新型结构光纤传感器及其应用研究
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摘要
随着经济的发展、社会的进步,环境污染和工程质量问题已经成为制约社会健康、和谐发展的一个因素。发展新型的环境、工程监测用传感器成为当今学术界、工程界的一个研究热点。相比于电子传感器,光纤传感器由于具有体积小、质量轻、抗电磁干扰、易于复用和远程传感等优点而受到越来越多的关注。本文针对这样一个研究热点,介绍了几种基于新型结构光纤的环境、工程监测用光纤传感器。
我们首先提出了一种新型的全光纤模式干涉仪,该干涉仪是通过标准单模光纤和细芯光纤之间的模式失配来激发高阶包层模式,高阶包层模式和芯层模式发生干涉形成干涉条纹用作传感信号。该干涉仪具有较高的折射率灵敏度(140nm/R.I.U.(R.I.U折射率单位))和很低的温度灵敏度(15pm/℃),是理想的生物、化学传感器。通过静电自组装技术,可以在细芯光纤模式干涉仪上自组装上功能性材料,从而实现pH,相对湿度,金属离子浓度等参量传感。在pH传感中,通过优化自组装膜,例如增加膜厚,在膜上引入纳米孔等方法,使传感器具有单调、高灵敏度、快速、可逆响应等特点。在相对湿度传感中,通过在细芯光纤模式干涉仪上刻写光纤布拉格光栅,实现了同时测量相对湿度和温度的目的,从而可以有效的进行温度补偿。我们提出的相对湿度传感器具有价格低,灵敏度高(97.2pm/1%RH),响应时间快(10s)等优点。在金属离子浓度传感中,我们提出的传感器可以用于铜离子、亚铁离子、锌离子等金属离子浓度的监测,具有很高的灵敏度。利用强金属螯合剂,该金属离子浓度传感器可以实现反复使用。
拉力是工程监测中的一个重要物理量,我们介绍了两种新型的光纤拉力传感器,一种是基于全固态混合模式保偏光子晶体光纤的干涉仪传感器。应力双折射光纤可以提高很高的拉力和温度灵敏度,利用该保偏光纤形成的双折射干涉仪可以提供23.8pm/με的拉力灵敏度和-1.12nm/℃的温度灵敏度。为了排除温度对拉力监测的影响,我们提出了级联的Sagnac干涉仪,其中一个Sagnac干涉仪用于拉力传感,另一个用于温度补偿,实验结果表明该传感器仍然保持很高的拉力灵敏度(25.6pm/με),其温度响应降低到-9pm/℃,有效的实现了温度补偿。另一种是基于光子晶体光纤中四波混频现象的拉力传感器。传统的拉力传感器都是基于特种光纤或者光纤后处理技术,同时,也都是利用光纤的线性性质。本文首先提出了利用光子晶体光纤中四波混频现象来实现拉力传感的技术。当在光纤上施加轴向拉力时,将引起光纤几何结构和折射率的变化,从而导致光纤色散的变化。因为光子晶体光纤中四波混频信号对光纤色散非常敏感,所以可以通过测量光子晶体光纤的四波混频信号的变化来实现拉力传感。本文从理论和实验方面,验证了该非线性拉力传感器的性能,并模拟优化了灵敏度。
With the economic development and social progress, environmental pollution and engineering quality have become the important factors to restrict the healthy and harmonious development of our society. To develop new sensors for environmental and engineering monitoring is a hot topic in both academic and engineering areas. Compared to the electrical counterpart, the optical fiber sensors have many advantages:small size, low weight, electromagnetic immunity, multiplex and remote sensing capability. Therefore optical fiber sensors have attracted more and more research interests. In this thesis, we propose some optical sensors based on novel structured fibers for environmental and engineering monitoring applications.
