大陆地震快速准确定位方法研究
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摘要
随着数字地震观测台网的普及和电子通讯网络的迅猛发展,快速确定地震的位置并及时发布震况信息成为迫切需求,而不断提高地震定位,特别是地震定深的精度,则是地震学家长期努力的方向。通常短时间快速测定出地震的位置可为地震预警和震后灾害救援提供关键的指导,而高精度确定地震的位置可以提供当前大陆地震活动性相关的重要信息,有助于正确把握地震发生区域的内部应力演化环境,从而增进对地震发生机制及孕震环境的认识,为地震发生规律的研究、震后灾情的评估以及地震发展趋势的判断提供重要参考依据。本文大多基于布设在震区附近流动台站的观测资料,研究近台快速、准确定位的方法,例如利用遂宁地震震中附近的流动台研究单台定位和定深的方法,又如利用安庆地震之后为余震监测布设的流动台站研究仪器时钟不准情况的高精度地震定位方法,此外,通过对大姚双震和仲巴双震的余震序列进行高精度定位,研究了强震破裂区短时内能否再次孕育新的相当规模破裂的问题。
通常只有提供比较精细的地壳模型并被密集且均匀分布的地震台网所记录才能通过传统的多台定位方法获得地震的精确位置,但许多大陆地震(特别是中小地震)并不具有理想的台站布局和可靠的三维结构,造成地震早期速报的位置,特别是震源深度的精度存在较大的系统误差。由于全球和区域台网的逐步加密,单个台站在大多地方已经具有较好的覆盖,这样,利用单台三分量地震波形记录快速准确测定地震位置参数成为地震定位研究中一个具有现实意义的方向。本论文挖掘数字宽频地震波形丰富的频率和震相信息,研究发生于内陆城市四川遂宁地区的M2左右地震序列,并采用单台定位方法确定这些事件的位置。首先,利用这些事件波形数据提取的短周期频散曲线及径向分量与垂向分量的频谱比(R/Z比)曲线约束地壳浅层速度结构,得到较为准确的区域浅层速度模型,并计算出较为可靠的理论地震图。在此基础上,将单台实测各事件的近震深度震相sPL与理论地震图预测的sPL震相进行波形对照,得到该地震序列高精度的震源深度,又通过面波和体波振幅比的方法评估了定深结果的准确性。然后,利用单台偏振分析确定震中方位及S-P到时差确定震中距的方法确定该地震序列震中的分布,并评估了各个事件相对台站方位角的稳定性。最后,将整个地震序列的震中和深度分布与研究区所处的地质环境结合,探讨遂宁地震序列的活动性及其与当地天然气工业开采之间的关系。研究表明单台R/Z比方法对浅层结构约束较好,而单台地震定位方法在稀疏台网情况下可以得到M2事件高精度的震源深度。
通过对余震序列的精确定位和时序分析可以比较准确地反映主震同震破裂区的空间形态和时空发展规律。为提高仪器存在时钟误差情形下地震定位结果的精确度,本论文依托发生于中部城市安徽安庆的地震序列进行研究。首先,对安庆地震后密集流动台站记录的各余震事件波形,采用S-P到时差的方法降低时钟误差对各震相到时的影响,并采用双差定位方法得到余震序列较为准确的位置,并分析地震仪器产生时钟误差的原因,评估这些仪器存在时钟误差的范围。然后,利用安庆区域地震台ANQ记录该余震序列的波形资料中近震深度震相sPL与参考震相P的到时差信息,得到余震序列较为可靠的深度分布。最后,采用主事件定位方法对安庆地震的主震重新定位,从主震与余震序列的分布关系分析地震序列的时空演化规律。研究表明,安庆地震发生在宿松--枞阳断裂带附近,其余震序列大体近水平地分布于地下深处5km附近,呈长1.5km×宽1km×高0.3km的薄板状展布；从时空分布来看,随着时间的推移余震序列似乎有往北东方向扩展的趋势,故推测余震序列划定的余震区可能大于主震的同震破裂区。研究表明,基于S-P到时差的地震定位方法可以有效消除时钟不准确带来的影响,为中小地震和余震序列活动性的精细研究提供可靠的定位结果。
地震表现为地下脆性介质快速破裂,释放大量能量并向外辐射的过程。一次破坏性地震的同震破裂产生后,原破裂区的应变能是否已经释放完全,能否短时间内在原破裂带内部再次孕育和发生震级相当的破坏性地震,也是研究地震孕育和发震规律的重要问题。由于强烈地震的破裂区和破裂过程一般较为复杂,本论文选取2003年云南大姚M6双震和2004-2005年西藏仲巴M6双震这四个强地震作为研究对象。对于大姚M6双震：通过对密集流动台网记录的两次主震的余震序列同时进行双差定位,发现两次地震的余震区都随时间扩展,但两余震区无论在深度上还是在水平位置上基本不重叠。又利用主事件相对定位方法发现第一主震位于第二主震的北西西方向。此外,还通过P波初动极性分析的方法认为两次主震破裂面的走向略有差别,与余震序列精确定位结果显示的余震区震中分布一致。从而表明,大姚双震有可能发生在同一断层系统的不同断层分支上,虽然两次主震的距离很靠近,但两同震破裂区基本没有重叠。对于仲巴M6双震：利用Hi-CLIMB台阵记录的两次主震及其余震序列波形数据,截取P波初动,采用主事件相对定位方法,分别研究两次主震后半年和一周内发生的余震序列的震中分布,划定两主震早期和晚期余震区范围,进而推测仲巴双震的同震破裂区的分布规律。研究结果表明,仲巴双震的两余震区基本不出现重叠,推测两次主震的同震破裂区也基本没有重叠,此外,还通过InSAR同震形变观测图像验证了这一结论。通过对这两对强双震的余震序列进行分析,间接研究了双震的同震破裂区,我们认为,震源区断裂带内部存在不同的段落分支,虽然能量相当的双震发震时刻接近,震源位置靠近,但发生破裂的两破裂带通常不会重叠,而是存在间断或障碍体分隔开。
With the popularizing of digital seismic observation network and the development of electronic communication network, determining earthquake location rapidly and releasing information about the earthquake quickly have become the urgent requirements. Therefore, it is the direction of long term efforts to improve the accuracy of the earthquake location, especially focal depth. Rapid determination of location can provide pivotal guidance for earthquake early warning and dibaster assistance. And precise location can provide important information of continental seismicity, which