抽灌井群地下水运移能量传输及其传热研究
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摘要
地下水源热泵是地源热泵的一个分支，是一种新兴的、可持续的浅层地温能开发利用方式。它以地下水作为热源，水的比热较大，传热性能较好，且水温不受四季温度的影响，同时该系统运行稳定，节能环保效果明显。因此，地下水源热泵系统近些年在我国得到了十分迅猛的发展，其应用范围越来越广泛。
含水层温度场变化是决定地下水源热泵空调机组运行功效的主要因素，复杂抽灌运行条件下，含水层热量运移规律研究是其工程论证及可持续良好运行的前提保障。目前，国内外已开始逐步关注此方面的研究，特别是数值计算研究发展较快。然而这些模拟研究大都集中在同井及对井抽灌系统，涉及到井群抽灌的研究较少，特别是抽灌井群的大规模应用问题相对滞后。对于井群抽灌系统，井群附近的热量运移和水动力循环更加活跃，含水层热流变也更加复杂，因此需要开展更加深入的研究工作。此外，受限于地下过程实验的困难程度和可视化问题，国内外关于抽灌井群系统含水层热量运移的现场及室内模型实验并不多见，缺乏实验测试数据。因此，相关的实验研究工作也亟待开展，解决数值模拟计算的过多盲目性和缺少更广阔的验证性。
本研究结合国家自然科学基金项目，以异井回灌地下水源热泵抽灌井群地下水运移能量传输及其传热为研究重点，通过实验研究与模拟计算分析相结合的方法，研究各种影响因素对抽灌井群区域含水层温度场的影响，同时对水位场和速度场进行对比分析，揭示地下水源热泵系统长期运行过程中含水层热流场的发展，演变和作用机理，拓展和完善抽灌井群地下水运移能量传输和传热控制理论，为进一步拓展应用提供理论指导依据。
研究工作主要包括：
利用相似理论，建立了静态含水层（无含水层自然横流流动）抽灌井群砂槽渗流模拟实验系统，再现井群抽灌含水层渗流动态和过程。实验分别从抽灌总量变化、抽灌量分配变动性和含水层构造形式三个影响因素入手，对不同影响因素与井群区域含水层温度场之间的演化关系进行研究，同时对水力坡度分布和渗流速度变化进行了对比分析，并依此探求井群抽灌过程含水层热流场的主动控制机制和模式，实现可控地下传热过程，最大限度的避免和减轻热贯通现象及热交互影响。
自然横流流动是产生含水层热量运移特征差异的主要原因，亦是热贯通发生的关键。本文建立了可模拟含水层自然横流的抽灌井群砂槽渗流模拟实验系统，研究不同含水层自然横流条件下，抽灌井群区域含水层热流场方向变动和能量传输特性，并着重分析了不同流向和流速对抽水井出水温度、含水层温度场、水位场以及热贯通和热交互特性的影响，从而为地下水源热泵抽灌井群系统的设计提供依据。
地下水源热泵地上热泵空调系统与地下含水层间存在水流和热量两部分循环过程，构成了反映渗流场和热能势场的两场相互耦合问题。本文通过对抽灌井群含水层热量运移及其主要传热过程进行分析，建立了基于Fluent的含水层热流动模型，同时对算例几何模型、边界条件、网格划分以及基本参数设置做了详细介绍。此外，按照井群抽灌系统含水层热流变实验的条件对模型进行了验证，包括抽水井出水温度的验证和井场区域含水层温度场的验证两部分，综合分析表明：该模型可以用于分析和预测实际井群抽灌系统中含水层温度的变化，能够提供较为准确的数值模拟数据。
在静态含水层抽灌井群热量运移模型的基础上，对实际应用构造尺度下的地下水源热泵抽灌井群系统进行多周期、长时间的运行模拟计算研究，以突破实验室条件的限制。文中分别从系统运行模式、置井方式和抽灌温差影响三个主要因素出发，研究不同影响因素对抽灌井群含水层温度场的影响，并根据相应的抽水井出水温度、热交互和热贯通影响特性来评价热泵系统的工作效果，同时提出合理的井群布置方案和系统运行模式，为完善和建立地下采能热传输主动控制机制提供理论指导。
在自然横流含水层抽灌井群热量运移模型的基础上，开展了抽、灌渗流与含水层自然横流的叠加动力场的热量传输规律研究，对实际应用构造尺度下的地下水源热泵系统进行多周期、长时间的运行模拟计算分析，研究自然横流不同流向和流速条件下含水层温度场热扩散促进、抑制和偏移特性，揭示地下水源热泵系统长期运行过程中含水层热流场的发展，演变和作用机理，为相关的实际工程应用提供理论参考依据。
Ground water heat pump (GWHP) is a branch of ground source heat pump (GSHP),which is an emerging and sustainable development mode of shallow layer geothermal energy.It takes groundwater as heat source and water temperature is not affect by four seasonstemperature, meanwhile, specific heat is big and heat transfer performance is good of thewater, in addition, this system runs stably, energy saving and environmental protection.Therefore, GWHP gets a very rapid development in China, and application scope is moreand more widely in recent years.
