外源物质对煤矸石碎屑上植物生长的影响
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摘要
煤矸石山的立地条件极端困难,直接进行植物栽植很难成活,即使成活也难以养护管理。前人在煤矸石废弃地的基质改良和植物种选择与植被演替等方面进行了大量的研究,取得了很多成果。但煤矸石山植被恢复的一些理论和技术问题还远远没有解决,对生态恢复中的新方法、新技术的应用缺乏理论上的总结和提高。本研究探索外源物质对煤矸石基质的改良及其对植物生长的影响,将煤矸石与土壤按不同的比例混合形成不同基质,并用玉米秸秆对基质进行改良。各基质分别设置添加保水剂、硝酸稀土拌种、接种根瘤菌、接种丛枝菌根真菌等不同处理,研究白三叶草、高羊茅、紫穗槐等植物在改良煤矸石基质上的生长状况、光合生理特征、植株营养元素状况以及其对基质的改良作用等。探索硝酸稀土、保水剂、根瘤菌、丛枝菌根真菌等外源物质在煤矸石山植被恢复中的作用与用量,筛选适合煤矸石废弃地上植物生存的最优基质配比和基质改良方案,以期找出适合煤矸石废弃地基质改良与植被恢复的新配比、新方案,丰富煤矸石废弃地的植被恢复模式。
研究结果显示,喷施硝酸镧能提高改良煤矸石基质上高羊茅的日均生长率,加快其高生长速度。基质改良和喷施硝酸镧能提高煤矸石基质上高羊茅的水分利用效率,减轻高温和干旱对植物的胁迫,高浓度的硝酸镧喷施会抑制净光合速率,但保水剂与硝酸镧合理组合能缓解高浓度硝酸镧喷施对净光合速率的抑制。本组试验的最优方案为A3B2C2D2,即土壤与煤矸石按500g:500g混合、每1kg基质中添加2g保水剂和30g玉米秸秆、出苗后用浓度为200mg/kg的硝酸镧喷施叶面三次效果最好。
添加保水剂及硝酸镧拌种对白三叶生长的影响及其对煤矸石基质改良作用的研究表明：煤矸石基质中添加保水剂在一定程度上使基质结构和水热状况得到改善,提高白三叶的水分利用效率,促进白三叶草的高生长。添加保水剂和适宜浓度的硝酸镧溶液拌种能提高三叶草的净光合速率、调节蒸腾速率,避免高温对叶片造成灼伤,有效缓解高温胁迫,促进三叶草对温度较高的煤矸石基质的适应能力。本组试验的最优方案为A3B3C2D2,即煤矸石与土壤质量比为500g:500g、每1kg基质中添加2g保水剂和15g粉碎玉米秸秆、播种前用200mg/kg浓度硝酸镧溶液拌种。
接种根瘤菌对改良煤矸石基质上单播白三叶生长影响的研究表明,接种根瘤菌能促进白三叶草生长和分蘖、增加生物量,接种根瘤菌的白三叶草株高比对照提高13.78%；接种根瘤菌能提高白三叶的结瘤率和固氮酶活性,同时能够促进基质中P和K的分解,从而改善煤矸石基质的营养状况。煤矸石与土壤质量比为500g:500g、接种浓度为1.0×109个/ml的根瘤菌菌液、每1kg基质中添加1g保水剂和15g粉碎玉米秸秆的组合最优,即A3B2C3D2。
白三叶草和高羊茅混播的较优基质方案为A3B1C3D2,即煤矸石与土壤质量比为500g:500g、接种浓度为1.0×109个/ml的根瘤菌菌液、每1kg基质中添加15g粉碎玉米秸秆,不添加保水剂。接种根瘤菌后混播白三叶草和高羊茅的生物量分别比未接种提高30.19%和40.67%,这是因为接种根瘤菌能提高白三叶草的结瘤率和基质的固氮酶活性,使其为自身及伴生的禾本科植物提供氮素营养,而禾本科植物的竞争又刺激了豆科作物的固氮作用,从而促进了植物生长。混播条件下,白三叶与高羊茅的水分利用效率(WUE)日变化曲线呈此消彼长的趋势,这有利于两种植物对水分的合理利用。
在煤矸石废弃地植被恢复中丛枝菌根也发挥着重要作用。研究表明,接种丛枝菌根真菌能增强煤矸石基质上紫穗槐的光合速率和水分利用效率。紫穗槐根系与丛枝菌根真菌形成的共生体,提高了根际土壤的固氮酶活性,促进煤矸石基质上紫穗槐的生长、增加其生物量。煤矸石与土壤按质量比为500:500混合并接种根内球囊霉(G1ZJ2C2),是适合非自燃煤矸石条件下紫穗槐生长的最佳方案。G2ZJ2C3,即煤矸石与土壤按质量比为500:500混合并接种摩西球囊霉,是适合自燃煤矸石基质条件下紫穗槐生长的最佳方案。
总之,硝酸稀土、保水剂、根瘤菌、丛枝菌根真菌等几种外源物质均能不同程度的促进煤矸石基质上植物生长,在煤矸石废弃地植被恢复中具有广阔的应用前景。
The coal gangue dump is so hard to be re-habited that plants directly planted on it are difficult to survive, and is problematic to conserve and manage for those survived. Former researchers have taken great efforts in studying matrix improvement, plant species selection and vegetation succession on coal gangue wasteland and have come to great achievements in these fields. However, some theoretical and technical problems are far from being resolved, and the new methods and technology concerning ecological restoration need to be summarized and improved in a theoretical pattern. Effects of exogenous substances on matrix improvement and plant growth were explored in this work. Matrix in individual treatment was prepared through mixing gangue and soil at different proportion and the matrix were improved via adding corn stalks. Specifically, individual matrix was respectively treated through adding super absorbent polymer(SAP), seed dressing with rare earth nitrate, inoculating rhizobium and inoculating arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Then, growth conditions, photosynthetic physiology and nutrition elements of Trifolium repens L, Festuca arundinacea L. and Amorpha fruticosa L. on the improved gangue matrix, and their effects on matrix improvement were studied. What's more, function and amount applied of exogenous substances including rare earth nitrate, super absorbent polymer(SAP), rhizobium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) in vegetation restoration of coal gangue wastelands were explored and the optimal matrix preparation pattern and matrix improvement plan were selected from those are suitable for plant survival on coal gangue dump for finding out new ratio or new plan for matrix improvement and vegetation restoration of coal gangue wasteland and further enrich the vegetation restoration mode on these wasteland.
Results showed that lanthanum nitrate spraying could improve average daily growth rate of Festuca arundinacea L. on improved gangue matrix and accelerate its height growth speed. Matrix improvement and lanthanum nitrate spraying help raise water use efficiency(WUE) of Festuca arundinacea L. on coal gangue, reduce the stress upon plant from high temperature and drought; though spraying lanthanum nitrate at a high concentration might inhibit the net photosynthetic rate, suitable mixing of super absorbent polymer(SAP) and lanthanum nitrate could dissolve inhibition of net photosynthetic rate from it. The optimal treatment pattern in this study was A3B2C2D2:weight ratio of soil/gangue500g:500g, adding2g/kg SAP and30g/kg crushed corn stalks into the matrix, and foliar spraying with lanthanum nitrate solution at200mg/kg3times after emergence.
Effect of adding super absorbent polymer(SAP) and seed dressing with lanthanum nitrate on the growth of Trifolium repens L. and coal gangue matrix improvement was studied in this paper. The results showed that adding super absorbent polymer into coal gangue matrix could optimize matrix structure and hydrothermal conditions to a certain extent, and improve water use efficiency(WUE) of Trifolium repens L., which promoted its height growth. Adding super absorbent polymer(SAP) and seed dressing with lanthanum nitrate solution at optimum concentration could improve net photosynthetic rate, regulate the transpiration rate of Trifolium repens L., avoid foliar burns from high temperature, effectively alleviate the heat stress, which were beneficial to promoting the of adaptability of Trifolium repens L. to high temperature of coal gangue matrix. The optimal treatment in this study was A3B3C2D2:the weight ratio of gangue/soil500g:500g, adding2g/kg super absorbent polymer(SAP) and15g/kg crushed corn stalks in matrix, and seed dressing with lanthanum nitrate solution at200mg/kg before planting.
