北京市某超高层建筑基础灌注桩后压浆技术的研究与应用
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摘要
我国自20世纪后半叶，特别是从20世纪最后20余年至21世纪前十年以来，由于国民经济持续高速增长，基本建设投资规模不断升级，而建设场地的地质条件和环境条件却日趋复杂，因而使深基础尤其是桩基础的应用、研究与发展达到了前所未有的程度。
灌注桩后压力注浆是指在钻孔、挖孔和冲孔等各种形式的灌注桩成桩之后，通过埋设在桩身或桩周的注浆管，将能够固化的浆液(如纯水泥浆、水泥砂浆、掺外加剂的水泥浆、化学浆液等)均匀地注入桩端底层或桩身周围的土体中。浆液经过渗透、填充、置换、劈裂、压密及固结等物理或化学形式的单独或共同作用，改变了桩端及桩侧周围土体的物理力学性质，使桩端阻力和桩侧阻力得到不同程度的提高，使桩的沉降量得以减小，桩的承载能得到提高。合理工艺的后注浆不但可以提高单桩承载而且可以减小桩的沉降量和群桩的不均匀沉降，具有显著的经济效益。
近十几年来，高层建筑及超高层建筑在我国的广泛兴起，使大直径钻孔灌注桩得到大量应用，特别是在沿海地区，需要承载力高且承载性能稳定的桩基础，同时要满足沉降量的要求，给桩基础设计提出新的课题。桩端（侧）后压浆钻孔灌注桩可以满足大型建筑物对承载力的要求，同时在满足工程应用的条件下，利用桩端（侧）后压浆桩承载力高的特点，可以考虑减少桩的数量，那么在布置桩的平面位置时可以增加桩的间距，从而减小群桩效应。由于桩端（侧）后压浆钻孔灌注桩在工作荷载作用下变形很小，因而可以减小高层建筑中主楼与裙房之间的差异沉降。在建设场地存在良好桩端持力层的前提下，运用桩端（侧）后压浆工艺势必给高层建筑的发展带来新的活力。
随着现阶段国内建设工程的逐步发展，国家及人们对建设事业的逐渐支持，大量建设工程正在得到施工。灌注桩后压浆法能适用各种复杂地质条件的地基基础施工，应用市场十分巨大。通过对灌注桩后压浆法在桩基础施工中的应用进行深入系统研究，对桩基础施工的安全性和经济性具有十分重要的社会效益和经济效益，对推动压浆技术和桩基础加固技术的发展也有着极为重要的作用，其应用价值体现在以下几个方面。
⑴继承了普通灌注桩的所有优点，适用各种地质条件、无振害、无噪声等等。
⑵创造性地提出并实现了桩底桩侧压力灌浆的施工工艺，使得单桩承载力与相同直径和长度的普通灌注桩相比，提高幅度很大。因此大大缩短了桩的设计长度，降低了施工费用，经济效益十分明显。
⑶沉降量大大减少，适用于上部结构对沉降比较敏感的工业建筑和机械设备基础等。
⑷桩侧压力灌浆既使桩侧的泥皮与土进行了混合与挤密处理，又使土体与桩身混凝土联结成整体，浆液硬化后的结石还会在桩侧形成楔体。这些都会使桩与土之间的磨擦面积增大，提高侧摩阻力。这一优势可以更广泛地应用在抗拔桩设计当中。
灌注桩后压浆法在提高桩基承载力中的理论分析，压浆（灌浆）加固地基土的作用有三点：渗透、挤密、劈裂。
后压浆对单桩承载力的提高取决于后压浆技术的工艺参数的选择，其中以后压浆材料的选用、后压浆压力的允许值、后压浆的压浆量的多少以及后压浆的时间间隔等参数最为关键。
文中通过对北京市超高层建筑财富中心Ⅱ期的建筑的工程场区的地质地震、地形周边、区域水文地质条件、场地与地基的地震效应以及地基综合承载力标准值等因素的充分分析评价，研究分析该工程建筑场区在岩土工程勘察中出现的相关问题，提出相应的基础方案及结构施工措施来解决高层主塔楼和纯地下室之间的差异沉降问题，提出大直径钻孔灌注桩方案并采取可靠的桩端、桩侧后压浆工艺，提高基桩承载力，以满足该工程的地基基础以及整体稳定性的要求。
本文借助通用有限元软件ANSYS12.0建立桩—土体系的结构模型，模拟静载荷试验过程，从而确定注浆前和注浆后对于不同地层，不同桩长的大直径灌注桩的承载力提高以及位移沉降。最终以第1○12层中砂和卵石层作为本工程桩端持力层，采用该方案时应根据该地区建筑工程水下钻孔桩的设计与施工经验，采取可靠的桩端、桩侧后压浆工艺（压浆工艺是指在灌注桩成桩后，采用高压注浆泵通过预埋于桩底或桩侧的压浆导管向桩底或桩侧高压注入水泥浆液，通过浆液的劈裂、填充、压密、固结等作用，塞实桩底的松软土质，达到固结底泥和挤压土层的目的；同时浆液沿桩侧向上返浆扩散，加强土层与桩体的侧摩阻力，在软土地基条件下，可改善钻孔灌注桩成桩工艺，提高单桩承载力、抗摩擦力、减少工程沉降量），并须满足设计要求。不但能够提高成孔、成桩质量，而且可消除孔底沉渣、孔壁泥皮影响，维持孔壁稳定，从而提高基桩承载能力并减少桩基沉降。
工程结束后通过单桩承载力静压试验、声波透射实验和抗压桩低应变检测试验，都充分证明了在相同条件下，采用桩底桩侧后压浆的灌注桩，无论从单桩承载力、或是桩身完整性及桩身应变降低都有极大的提高。并且在一定程度上，桩底桩侧后压浆方法降低了大直径灌注桩原有的某些施工缺陷，确保了桩身的完整性。
超高层建筑大直径灌注桩后压浆技术涉及的因数较多，实际工程中各种因数往往是综合存在和相互作用的，本文仅仅针对某一固定地区超高层建筑大直径灌注桩后压浆效果和计算方法做了初步研究。广泛收集工程资料，总结实际工程应用中的成果，将实践经验上升为系统的理论，来更有效地指导工程实践，仍是今后主要的研究方向。