Temperature field change of the aquifer is an important factor to decide the efficacy ofheat pump units, and heat transport rule study of the aquifer is the basic prerequisite for thesustainable running and engineering appraisal. Now, more and more scholars at home andabroad began to pay attention to this research, and the related research work of GWHPsystem develop rapidly in recent years, especially in model analysis and numerical research.However, these simulation researches are mostly focus on the groundwater heat pump withpumping&recharging in the same well or doublet well system, and less on pumping andinjecting well groups, and the related basic scientific research is still far behind the practicalapplication. For pumping and injecting well groups system, heat transport and hydrodynamiccirculation are more active and thermorheologic of the aquifer is more complicated, whichneed to carry out more in-depth research. In addition, limited to the difficulty andvisualization problem of the underground experiments, systematic test study especially thekey mechanism characteristic experiment develop lag, and field experiment and laboratorytests of the water-heat transportation of the aquifer are rare, lack of relevant experimentaldata. Therefore, the basic heat transfer, process evolution and time-varying regularity, etc.are eager to carry out, to solve the blindness of numerical simulation and lack of a broaderconfirmation.
This study integrates the National Natural Science Fund, and focuses on the energytransport and heat transfer on the groundwater motion of pumping and injecting well group.Through the experimental research and numerical simulation, to study the effect of variousinfluencing factors to the aquifer temperature field, water level field and velocity field inpumping and injecting well group area, to reveal the development, evolution and actionmechanism of heat flow field in long term running process of the GWHP, and also to expandthe energy transport and heat transfer control theory of the groundwater motion of pumpingand injecting well group, provide the theoretical guidance for further application.
The main research works included in this paper are as follows:
Establish the experimental system of sand tank seepage based on the principles ofsimilarity theory, to reproduce the aquifer seepage dynamic and process of the pumping andinjecting well group. The paper studied the development and evolution of heat flow field ofpumping and injecting well group under conditions of different aquifer structure, totalamount of pumping and injection. In addition, a contrastive analysis of hydraulic gradientdistribution and seepage velocity change are made, and according to this to explore theactive control mechanism and the pattern of aquifer heat flow field, achieve a controlledground heat transfer process and maximum avoid and alleviate the thermal breakthrough andthermal interaction.
Nature cross flow is the main cause to produce the feature difference of aquifer heattransfer, and also the key of thermal breakthrough. The study established the experimentalsystem of sand tank seepage, which can simulate the nature cross flow, and studied thedirection change and energy transport properties of the heat-flow field under different naturecross flow conditions. In addition, this dissertation mainly analyzed the pumping watertemperature, aquifer temperature field, water-level field, thermal breakthrough and thermalinteraction, which can provide a basis for the design of pumping and injecting well groupsystem.
It exists two-part cyclical process of water and heat between air conditioning system ofheat pump on the ground and underground aquifers, which form two field coupling problems of the seepage field and thermal potential field. This study analyzed the groundwater motionand its main heat transfer process, and established the model of aquifer heat flow by usingthe computational fluid dynamics (CFD) commercial software FLUENT, meanwhile,geometrical model, boundary conditions, grid division and basic parameters setting areintroduced in details. In addition, verified the model according to the heat flow variableexperiment, which include pumping water temperature validation and aquifer temperaturefield validation. Analysis indicated that this model can be used to analyze and predict theaquifer temperature change of the actual project, which can provide accurate simulation data.
The paper carry out the simulation research for multicycle, long time running ofpumping and injecting well group under practical application structure scale condition, tobreak through the limitations of laboratory conditions. The study from running mode, wellgroup arrangement and variable condition control three factors to analyze the water heattransport process of the aquifer in well group area, and according to the pumping watertemperature, thermal breakthrough and thermal interaction to evaluate the work efficiency ofheat pump system. Meanwhile, put forward reasonable layout of well group and systemrunning mode, which can provide the theoretical guidance for further establish and perfectthe heat transfer control mechanism of underground energy mining systems.