is helpful to understand internal stress environment of focal area and mechanism of the earthquake to provide important references for earthquake regularity, disaster evaluation and trend judgment. It is mostly based on the observational data of mobile stations near the epicenter to study rapid and precise location method. For instance, mobie station near Suining earthquake is used to study single station location method and focal depth determination. For another example, mobile stations monitoring aftershocks of Anqing quake are used to study precise location method with clock error. In addition, the aftershock sequences of two earthquake dublets such as Dayao earthquakes and Zhongba earthquake have been location precisely to study whether strong shock's fracture zone can occur another sizable rupture.
Accurate positions by using traditional multiple stations method are obtained dependent of correct crustal structure and dense and uniform seismic network. However, many continental earthquake, especially small and moderate earthquake, do not have perfect stations'distribution and reliable three dimensional structure, which resulted in great system errors of rapid earthquake information report, particularly focal depth. As the gradatim intensiving of global and regional seismic network, in most places sigle station has a good cover, then using single three-component seismic records to determine earthquake position information has become the direction of pratical significance. By using the frequences and phases of digital broadband seismic waves, this paper has located some M2earthquake sequences shocked in Suining with single station method.
Accurate locations of aftershocks are helpful to understanding ruptured process of main shock. The arrival-time differences between Sg and Pg by temporary seismic array installed after the January19th,2011Anqing quake were used to reconstruct the travel-time data of Pg and Sg, in order to suppress the impact of instrumental clock error. Furthermore, more accurate locations of main shock and aftershock sequences were obtained by using master event and double difference method. An algorithm was proposed to estimate the range of clock error. More reliable depth distribution of aftershocks was obtained via analysing sPL, a depth phase at near epicentral distance. This study shows that the Anqing earthquake happened near Susong-Zongyang fault zone, and aftershocks were concentrated in the depth range about5km underground nearly horizontally, spreading in the shape of a thin slab which is around1.5kilometer long,1.0kilometer wide and a thickness of0.3kilometer. Moreover, the sequence spreaded to the north-east with the time. It is suggested that the influence of clock error can be eliminated by S-P arrival-time difference method effectively, which can provide reliable location results for moderate and minor earthquakes, as well as aftershocks.
