its local sources of PBDEs. Based on the geographic and spatial distribution of soils in Shanghai, the main PBDEs sources in suburban areas in Shanghai were landfill site and industrial parks, but the main ones in urban areas were complicated, including large residential neighborhood, industrial parks and WEEE recycling and disposal sites. The inventory of PBDEs in soil was estimated to be16.4ton and was lower than the result from Pearl River Delta, which was related with the urbanization level, industrialization level and WEEE recycling and disposal activities.
BDE47,99,100levels in sewage sludge samples from Shanghai were much lower than those in North America and European. BDE209concentration was higher than those from most of the world, followed by samples from U.S.A and Spain, which indicated that sludge acted as the final sink of PBDEs released from Shanghai. Meanwhile, massive usage of BDE209showed that urbanization and industrial levels in Shanghai were at the high end of global range. No temporal trend was observed in PBDEs concentration in sludge from2010to2012. The inventory of∑7PBDEs and BDE209in sludge in2010was estimated to be8.7kg and1.50ton, respectively. High BDE209concentration in sludge from Shanghai posed possible ecological risk applied to agricultural land and landfill treatment.
Sum-PBDEs concentrations in4workshop-floor dust samples from one WWWE recycling site in Pudong New Area followed the order below:coarse crushing workshop for waste printed circuit boards (108177ng/g)> disassembly workshop for waste TVs (95446ng/g)>20m away from disassembly line (21121ng/g)> fine crushing workshop for waste printed circuit boards (17278ng/g). Sum-PBDEs concentration in1floor dust sample from exchange shops of waste home appliances on Quyang Road reached to43064ng/g. Meanwhile, sum-PBDEs concentrations in two soil samples from second hand stores of home on Qiujiang Road were9times higher than those from industrial park and urban districts in Shanghai, which indicated that the pollution levels in second hand business were greater than those in industrial park and urban districts. The open dismantling behaviors in exchange shops and second hand stores were conducive to diffusion of PBDEs.
Topsoil and vegetation leaves samples from Shanghai Laogang Municipal Landfill (SLML) proved PBDEs leakage from landfill site and vegetation uptake. PBDEs concentration in leachate samples obtained from SLML were lower than those from USA, Canada and South Africa landfill sites is not surprising since the leachates from SLML were treated by A2/O (Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic) and reed wetland process. PBDEs tendency of historical evolution in aged refuse from1989to2002found exponential increase in BDE209concentration, which suggested the increasing market demands for deca-BDE mixture after1990in China. The inventory of PBDEs in SLML was28.7ton, which was related to the landfill amount of waste home appliances. SLML can be considered as one main recipient of PBDEs, receiving inputs predominantly from the PBDEs-containing waste, but also one main emission source of PBDEs to ambient environment.
Compared with flyways around the world, migratory waterbirds on the East Asian-Australasian fly way exhibited lower PBDEs burdens than those reported on Black Sea-Mediterranean flyway in Europe and Pacific, Atlantic, Mississippi flyway in North America. Stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes and stomach content analysis indicated shorebirds and ducks had the same dietary composition, but showed different preference to bivalves, gastropods and crustaceans for shorebirds and aquatic plant material for ducks. Migratory species had inherent migratory routes and thus had exposure to PBDEs during their stay in breeding grounds, stopover sites and wintering grounds with high use of different commercial PBDEs mixtures. Higher percentage of BDE209in ducks than shorebirds suggested that breeding ranges and wintering grounds of ducks comprise wetlands in inland and coastal China and Korea where BDE209pollution was serious in Asian-Pacific region. Our findings reveal the influence of migratory behavior on PBDEs distribution and transportation of PBDEs by migratory waterbirds on the East Asian-Australasian flyway.
The geographic distribution of sum-PBDEs concentrations in residential eurasian tree sparrow (Parus montanus) samples from different regions in Shanghai followed the order below:landfill> urban> industrial parks> suburban> rural> remote, which indicated that landfill and industrial parks were main emission sources of PBDEs, and also pollution levels in landfill were greater than those in industrial parks. BDE209was the main congener in eurasian tree sparrow samples in Shanghai. Compared with the results from Beijing and Guangdong province, PBDEs levels in eurasian tree sparrow samples in Shanghai were at lower level. However, great attention should be paid to high concentrations samples in landfill, industrial parks and urban areas.
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