This paper has become rather complicated geological conditions of China sincethe20th century, after the second half, especially since the last20years of the20thcentury to the first decade of the21st century, due to the continued rapid growth ofthe national economy, the scale of infrastructure investment escalating constructionsite and environmental conditions, especially making deep foundation pile-basedapplications, research and development has reached an unprecedented level.
Pile pressure grouting pile into a pile of the various forms of drilling, diggingholes and punching and the grouting pipe buried in the pile or piles week, will be ableto cure slurry (such as pure cement, cement mortar, a grout admixture doped,chemical slurry, etc.) is uniformly injected into the soil around the body of the bottomof the pile tip or pile. Serous infiltration, filling, displacement, splitting, compactionand consolidation, and other physical or chemical form alone or together, change thephysical and mechanical properties of the soil around the side of the pile tip and pile,the pile tip resistance and the pile side resistance improved to varying degrees, the pilesettlement amount is reduced, the carrying capacity of the pile is improved. Thereasonable process after grouting can not only improve single pile bearing and unevensettlement can reduce the pile settlement amount and pile group, with significanteconomic benefits.
Over the last decade, the extensive rise of high-rise buildings and high-risebuildings in the country, large diameter bored pile to get a large number ofapplications, especially in the coastal areas, require high capacity and stability of thebearing capacity of the pile foundation, at the same time to meet the settlement theamount of the request, pile foundation design a new topic. Post grouting Bored pile end (side) meet the large buildings bearing capacity, at the same time to meet theconditions of engineering applications, the use of grouting pile bearing capacity of thepile end (side) can be considered reduce the number of piles, arranged pile of planeposition can increase the spacing of the piles to reduce the pile group effect. Postgrouting Bored pile end (side) work load deformation is small, and thus can reducethe settlement of the differences between the high-rise buildings in the main buildingwith podium. Use the pile tip (side) groutig the good pile tip bearing layers exist in theconstruction of venues premise, is bound to bring new vitality to the development ofhigh-rise buildings.