We propose a novel in-fiber modal interferometer, which is based on the modal mismatch between a standard single-mode fiber and a thin-core fiber. The high-order cladding mode excited by the modal mismatch will interfere with the core mode, and the generated interference signal can be used as the sensing signal. The thin-core fiber modal interferometer (TCFMI) has a high refractive-index (RI) sensitivity of140nm/R.l.U.(refractive index unit:R.I.U.) and a low temperature sensitivity of15pm/℃. Thus, the TCFMI is a promising chemical and biological sensor. After coating the TCFMI by electrostatic self-assembly technology, the sensor can be used for pH sensing, relative humidity (RH) sensing, metal ion concentration sensing, etc. The pH sensor has a monotonic, highly sensitive, fast, reversible response through optimizing the self-assembled coating, i.e., increasing the coating thickness, generating nanoporous in the coating, etc. To measure the RH and temperature simultaneously, we fabricate a fiber Bragg grating in the thin-core fiber. Our proposed RH sensor based on TCFMI with self-assembled coating has many advantages, such as low cost, high sensitivity (97.2pm/1%RH), fast response (10s), etc. In metal ion sensing area, our proposed sensor can measure Cu2+, Fe2+and Zn2+with a high sensitivity. With a stronger metal chelator (ethylene-diamino-tetraacetic acid), the reusability of this sensor can be achieved.
Strain is an important parameter in engineering monitoring. In this paper, we propose two types of fiber optics strain sensors. One is an interferometric sensor based on all-solid birefringent hybrid photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The stress-induced birefringent fiber is known to offer the maximum strain sensitivity, but also to suffer from temperature crosstalk. The birefringent sensor based on the all-solid hybrid PCF offers a high strain sensitivity of23.8pm/με and a high temperature sensitivity of-1.12nm/℃. To eliminate the cross sensitivity to temperature, we propose two cascaded Sagnac interferometers, one is for strain sensing, and the other is for temperature compensation. Experimental results show that the sensor can suppress the cross sensitivity to temperature to-9pm/℃, while still proving a high strain sensitivity of25.6pm/με. The other type is based on four-wave mixing (FWM) in a PCF. All the conventional strain sensors rely on either specialty fibers or postprocessing of the fibers and use the linear properties of the fiber. In this thesis, we demonstrate a nonlinear fiber-optic strain sensor for the first time, which uses the shifts of FWM Stokes and anti-Stokes peaks caused by the strain-induced changes in the structure and refractive index of the PCF. Experimental and simulation results are presented. The strain sensitivity can be improved by optimizing the pump wavelength and power.
我们首先提出了一种新型的全光纤模式干涉仪,该干涉仪是通过标准单模光纤和细芯光纤之间的模式失配来激发高阶包层模式,高阶包层模式和芯层模式发生干涉形成干涉条纹用作传感信号。该干涉仪具有较高的折射率灵敏度(140nm/R.I.U.(R.I.U折射率单位))和很低的温度灵敏度(15pm/℃),是理想的生物、化学传感器。通过静电自组装技术,可以在细芯光纤模式干涉仪上自组装上功能性材料,从而实现pH,相对湿度,金属离子浓度等参量传感。在pH传感中,通过优化自组装膜,例如增加膜厚,在膜上引入纳米孔等方法,使传感器具有单调、高灵敏度、快速、可逆响应等特点。在相对湿度传感中,通过在细芯光纤模式干涉仪上刻写光纤布拉格光栅,实现了同时测量相对湿度和温度的目的,从而可以有效的进行温度补偿。我们提出的相对湿度传感器具有价格低,灵敏度高(97.2pm/1%RH),响应时间快(10s)等优点。在金属离子浓度传感中,我们提出的传感器可以用于铜离子、亚铁离子、锌离子等金属离子浓度的监测,具有很高的灵敏度。利用强金属螯合剂,该金属离子浓度传感器可以实现反复使用。
拉力是工程监测中的一个重要物理量,我们介绍了两种新型的光纤拉力传感器,一种是基于全固态混合模式保偏光子晶体光纤的干涉仪传感器。应力双折射光纤可以提高很高的拉力和温度灵敏度,利用该保偏光纤形成的双折射干涉仪可以提供23.8pm/με的拉力灵敏度和-1.12nm/℃的温度灵敏度。为了排除温度对拉力监测的影响,我们提出了级联的Sagnac干涉仪,其中一个Sagnac干涉仪用于拉力传感,另一个用于温度补偿,实验结果表明该传感器仍然保持很高的拉力灵敏度(25.6pm/με),其温度响应降低到-9pm/℃,有效的实现了温度补偿。另一种是基于光子晶体光纤中四波混频现象的拉力传感器。传统的拉力传感器都是基于特种光纤或者光纤后处理技术,同时,也都是利用光纤的线性性质。本文首先提出了利用光子晶体光纤中四波混频现象来实现拉力传感的技术。当在光纤上施加轴向拉力时,将引起光纤几何结构和折射率的变化,从而导致光纤色散的变化。因为光子晶体光纤中四波混频信号对光纤色散非常敏感,所以可以通过测量光子晶体光纤的四波混频信号的变化来实现拉力传感。本文从理论和实验方面,验证了该非线性拉力传感器的性能,并模拟优化了灵敏度。