Effect of rhizobium inoculation on single sown Trifolium repens L.on improved gangue matrix was also studied in this paper. Results showed that rhizobium inoculation helped promote growth and tillering of Trifolium repens L. and increase the biomass; height of Trifolium repens L. inoculated with rhizobium increased by13.78%than that of the CK; Rhizobium inoculation both advanced the nodulation rate and nitrogenase activity of Trifolium repens L. and promoted decomposition of P and K in the matrix, which helped improve the nutritional status of the coal gangue matrix. The optimal combination program was A3B2C3D2:weight ratio of coal gangue matrix and soil500g:500g, inoculating with rhizobium bacteria liquid at the concentration of1.0×109bacteria/ml, adding1g/kg super absorbent polymer(SAP) and15g/kg crush corn stalks into coal gangue matrix.
The optimal matrix program for mixing sown Trifolium repens L. and Festuca arundinacea L. was A3B1C3D2:weight ratio of coal gangue matrix and soil500g:500g, inoculating with rhizobium bacteria liquid at the concentration of1.0×109bacteria/ml, adding15g/kg crush corn stalks and Og/kg super absorbent polymer(SAP) into coal gangue matrix. The biomass of mixed sowing Trifolium repens L. and Festuca arundinacea L. increased by30.19%and40.67%after rhizobium inoculation. This was because rhizobium inoculation could increase nodulation rate of Trifolium repens L. and nitrogenase activity of coal gangue matrix, which was helpful for providing itself and the accompanying gramineous plants with more nitrogen nutrition; and the competition between gramineous plants and leguminous plants stimulated the nitrogen fixation, so as to promote plant growth. When mixed sowing, curve of daily water use efficiency (WUE) of Trifolium repens L. and Festuca arundinacea L. showed a zero-sum trend, when rational water use(WUE) of the two plants can be achieved.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) also plays a significant role in the vegetation restoration of coal gangue matrix. The study found that inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) could enhance photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency (WUE) of Amorpha fruticosa L. on coal gangue matrix. Symbionts formed from root of Amorpha fruticosa L. and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) improved the nitrogenase activity of rhizosphere soil, promoted the growth of Amorpha fruticosa L. on coal gangue matrix and increased the biomass. The optimal matrix program for Amorpha fruticosa L.to grow on non-spontaneous gangue was G1ZJ2C2:weight ratio of coal gangue matrix and soil500g:500g, inoculating with Glomus intraradices. The optimal matrix program for Amorpha fruticosa L.to grow on spontaneous gangue was G2ZJ2C3:weight ratio of coal gangue matrix and soil500g:500g, inoculating with Glomus mosseae.
In conclusions, the exogenous substances including rare earth nitrate, super absorbent polymer(SAP), rhizobium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) have a broad application prospect in the vegetation restoration of gangue wasteland as they promote plant growth at different degrees.
研究结果显示,喷施硝酸镧能提高改良煤矸石基质上高羊茅的日均生长率,加快其高生长速度。基质改良和喷施硝酸镧能提高煤矸石基质上高羊茅的水分利用效率,减轻高温和干旱对植物的胁迫,高浓度的硝酸镧喷施会抑制净光合速率,但保水剂与硝酸镧合理组合能缓解高浓度硝酸镧喷施对净光合速率的抑制。本组试验的最优方案为A3B2C2D2,即土壤与煤矸石按500g:500g混合、每1kg基质中添加2g保水剂和30g玉米秸秆、出苗后用浓度为200mg/kg的硝酸镧喷施叶面三次效果最好。
添加保水剂及硝酸镧拌种对白三叶生长的影响及其对煤矸石基质改良作用的研究表明：煤矸石基质中添加保水剂在一定程度上使基质结构和水热状况得到改善,提高白三叶的水分利用效率,促进白三叶草的高生长。添加保水剂和适宜浓度的硝酸镧溶液拌种能提高三叶草的净光合速率、调节蒸腾速率,避免高温对叶片造成灼伤,有效缓解高温胁迫,促进三叶草对温度较高的煤矸石基质的适应能力。本组试验的最优方案为A3B3C2D2,即煤矸石与土壤质量比为500g:500g、每1kg基质中添加2g保水剂和15g粉碎玉米秸秆、播种前用200mg/kg浓度硝酸镧溶液拌种。