With the progressive development of the domestic construction project at thepresent stage, the support of the state and the cause of building gradually, a largenumber of construction projects being construction. The pile grouting method can beapplied to a variety of complex geological conditions, foundation construction,application market is very huge. Has a very important social and economic benefits,grouting technology in promoting and pile foundation reinforcement technology bythorough and systematic study on the of pile grouting method in the pile foundationconstruction, security and economy of the pile foundation construction also has a veryimportant role in the development of its application value is reflected in the followingaspects.
⑴Inheriting all the advantages of the ordinary pile, applicable to a variety ofgeological conditions, no vibration harm, no noise and so on.
(2) Creatively proposed and implemented the pile bottom the pile side pressuregrouting construction technology, making the pile capacity compared with the samediameter and length of the ordinary pile, greatly increases. Thus greatly reducing thelength of the pile design, reduce construction costs, the economic benefits are veryobvious.
⑶Settlement is greatly reduced, and apply to the upper structure of the settlementsensitive industrial construction and mechanical equipment foundation.
⑷Pile the side pressure grouting even if the pile side mud cake with soil mixedwith the compaction process, the soil and the pile and links into the overall slurryhardened stones will form a wedge in the pile side. These will cause friction betweenthe pile and the soil area increases, improve the lateral friction. This advantage can bemore widely applied in the uplift pile designs.
The pile grouting improve pile foundation theory, there are three things:penetration, compaction, splitting grouting (grout) reinforced the role of thefoundation soil.
After grouting technology of process parameter selection depends on theimprovement of pile capacity, which after grouting material selection, after groutingpressure allowed value, the post grouting how much pressure time interval, and otherparameters of the pulp is the most critical.
Full analysis and evaluation of the text through the geological seismic engineeringfield construction of high-rise buildings in Beijing Fortune Plaza II period, the terrainsurrounding the seismic effects of the regional hydrogeological conditions, site andfoundation bearing capacity value factors, issues related to the research and analysisof the engineering and construction field area in geotechnical engineeringinvestigation, proposed the foundation program and structure construction measuresto resolve the differences between the main high-rise towers and pure basementsubsidence problems put forward the program of large diameter bored piles reliablepile end and take pile lateral groutig, increase pile capacity, to meet the requirementsof the foundation of the project as well as the overall stability.
With the help of the general purpose finite element the software ANSYS12.0establish the structural model of the pile-soil system to simulate the static load test process to determine before grouting and after grouting for different strata, differentpile length of the large diameter of the bearing capacity of bored piles improvementdisplacement settlement. As the pile end bearing stratum final1○12layers of sand andgravel layer, using the program should be based on the area construction projects theunderwater drilling pile design and construction experience, take a reliable pile tip,pile lateral the grouting Technology (groutig is pile after the pile, using high-pressureinjection pump embedded in the bottom of the pile or pile side grouting conduit to thebottom of the pile or pile side of the high pressure injection of cement slurry throughthe slurry splitting, the role of filling, compaction, consolidation, the plug real pilebottom of soft soil, to achieve consolidation sediment and the purpose of squeezingsoil; return pulp slurry along the pile lateral diffusion, to strengthen the soil and pileside The skin friction of bored piling technology to improve the pile capacity,anti-friction, reduce the amount of building subsidence), and shall meet the designrequirements to improve in soft ground conditions. Be able to not only improve into ahole, pile quality, and can eliminate the hole bottom sediment, and impact of the holewall mud skin to maintain the stability of the hole wall, so as to improve the bearingcapacity of the foundation piles and reduce the pile foundation settlement.
After the end of the project through the pile capacity hydrostatic test, sonictransmission experiments and compressive testing of low strain are fully proved in thesame conditions, the pile bottom pile lateral grouting pile whether from a single pilecarrying capacity, or pile integrity and the pile strain lowering has greatly improved.And to a certain extent, on the bottom of the pile lateral grouting method to reduce thelarge diameter pile some of the original construction defects, to ensure the integrity ofthe pile.
High-rise building large-diameter pile grouting technology involves more actualengineering factor is often integrated presence and interaction factor, this article is only for a fixed high-rise buildings in the region of large diameter piles after groutingeffectand computational methods to do a preliminary study. Extensive collection ofengineering data, summarize the achievements in the actual engineering applications,practical experience rise to the theory of the system, to more effectively guide theengineering practice, is still a major research direction in the future.