For nature cross flow aquifer, the paper studied the effect of water direction andvelocity to the temperature field and velocity field of the aquifer, and comprehensivelyelaborated the characteristics of thermal diffusion promote, inhibit and offset under differentwater direction and velocity conditions, to reveal the development, evolution and actionmechanism of heat flow field of the aquifer in long term running process, which can providetheoretical reference and a basis for the practical engineering applications.
含水层温度场变化是决定地下水源热泵空调机组运行功效的主要因素，复杂抽灌运行条件下，含水层热量运移规律研究是其工程论证及可持续良好运行的前提保障。目前，国内外已开始逐步关注此方面的研究，特别是数值计算研究发展较快。然而这些模拟研究大都集中在同井及对井抽灌系统，涉及到井群抽灌的研究较少，特别是抽灌井群的大规模应用问题相对滞后。对于井群抽灌系统，井群附近的热量运移和水动力循环更加活跃，含水层热流变也更加复杂，因此需要开展更加深入的研究工作。此外，受限于地下过程实验的困难程度和可视化问题，国内外关于抽灌井群系统含水层热量运移的现场及室内模型实验并不多见，缺乏实验测试数据。因此，相关的实验研究工作也亟待开展，解决数值模拟计算的过多盲目性和缺少更广阔的验证性。
本研究结合国家自然科学基金项目，以异井回灌地下水源热泵抽灌井群地下水运移能量传输及其传热为研究重点，通过实验研究与模拟计算分析相结合的方法，研究各种影响因素对抽灌井群区域含水层温度场的影响，同时对水位场和速度场进行对比分析，揭示地下水源热泵系统长期运行过程中含水层热流场的发展，演变和作用机理，拓展和完善抽灌井群地下水运移能量传输和传热控制理论，为进一步拓展应用提供理论指导依据。
研究工作主要包括：
利用相似理论，建立了静态含水层（无含水层自然横流流动）抽灌井群砂槽渗流模拟实验系统，再现井群抽灌含水层渗流动态和过程。实验分别从抽灌总量变化、抽灌量分配变动性和含水层构造形式三个影响因素入手，对不同影响因素与井群区域含水层温度场之间的演化关系进行研究，同时对水力坡度分布和渗流速度变化进行了对比分析，并依此探求井群抽灌过程含水层热流场的主动控制机制和模式，实现可控地下传热过程，最大限度的避免和减轻热贯通现象及热交互影响。
自然横流流动是产生含水层热量运移特征差异的主要原因，亦是热贯通发生的关键。本文建立了可模拟含水层自然横流的抽灌井群砂槽渗流模拟实验系统，研究不同含水层自然横流条件下，抽灌井群区域含水层热流场方向变动和能量传输特性，并着重分析了不同流向和流速对抽水井出水温度、含水层温度场、水位场以及热贯通和热交互特性的影响，从而为地下水源热泵抽灌井群系统的设计提供依据。
地下水源热泵地上热泵空调系统与地下含水层间存在水流和热量两部分循环过程，构成了反映渗流场和热能势场的两场相互耦合问题。本文通过对抽灌井群含水层热量运移及其主要传热过程进行分析，建立了基于Fluent的含水层热流动模型，同时对算例几何模型、边界条件、网格划分以及基本参数设置做了详细介绍。此外，按照井群抽灌系统含水层热流变实验的条件对模型进行了验证，包括抽水井出水温度的验证和井场区域含水层温度场的验证两部分，综合分析表明：该模型可以用于分析和预测实际井群抽灌系统中含水层温度的变化，能够提供较为准确的数值模拟数据。
在静态含水层抽灌井群热量运移模型的基础上，对实际应用构造尺度下的地下水源热泵抽灌井群系统进行多周期、长时间的运行模拟计算研究，以突破实验室条件的限制。文中分别从系统运行模式、置井方式和抽灌温差影响三个主要因素出发，研究不同影响因素对抽灌井群含水层温度场的影响，并根据相应的抽水井出水温度、热交互和热贯通影响特性来评价热泵系统的工作效果，同时提出合理的井群布置方案和系统运行模式，为完善和建立地下采能热传输主动控制机制提供理论指导。
在自然横流含水层抽灌井群热量运移模型的基础上，开展了抽、灌渗流与含水层自然横流的叠加动力场的热量传输规律研究，对实际应用构造尺度下的地下水源热泵系统进行多周期、长时间的运行模拟计算分析，研究自然横流不同流向和流速条件下含水层温度场热扩散促进、抑制和偏移特性，揭示地下水源热泵系统长期运行过程中含水层热流场的发展，演变和作用机理，为相关的实际工程应用提供理论参考依据。
Ground water heat pump (GWHP) is a branch of ground source heat pump (GSHP),which is an emerging and sustainable development mode of shallow layer geothermal energy.It takes groundwater as heat source and water temperature is not affect by four seasonstemperature, meanwhile, specific heat is big and heat transfer performance is good of thewater, in addition, this system runs stably, energy saving and environmental protection.Therefore, GWHP gets a very rapid development in China, and application scope is moreand more widely in recent years.