After the shock, has strain energy of the rupture zone already been released enough? Or has an other earthquake with the like magnitude shocked again inside the plane of the first fracture? These questions are the important issues concerning earthquake doublets. It is to be found that aftershock zones have been expanded, although aftershock zones have hardly any overlapped in both depth direction and horizontal direction by using the relocation method of double difference (hypoDD) to2003Dayao two earthquake sequences. And the July21Quake to the October16Quake is from the North West. In addition, it is also to be found that the strike directions of two rupture zones might vary slightly analyzing initial motion of P wave, coinciding with the relocated results of aftershock zones. These results imply that the two Dayao earthquakes, which are near enough, may occur inside the different segments of a fault system. It can be said that these two rupture zones have not overlapped.
通常只有提供比较精细的地壳模型并被密集且均匀分布的地震台网所记录才能通过传统的多台定位方法获得地震的精确位置,但许多大陆地震(特别是中小地震)并不具有理想的台站布局和可靠的三维结构,造成地震早期速报的位置,特别是震源深度的精度存在较大的系统误差。由于全球和区域台网的逐步加密,单个台站在大多地方已经具有较好的覆盖,这样,利用单台三分量地震波形记录快速准确测定地震位置参数成为地震定位研究中一个具有现实意义的方向。本论文挖掘数字宽频地震波形丰富的频率和震相信息,研究发生于内陆城市四川遂宁地区的M2左右地震序列,并采用单台定位方法确定这些事件的位置。首先,利用这些事件波形数据提取的短周期频散曲线及径向分量与垂向分量的频谱比(R/Z比)曲线约束地壳浅层速度结构,得到较为准确的区域浅层速度模型,并计算出较为可靠的理论地震图。在此基础上,将单台实测各事件的近震深度震相sPL与理论地震图预测的sPL震相进行波形对照,得到该地震序列高精度的震源深度,又通过面波和体波振幅比的方法评估了定深结果的准确性。然后,利用单台偏振分析确定震中方位及S-P到时差确定震中距的方法确定该地震序列震中的分布,并评估了各个事件相对台站方位角的稳定性。最后,将整个地震序列的震中和深度分布与研究区所处的地质环境结合,探讨遂宁地震序列的活动性及其与当地天然气工业开采之间的关系。研究表明单台R/Z比方法对浅层结构约束较好,而单台地震定位方法在稀疏台网情况下可以得到M2事件高精度的震源深度。
通过对余震序列的精确定位和时序分析可以比较准确地反映主震同震破裂区的空间形态和时空发展规律。为提高仪器存在时钟误差情形下地震定位结果的精确度,本论文依托发生于中部城市安徽安庆的地震序列进行研究。首先,对安庆地震后密集流动台站记录的各余震事件波形,采用S-P到时差的方法降低时钟误差对各震相到时的影响,并采用双差定位方法得到余震序列较为准确的位置,并分析地震仪器产生时钟误差的原因,评估这些仪器存在时钟误差的范围。然后,利用安庆区域地震台ANQ记录该余震序列的波形资料中近震深度震相sPL与参考震相P的到时差信息,得到余震序列较为可靠的深度分布。最后,采用主事件定位方法对安庆地震的主震重新定位,从主震与余震序列的分布关系分析地震序列的时空演化规律。研究表明,安庆地震发生在宿松--枞阳断裂带附近,其余震序列大体近水平地分布于地下深处5km附近,呈长1.5km×宽1km×高0.3km的薄板状展布；从时空分布来看,随着时间的推移余震序列似乎有往北东方向扩展的趋势,故推测余震序列划定的余震区可能大于主震的同震破裂区。研究表明,基于S-P到时差的地震定位方法可以有效消除时钟不准确带来的影响,为中小地震和余震序列活动性的精细研究提供可靠的定位结果。
地震表现为地下脆性介质快速破裂,释放大量能量并向外辐射的过程。一次破坏性地震的同震破裂产生后,原破裂区的应变能是否已经释放完全,能否短时间内在原破裂带内部再次孕育和发生震级相当的破坏性地震,也是研究地震孕育和发震规律的重要问题。由于强烈地震的破裂区和破裂过程一般较为复杂,本论文选取2003年云南大姚M6双震和2004-2005年西藏仲巴M6双震这四个强地震作为研究对象。对于大姚M6双震：通过对密集流动台网记录的两次主震的余震序列同时进行双差定位,发现两次地震的余震区都随时间扩展,但两余震区无论在深度上还是在水平位置上基本不重叠。又利用主事件相对定位方法发现第一主震位于第二主震的北西西方向。此外,还通过P波初动极性分析的方法认为两次主震破裂面的走向略有差别,与余震序列精确定位结果显示的余震区震中分布一致。从而表明,大姚双震有可能发生在同一断层系统的不同断层分支上,虽然两次主震的距离很靠近,但两同震破裂区基本没有重叠。对于仲巴M6双震：利用Hi-CLIMB台阵记录的两次主震及其余震序列波形数据,截取P波初动,采用主事件相对定位方法,分别研究两次主震后半年和一周内发生的余震序列的震中分布,划定两主震早期和晚期余震区范围,进而推测仲巴双震的同震破裂区的分布规律。研究结果表明,仲巴双震的两余震区基本不出现重叠,推测两次主震的同震破裂区也基本没有重叠,此外,还通过InSAR同震形变观测图像验证了这一结论。通过对这两对强双震的余震序列进行分析,间接研究了双震的同震破裂区,我们认为,震源区断裂带内部存在不同的段落分支,虽然能量相当的双震发震时刻接近,震源位置靠近,但发生破裂的两破裂带通常不会重叠,而是存在间断或障碍体分隔开。
With the popularizing of digital seismic observation network and the development of electronic communication network, determining earthquake location rapidly and releasing information about the earthquake quickly have become the urgent requirements. Therefore, it is the direction of long term efforts to improve the accuracy of the earthquake location, especially focal depth. Rapid determination of location can provide pivotal guidance for earthquake early warning and dibaster assistance. And precise location can provide important information of continental seismicity, which is helpful to understand internal stress environment of focal area and mechanism of the earthquake to provide important references for earthquake regularity, disaster evaluation and trend judgment. It is mostly based on the observational data of mobile stations near the epicenter to study rapid and precise location method. For instance, mobie station near Suining earthquake is used to study single station location method and focal depth determination. For another example, mobile stations monitoring aftershocks of Anqing quake are used to study precise location method with clock error. In addition, the aftershock sequences of two earthquake dublets such as Dayao earthquakes and Zhongba earthquake have been location precisely to study whether strong shock's fracture zone can occur another sizable rupture.