灌注桩后压力注浆是指在钻孔、挖孔和冲孔等各种形式的灌注桩成桩之后，通过埋设在桩身或桩周的注浆管，将能够固化的浆液(如纯水泥浆、水泥砂浆、掺外加剂的水泥浆、化学浆液等)均匀地注入桩端底层或桩身周围的土体中。浆液经过渗透、填充、置换、劈裂、压密及固结等物理或化学形式的单独或共同作用，改变了桩端及桩侧周围土体的物理力学性质，使桩端阻力和桩侧阻力得到不同程度的提高，使桩的沉降量得以减小，桩的承载能得到提高。合理工艺的后注浆不但可以提高单桩承载而且可以减小桩的沉降量和群桩的不均匀沉降，具有显著的经济效益。
近十几年来，高层建筑及超高层建筑在我国的广泛兴起，使大直径钻孔灌注桩得到大量应用，特别是在沿海地区，需要承载力高且承载性能稳定的桩基础，同时要满足沉降量的要求，给桩基础设计提出新的课题。桩端（侧）后压浆钻孔灌注桩可以满足大型建筑物对承载力的要求，同时在满足工程应用的条件下，利用桩端（侧）后压浆桩承载力高的特点，可以考虑减少桩的数量，那么在布置桩的平面位置时可以增加桩的间距，从而减小群桩效应。由于桩端（侧）后压浆钻孔灌注桩在工作荷载作用下变形很小，因而可以减小高层建筑中主楼与裙房之间的差异沉降。在建设场地存在良好桩端持力层的前提下，运用桩端（侧）后压浆工艺势必给高层建筑的发展带来新的活力。
随着现阶段国内建设工程的逐步发展，国家及人们对建设事业的逐渐支持，大量建设工程正在得到施工。灌注桩后压浆法能适用各种复杂地质条件的地基基础施工，应用市场十分巨大。通过对灌注桩后压浆法在桩基础施工中的应用进行深入系统研究，对桩基础施工的安全性和经济性具有十分重要的社会效益和经济效益，对推动压浆技术和桩基础加固技术的发展也有着极为重要的作用，其应用价值体现在以下几个方面。
⑴继承了普通灌注桩的所有优点，适用各种地质条件、无振害、无噪声等等。
⑵创造性地提出并实现了桩底桩侧压力灌浆的施工工艺，使得单桩承载力与相同直径和长度的普通灌注桩相比，提高幅度很大。因此大大缩短了桩的设计长度，降低了施工费用，经济效益十分明显。
⑶沉降量大大减少，适用于上部结构对沉降比较敏感的工业建筑和机械设备基础等。
⑷桩侧压力灌浆既使桩侧的泥皮与土进行了混合与挤密处理，又使土体与桩身混凝土联结成整体，浆液硬化后的结石还会在桩侧形成楔体。这些都会使桩与土之间的磨擦面积增大，提高侧摩阻力。这一优势可以更广泛地应用在抗拔桩设计当中。
灌注桩后压浆法在提高桩基承载力中的理论分析，压浆（灌浆）加固地基土的作用有三点：渗透、挤密、劈裂。
后压浆对单桩承载力的提高取决于后压浆技术的工艺参数的选择，其中以后压浆材料的选用、后压浆压力的允许值、后压浆的压浆量的多少以及后压浆的时间间隔等参数最为关键。
文中通过对北京市超高层建筑财富中心Ⅱ期的建筑的工程场区的地质地震、地形周边、区域水文地质条件、场地与地基的地震效应以及地基综合承载力标准值等因素的充分分析评价，研究分析该工程建筑场区在岩土工程勘察中出现的相关问题，提出相应的基础方案及结构施工措施来解决高层主塔楼和纯地下室之间的差异沉降问题，提出大直径钻孔灌注桩方案并采取可靠的桩端、桩侧后压浆工艺，提高基桩承载力，以满足该工程的地基基础以及整体稳定性的要求。
本文借助通用有限元软件ANSYS12.0建立桩—土体系的结构模型，模拟静载荷试验过程，从而确定注浆前和注浆后对于不同地层，不同桩长的大直径灌注桩的承载力提高以及位移沉降。最终以第1○12层中砂和卵石层作为本工程桩端持力层，采用该方案时应根据该地区建筑工程水下钻孔桩的设计与施工经验，采取可靠的桩端、桩侧后压浆工艺（压浆工艺是指在灌注桩成桩后，采用高压注浆泵通过预埋于桩底或桩侧的压浆导管向桩底或桩侧高压注入水泥浆液，通过浆液的劈裂、填充、压密、固结等作用，塞实桩底的松软土质，达到固结底泥和挤压土层的目的；同时浆液沿桩侧向上返浆扩散，加强土层与桩体的侧摩阻力，在软土地基条件下，可改善钻孔灌注桩成桩工艺，提高单桩承载力、抗摩擦力、减少工程沉降量），并须满足设计要求。不但能够提高成孔、成桩质量，而且可消除孔底沉渣、孔壁泥皮影响，维持孔壁稳定，从而提高基桩承载能力并减少桩基沉降。
工程结束后通过单桩承载力静压试验、声波透射实验和抗压桩低应变检测试验，都充分证明了在相同条件下，采用桩底桩侧后压浆的灌注桩，无论从单桩承载力、或是桩身完整性及桩身应变降低都有极大的提高。并且在一定程度上，桩底桩侧后压浆方法降低了大直径灌注桩原有的某些施工缺陷，确保了桩身的完整性。
超高层建筑大直径灌注桩后压浆技术涉及的因数较多，实际工程中各种因数往往是综合存在和相互作用的，本文仅仅针对某一固定地区超高层建筑大直径灌注桩后压浆效果和计算方法做了初步研究。广泛收集工程资料，总结实际工程应用中的成果，将实践经验上升为系统的理论，来更有效地指导工程实践，仍是今后主要的研究方向。
This paper has become rather complicated geological conditions of China sincethe20th century, after the second half, especially since the last20years of the20thcentury to the first decade of the21st century, due to the continued rapid growth ofthe national economy, the scale of infrastructure investment escalating constructionsite and environmental conditions, especially making deep foundation pile-basedapplications, research and development has reached an unprecedented level.