With the economic development and social progress, environmental pollution and engineering quality have become the important factors to restrict the healthy and harmonious development of our society. To develop new sensors for environmental and engineering monitoring is a hot topic in both academic and engineering areas. Compared to the electrical counterpart, the optical fiber sensors have many advantages:small size, low weight, electromagnetic immunity, multiplex and remote sensing capability. Therefore optical fiber sensors have attracted more and more research interests. In this thesis, we propose some optical sensors based on novel structured fibers for environmental and engineering monitoring applications.
We propose a novel in-fiber modal interferometer, which is based on the modal mismatch between a standard single-mode fiber and a thin-core fiber. The high-order cladding mode excited by the modal mismatch will interfere with the core mode, and the generated interference signal can be used as the sensing signal. The thin-core fiber modal interferometer (TCFMI) has a high refractive-index (RI) sensitivity of140nm/R.l.U.(refractive index unit:R.I.U.) and a low temperature sensitivity of15pm/℃. Thus, the TCFMI is a promising chemical and biological sensor. After coating the TCFMI by electrostatic self-assembly technology, the sensor can be used for pH sensing, relative humidity (RH) sensing, metal ion concentration sensing, etc. The pH sensor has a monotonic, highly sensitive, fast, reversible response through optimizing the self-assembled coating, i.e., increasing the coating thickness, generating nanoporous in the coating, etc. To measure the RH and temperature simultaneously, we fabricate a fiber Bragg grating in the thin-core fiber. Our proposed RH sensor based on TCFMI with self-assembled coating has many advantages, such as low cost, high sensitivity (97.2pm/1%RH), fast response (10s), etc. In metal ion sensing area, our proposed sensor can measure Cu2+, Fe2+and Zn2+with a high sensitivity. With a stronger metal chelator (ethylene-diamino-tetraacetic acid), the reusability of this sensor can be achieved.
Strain is an important parameter in engineering monitoring. In this paper, we propose two types of fiber optics strain sensors. One is an interferometric sensor based on all-solid birefringent hybrid photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The stress-induced birefringent fiber is known to offer the maximum strain sensitivity, but also to suffer from temperature crosstalk. The birefringent sensor based on the all-solid hybrid PCF offers a high strain sensitivity of23.8pm/με and a high temperature sensitivity of-1.12nm/℃. To eliminate the cross sensitivity to temperature, we propose two cascaded Sagnac interferometers, one is for strain sensing, and the other is for temperature compensation. Experimental results show that the sensor can suppress the cross sensitivity to temperature to-9pm/℃, while still proving a high strain sensitivity of25.6pm/με. The other type is based on four-wave mixing (FWM) in a PCF. All the conventional strain sensors rely on either specialty fibers or postprocessing of the fibers and use the linear properties of the fiber. In this thesis, we demonstrate a nonlinear fiber-optic strain sensor for the first time, which uses the shifts of FWM Stokes and anti-Stokes peaks caused by the strain-induced changes in the structure and refractive index of the PCF. Experimental and simulation results are presented. The strain sensitivity can be improved by optimizing the pump wavelength and power.
引文
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