Temperature field change of the aquifer is an important factor to decide the efficacy ofheat pump units, and heat transport rule study of the aquifer is the basic prerequisite for thesustainable running and engineering appraisal. Now, more and more scholars at home andabroad began to pay attention to this research, and the related research work of GWHPsystem develop rapidly in recent years, especially in model analysis and numerical research.However, these simulation researches are mostly focus on the groundwater heat pump withpumping&recharging in the same well or doublet well system, and less on pumping andinjecting well groups, and the related basic scientific research is still far behind the practicalapplication. For pumping and injecting well groups system, heat transport and hydrodynamiccirculation are more active and thermorheologic of the aquifer is more complicated, whichneed to carry out more in-depth research. In addition, limited to the difficulty andvisualization problem of the underground experiments, systematic test study especially thekey mechanism characteristic experiment develop lag, and field experiment and laboratorytests of the water-heat transportation of the aquifer are rare, lack of relevant experimentaldata. Therefore, the basic heat transfer, process evolution and time-varying regularity, etc.are eager to carry out, to solve the blindness of numerical simulation and lack of a broaderconfirmation.
This study integrates the National Natural Science Fund, and focuses on the energytransport and heat transfer on the groundwater motion of pumping and injecting well group.Through the experimental research and numerical simulation, to study the effect of variousinfluencing factors to the aquifer temperature field, water level field and velocity field inpumping and injecting well group area, to reveal the development, evolution and actionmechanism of heat flow field in long term running process of the GWHP, and also to expandthe energy transport and heat transfer control theory of the groundwater motion of pumpingand injecting well group, provide the theoretical guidance for further application.
The main research works included in this paper are as follows:
Establish the experimental system of sand tank seepage based on the principles ofsimilarity theory, to reproduce the aquifer seepage dynamic and process of the pumping andinjecting well group. The paper studied the development and evolution of heat flow field ofpumping and injecting well group under conditions of different aquifer structure, totalamount of pumping and injection. In addition, a contrastive analysis of hydraulic gradientdistribution and seepage velocity change are made, and according to this to explore theactive control mechanism and the pattern of aquifer heat flow field, achieve a controlledground heat transfer process and maximum avoid and alleviate the thermal breakthrough andthermal interaction.
Nature cross flow is the main cause to produce the feature difference of aquifer heattransfer, and also the key of thermal breakthrough. The study established the experimentalsystem of sand tank seepage, which can simulate the nature cross flow, and studied thedirection change and energy transport properties of the heat-flow field under different naturecross flow conditions. In addition, this dissertation mainly analyzed the pumping watertemperature, aquifer temperature field, water-level field, thermal breakthrough and thermalinteraction, which can provide a basis for the design of pumping and injecting well groupsystem.
It exists two-part cyclical process of water and heat between air conditioning system ofheat pump on the ground and underground aquifers, which form two field coupling problems of the seepage field and thermal potential field. This study analyzed the groundwater motionand its main heat transfer process, and established the model of aquifer heat flow by usingthe computational fluid dynamics (CFD) commercial software FLUENT, meanwhile,geometrical model, boundary conditions, grid division and basic parameters setting areintroduced in details. In addition, verified the model according to the heat flow variableexperiment, which include pumping water temperature validation and aquifer temperaturefield validation. Analysis indicated that this model can be used to analyze and predict theaquifer temperature change of the actual project, which can provide accurate simulation data.
The paper carry out the simulation research for multicycle, long time running ofpumping and injecting well group under practical application structure scale condition, tobreak through the limitations of laboratory conditions. The study from running mode, wellgroup arrangement and variable condition control three factors to analyze the water heattransport process of the aquifer in well group area, and according to the pumping watertemperature, thermal breakthrough and thermal interaction to evaluate the work efficiency ofheat pump system. Meanwhile, put forward reasonable layout of well group and systemrunning mode, which can provide the theoretical guidance for further establish and perfectthe heat transfer control mechanism of underground energy mining systems.
For nature cross flow aquifer, the paper studied the effect of water direction andvelocity to the temperature field and velocity field of the aquifer, and comprehensivelyelaborated the characteristics of thermal diffusion promote, inhibit and offset under differentwater direction and velocity conditions, to reveal the development, evolution and actionmechanism of heat flow field of the aquifer in long term running process, which can providetheoretical reference and a basis for the practical engineering applications.
引文
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