接种根瘤菌对改良煤矸石基质上单播白三叶生长影响的研究表明,接种根瘤菌能促进白三叶草生长和分蘖、增加生物量,接种根瘤菌的白三叶草株高比对照提高13.78%；接种根瘤菌能提高白三叶的结瘤率和固氮酶活性,同时能够促进基质中P和K的分解,从而改善煤矸石基质的营养状况。煤矸石与土壤质量比为500g:500g、接种浓度为1.0×109个/ml的根瘤菌菌液、每1kg基质中添加1g保水剂和15g粉碎玉米秸秆的组合最优,即A3B2C3D2。
白三叶草和高羊茅混播的较优基质方案为A3B1C3D2,即煤矸石与土壤质量比为500g:500g、接种浓度为1.0×109个/ml的根瘤菌菌液、每1kg基质中添加15g粉碎玉米秸秆,不添加保水剂。接种根瘤菌后混播白三叶草和高羊茅的生物量分别比未接种提高30.19%和40.67%,这是因为接种根瘤菌能提高白三叶草的结瘤率和基质的固氮酶活性,使其为自身及伴生的禾本科植物提供氮素营养,而禾本科植物的竞争又刺激了豆科作物的固氮作用,从而促进了植物生长。混播条件下,白三叶与高羊茅的水分利用效率(WUE)日变化曲线呈此消彼长的趋势,这有利于两种植物对水分的合理利用。
在煤矸石废弃地植被恢复中丛枝菌根也发挥着重要作用。研究表明,接种丛枝菌根真菌能增强煤矸石基质上紫穗槐的光合速率和水分利用效率。紫穗槐根系与丛枝菌根真菌形成的共生体,提高了根际土壤的固氮酶活性,促进煤矸石基质上紫穗槐的生长、增加其生物量。煤矸石与土壤按质量比为500:500混合并接种根内球囊霉(G1ZJ2C2),是适合非自燃煤矸石条件下紫穗槐生长的最佳方案。G2ZJ2C3,即煤矸石与土壤按质量比为500:500混合并接种摩西球囊霉,是适合自燃煤矸石基质条件下紫穗槐生长的最佳方案。
总之,硝酸稀土、保水剂、根瘤菌、丛枝菌根真菌等几种外源物质均能不同程度的促进煤矸石基质上植物生长,在煤矸石废弃地植被恢复中具有广阔的应用前景。
The coal gangue dump is so hard to be re-habited that plants directly planted on it are difficult to survive, and is problematic to conserve and manage for those survived. Former researchers have taken great efforts in studying matrix improvement, plant species selection and vegetation succession on coal gangue wasteland and have come to great achievements in these fields. However, some theoretical and technical problems are far from being resolved, and the new methods and technology concerning ecological restoration need to be summarized and improved in a theoretical pattern. Effects of exogenous substances on matrix improvement and plant growth were explored in this work. Matrix in individual treatment was prepared through mixing gangue and soil at different proportion and the matrix were improved via adding corn stalks. Specifically, individual matrix was respectively treated through adding super absorbent polymer(SAP), seed dressing with rare earth nitrate, inoculating rhizobium and inoculating arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Then, growth conditions, photosynthetic physiology and nutrition elements of Trifolium repens L, Festuca arundinacea L. and Amorpha fruticosa L. on the improved gangue matrix, and their effects on matrix improvement were studied. What's more, function and amount applied of exogenous substances including rare earth nitrate, super absorbent polymer(SAP), rhizobium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) in vegetation restoration of coal gangue wastelands were explored and the optimal matrix preparation pattern and matrix improvement plan were selected from those are suitable for plant survival on coal gangue dump for finding out new ratio or new plan for matrix improvement and vegetation restoration of coal gangue wasteland and further enrich the vegetation restoration mode on these wasteland.
Results showed that lanthanum nitrate spraying could improve average daily growth rate of Festuca arundinacea L. on improved gangue matrix and accelerate its height growth speed. Matrix improvement and lanthanum nitrate spraying help raise water use efficiency(WUE) of Festuca arundinacea L. on coal gangue, reduce the stress upon plant from high temperature and drought; though spraying lanthanum nitrate at a high concentration might inhibit the net photosynthetic rate, suitable mixing of super absorbent polymer(SAP) and lanthanum nitrate could dissolve inhibition of net photosynthetic rate from it. The optimal treatment pattern in this study was A3B2C2D2:weight ratio of soil/gangue500g:500g, adding2g/kg SAP and30g/kg crushed corn stalks into the matrix, and foliar spraying with lanthanum nitrate solution at200mg/kg3times after emergence.