Pile pressure grouting pile into a pile of the various forms of drilling, diggingholes and punching and the grouting pipe buried in the pile or piles week, will be ableto cure slurry (such as pure cement, cement mortar, a grout admixture doped,chemical slurry, etc.) is uniformly injected into the soil around the body of the bottomof the pile tip or pile. Serous infiltration, filling, displacement, splitting, compactionand consolidation, and other physical or chemical form alone or together, change thephysical and mechanical properties of the soil around the side of the pile tip and pile,the pile tip resistance and the pile side resistance improved to varying degrees, the pilesettlement amount is reduced, the carrying capacity of the pile is improved. Thereasonable process after grouting can not only improve single pile bearing and unevensettlement can reduce the pile settlement amount and pile group, with significanteconomic benefits.
Over the last decade, the extensive rise of high-rise buildings and high-risebuildings in the country, large diameter bored pile to get a large number ofapplications, especially in the coastal areas, require high capacity and stability of thebearing capacity of the pile foundation, at the same time to meet the settlement theamount of the request, pile foundation design a new topic. Post grouting Bored pile end (side) meet the large buildings bearing capacity, at the same time to meet theconditions of engineering applications, the use of grouting pile bearing capacity of thepile end (side) can be considered reduce the number of piles, arranged pile of planeposition can increase the spacing of the piles to reduce the pile group effect. Postgrouting Bored pile end (side) work load deformation is small, and thus can reducethe settlement of the differences between the high-rise buildings in the main buildingwith podium. Use the pile tip (side) groutig the good pile tip bearing layers exist in theconstruction of venues premise, is bound to bring new vitality to the development ofhigh-rise buildings.