Accurate positions by using traditional multiple stations method are obtained dependent of correct crustal structure and dense and uniform seismic network. However, many continental earthquake, especially small and moderate earthquake, do not have perfect stations'distribution and reliable three dimensional structure, which resulted in great system errors of rapid earthquake information report, particularly focal depth. As the gradatim intensiving of global and regional seismic network, in most places sigle station has a good cover, then using single three-component seismic records to determine earthquake position information has become the direction of pratical significance. By using the frequences and phases of digital broadband seismic waves, this paper has located some M2earthquake sequences shocked in Suining with single station method.
Accurate locations of aftershocks are helpful to understanding ruptured process of main shock. The arrival-time differences between Sg and Pg by temporary seismic array installed after the January19th,2011Anqing quake were used to reconstruct the travel-time data of Pg and Sg, in order to suppress the impact of instrumental clock error. Furthermore, more accurate locations of main shock and aftershock sequences were obtained by using master event and double difference method. An algorithm was proposed to estimate the range of clock error. More reliable depth distribution of aftershocks was obtained via analysing sPL, a depth phase at near epicentral distance. This study shows that the Anqing earthquake happened near Susong-Zongyang fault zone, and aftershocks were concentrated in the depth range about5km underground nearly horizontally, spreading in the shape of a thin slab which is around1.5kilometer long,1.0kilometer wide and a thickness of0.3kilometer. Moreover, the sequence spreaded to the north-east with the time. It is suggested that the influence of clock error can be eliminated by S-P arrival-time difference method effectively, which can provide reliable location results for moderate and minor earthquakes, as well as aftershocks.
After the shock, has strain energy of the rupture zone already been released enough? Or has an other earthquake with the like magnitude shocked again inside the plane of the first fracture? These questions are the important issues concerning earthquake doublets. It is to be found that aftershock zones have been expanded, although aftershock zones have hardly any overlapped in both depth direction and horizontal direction by using the relocation method of double difference (hypoDD) to2003Dayao two earthquake sequences. And the July21Quake to the October16Quake is from the North West. In addition, it is also to be found that the strike directions of two rupture zones might vary slightly analyzing initial motion of P wave, coinciding with the relocated results of aftershock zones. These results imply that the two Dayao earthquakes, which are near enough, may occur inside the different segments of a fault system. It can be said that these two rupture zones have not overlapped.
引文
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