Effect of adding super absorbent polymer(SAP) and seed dressing with lanthanum nitrate on the growth of Trifolium repens L. and coal gangue matrix improvement was studied in this paper. The results showed that adding super absorbent polymer into coal gangue matrix could optimize matrix structure and hydrothermal conditions to a certain extent, and improve water use efficiency(WUE) of Trifolium repens L., which promoted its height growth. Adding super absorbent polymer(SAP) and seed dressing with lanthanum nitrate solution at optimum concentration could improve net photosynthetic rate, regulate the transpiration rate of Trifolium repens L., avoid foliar burns from high temperature, effectively alleviate the heat stress, which were beneficial to promoting the of adaptability of Trifolium repens L. to high temperature of coal gangue matrix. The optimal treatment in this study was A3B3C2D2:the weight ratio of gangue/soil500g:500g, adding2g/kg super absorbent polymer(SAP) and15g/kg crushed corn stalks in matrix, and seed dressing with lanthanum nitrate solution at200mg/kg before planting.
Effect of rhizobium inoculation on single sown Trifolium repens L.on improved gangue matrix was also studied in this paper. Results showed that rhizobium inoculation helped promote growth and tillering of Trifolium repens L. and increase the biomass; height of Trifolium repens L. inoculated with rhizobium increased by13.78%than that of the CK; Rhizobium inoculation both advanced the nodulation rate and nitrogenase activity of Trifolium repens L. and promoted decomposition of P and K in the matrix, which helped improve the nutritional status of the coal gangue matrix. The optimal combination program was A3B2C3D2:weight ratio of coal gangue matrix and soil500g:500g, inoculating with rhizobium bacteria liquid at the concentration of1.0×109bacteria/ml, adding1g/kg super absorbent polymer(SAP) and15g/kg crush corn stalks into coal gangue matrix.
The optimal matrix program for mixing sown Trifolium repens L. and Festuca arundinacea L. was A3B1C3D2:weight ratio of coal gangue matrix and soil500g:500g, inoculating with rhizobium bacteria liquid at the concentration of1.0×109bacteria/ml, adding15g/kg crush corn stalks and Og/kg super absorbent polymer(SAP) into coal gangue matrix. The biomass of mixed sowing Trifolium repens L. and Festuca arundinacea L. increased by30.19%and40.67%after rhizobium inoculation. This was because rhizobium inoculation could increase nodulation rate of Trifolium repens L. and nitrogenase activity of coal gangue matrix, which was helpful for providing itself and the accompanying gramineous plants with more nitrogen nutrition; and the competition between gramineous plants and leguminous plants stimulated the nitrogen fixation, so as to promote plant growth. When mixed sowing, curve of daily water use efficiency (WUE) of Trifolium repens L. and Festuca arundinacea L. showed a zero-sum trend, when rational water use(WUE) of the two plants can be achieved.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) also plays a significant role in the vegetation restoration of coal gangue matrix. The study found that inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) could enhance photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency (WUE) of Amorpha fruticosa L. on coal gangue matrix. Symbionts formed from root of Amorpha fruticosa L. and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) improved the nitrogenase activity of rhizosphere soil, promoted the growth of Amorpha fruticosa L. on coal gangue matrix and increased the biomass. The optimal matrix program for Amorpha fruticosa L.to grow on non-spontaneous gangue was G1ZJ2C2:weight ratio of coal gangue matrix and soil500g:500g, inoculating with Glomus intraradices. The optimal matrix program for Amorpha fruticosa L.to grow on spontaneous gangue was G2ZJ2C3:weight ratio of coal gangue matrix and soil500g:500g, inoculating with Glomus mosseae.
In conclusions, the exogenous substances including rare earth nitrate, super absorbent polymer(SAP), rhizobium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) have a broad application prospect in the vegetation restoration of gangue wasteland as they promote plant growth at different degrees.
引文
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