With the progressive development of the domestic construction project at thepresent stage, the support of the state and the cause of building gradually, a largenumber of construction projects being construction. The pile grouting method can beapplied to a variety of complex geological conditions, foundation construction,application market is very huge. Has a very important social and economic benefits,grouting technology in promoting and pile foundation reinforcement technology bythorough and systematic study on the of pile grouting method in the pile foundationconstruction, security and economy of the pile foundation construction also has a veryimportant role in the development of its application value is reflected in the followingaspects.
⑴Inheriting all the advantages of the ordinary pile, applicable to a variety ofgeological conditions, no vibration harm, no noise and so on.
(2) Creatively proposed and implemented the pile bottom the pile side pressuregrouting construction technology, making the pile capacity compared with the samediameter and length of the ordinary pile, greatly increases. Thus greatly reducing thelength of the pile design, reduce construction costs, the economic benefits are veryobvious.
⑶Settlement is greatly reduced, and apply to the upper structure of the settlementsensitive industrial construction and mechanical equipment foundation.
⑷Pile the side pressure grouting even if the pile side mud cake with soil mixedwith the compaction process, the soil and the pile and links into the overall slurryhardened stones will form a wedge in the pile side. These will cause friction betweenthe pile and the soil area increases, improve the lateral friction. This advantage can bemore widely applied in the uplift pile designs.
The pile grouting improve pile foundation theory, there are three things:penetration, compaction, splitting grouting (grout) reinforced the role of thefoundation soil.
After grouting technology of process parameter selection depends on theimprovement of pile capacity, which after grouting material selection, after groutingpressure allowed value, the post grouting how much pressure time interval, and otherparameters of the pulp is the most critical.
Full analysis and evaluation of the text through the geological seismic engineeringfield construction of high-rise buildings in Beijing Fortune Plaza II period, the terrainsurrounding the seismic effects of the regional hydrogeological conditions, site andfoundation bearing capacity value factors, issues related to the research and analysisof the engineering and construction field area in geotechnical engineeringinvestigation, proposed the foundation program and structure construction measuresto resolve the differences between the main high-rise towers and pure basementsubsidence problems put forward the program of large diameter bored piles reliablepile end and take pile lateral groutig, increase pile capacity, to meet the requirementsof the foundation of the project as well as the overall stability.
With the help of the general purpose finite element the software ANSYS12.0establish the structural model of the pile-soil system to simulate the static load test process to determine before grouting and after grouting for different strata, differentpile length of the large diameter of the bearing capacity of bored piles improvementdisplacement settlement. As the pile end bearing stratum final1○12layers of sand andgravel layer, using the program should be based on the area construction projects theunderwater drilling pile design and construction experience, take a reliable pile tip,pile lateral the grouting Technology (groutig is pile after the pile, using high-pressureinjection pump embedded in the bottom of the pile or pile side grouting conduit to thebottom of the pile or pile side of the high pressure injection of cement slurry throughthe slurry splitting, the role of filling, compaction, consolidation, the plug real pilebottom of soft soil, to achieve consolidation sediment and the purpose of squeezingsoil; return pulp slurry along the pile lateral diffusion, to strengthen the soil and pileside The skin friction of bored piling technology to improve the pile capacity,anti-friction, reduce the amount of building subsidence), and shall meet the designrequirements to improve in soft ground conditions. Be able to not only improve into ahole, pile quality, and can eliminate the hole bottom sediment, and impact of the holewall mud skin to maintain the stability of the hole wall, so as to improve the bearingcapacity of the foundation piles and reduce the pile foundation settlement.
After the end of the project through the pile capacity hydrostatic test, sonictransmission experiments and compressive testing of low strain are fully proved in thesame conditions, the pile bottom pile lateral grouting pile whether from a single pilecarrying capacity, or pile integrity and the pile strain lowering has greatly improved.And to a certain extent, on the bottom of the pile lateral grouting method to reduce thelarge diameter pile some of the original construction defects, to ensure the integrity ofthe pile.
High-rise building large-diameter pile grouting technology involves more actualengineering factor is often integrated presence and interaction factor, this article is only for a fixed high-rise buildings in the region of large diameter piles after groutingeffectand computational methods to do a preliminary study. Extensive collection ofengineering data, summarize the achievements in the actual engineering applications,practical experience rise to the theory of the system, to more effectively guide theengineering practice, is still a major research direction in the future.
引文
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