无机强酸引发室温聚合制备毛细管电色谱整体柱的方法和应用
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摘要
整体柱作为一种新型色谱分离介质,具有比表面积大、通透性好,传质阻力低和柱效高等特点。目前,整体柱的合成主要是通过各种单体和交联剂的热引发聚合或光和γ-射线引发聚合等。热引发需要加热,不能应用于热敏感的反应体系。光引发需要在透光的石英毛细管中进行,而辐射引发需要更苛刻的条件。此外,这些方法的聚合反应所用的催化剂或引发剂常常毒性较大,难以去除。因此,有必要开发其它的整体柱合成方法来弥补这些不足。本论文旨在克服传统的整体柱合成方法对外界光、热或者辐照等条件的依赖性,提供一种室温下无机强酸引发聚合构建整体柱的方法,并将此方法推广用于不同功能整体柱的合成。主要研究内容和创新点如下：
(1)基于室温下无机强酸引发甲基丙烯酸酯的聚合反应,发展了一种简单、快速、室温下合成毛细管整体柱的新方法。该方法能够克服现有整体柱合成方法对热、光照、辐射或有毒催化剂的依赖性,整体柱合成可以在室温下快速完成。所用引发剂无机强酸便宜、易得,并且聚合反应对无机强酸的用量、种类以及反应的时间没有苛刻的要求。用该方法合成的整体柱可用于邻、间、对硝基苯酚异构体的分离、非甾类抗生素和胺类化合物的快速分离。对电渗流标记物硫脲的柱效高达230000理论塔板数每米。该方法合成的整体柱具有较好的重现性,与传统的热和紫外光引发聚合的整体柱的重现性相当。
(2)在加热的条件下,氧化石墨烯的分散性大大降低。而利用无机强酸引发的室温合成整体柱的方法,氧化石墨烯就可以在预聚合混合物中均匀分散。据此,我们将氧化石墨烯均匀地掺杂在有机聚合物基质中,制备了新型的氧化石墨烯掺杂的电色谱整体柱,并用于毛细管电色谱分离。与未掺杂氧化石墨烯的整体柱相比,石墨烯的引入影响中性化合物的色谱行为,改善了分离。该工作探讨了氧化石墨烯作为分离介质的可行性,同时也进一步开发了无机强酸引发室温合成整体柱方法的新应用。
(3)将无机强酸引发的室温合成整体柱的方法扩展到合成无机-有机杂化整体柱。无机强酸一方面可以催化硅氧烷单体的水解反应,另一方面可以引发烯基室温下的聚合反应。据此,我们利用无机强酸(盐酸)实现了含有烯基的硅氧烷单体(甲基丙烯酰氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷)的同步水解和烯基聚合反应,发展了一种制备无机-有机杂化整体柱的新方法。这种合成方法避免了常规有机聚合物整体柱合成时对毛细管内壁的烯基化处理,而且制备在室温下即可实现,极大地简化了操作。合成的整体柱具有连续、多孔的骨架结构,对一系列苯系物体现了良好的分离性能。
Monolithic materials with a porous "single particle" structure have been extensively evolved as separation media because of their large surface area, excellent permeability, fast mass transfer and enhanced efficiency. Compared with conventional packed columns, the monolithic capillary columns overcome the difficulties in the fabrication of retaining frits and the packing of small diameter particles into narrow-bore tubes, giving improved separation performance. Previous preparation of organic polymer-based monoliths usually requires additional conditions, such as elevated temperature, UV radiation,γ-irradiation, or even electro-beam irradiation. Furthermore, some polymerizations have to be performed with the use of catalyst that is toxic and difficult to remove. The purpose of this dissertation was to explore a novel methodology based on a room temperature strong inorganic acid initiated polymerization without the need for heating, UV-radiation, y-irradiation, or even electro-beam irradiation. New applications of the strategy to the preparation of different types of monolithic columns were also demonstrated. The main contents are summarized as follows:
(1) Strong inorganic acid initiated polymerization was explored as a novel method for facile, room temperature, robust and rapid fabrication of monolith for capillary electrochromatography. Compared with conventional polymerizations, the present strong inorganic acid initiated polymerization avoided the involvement of heating, UV- andγ-irradiation, and strong inorganic acid was easier to be available than the initiator used in UV and thermally initiated polymerizations, offering the possibility for the facile fabrication of methacrylate-based monoliths at room temperature. It also had wide tolerance to the amount and variety of initiator, and reaction time. As separation media for capillary electrochromatography, the prepared monolithic columns not only provided good separation and reproducibility for neutral compounds with the number of theoretical plates even higher than 230000 plates m-1 for thiourea, but also were applicable for the separation of different types of analytes including nitrophenol isomers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and anilines. Column-to-column and batch-to-batch reproducibility for the prepared monoliths was acceptable and similar to the results obtained by thermal- and photo-initiation.
(2) Graphene oxide sheets were first incorporated into an organic polymer monolith based on the room temperature strong inorganic acid initiated polymerization to form a novel monolithic stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography. Compared with the column without graphene oxide sheets, graphene oxide sheets incorporated polymer-based monolithic column where graphene oxide facilitated the separation of the selected neutral analytes, and led to different chromatographic retention. Furthermore, the proposed monolith also provided good reproducibility.
(3) The room temperature polymerization protocol was explored for the inorganic monomer of y-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. A room temperature simultaneous hydrolysis and polymerization process was established as a novel method for the incorporation of y-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane into the monolithic column for capillary electrochromatography. Hydrochloric acid was used to catalyst the hydrolysis reaction and to initiate the polymerization of the monomer. The proposed approach avoided the pretreatment of the capillary and the reaction was achieved at room temperature, providing great convenience for the operation. The prepared monolith exhibited distinct continuous porous structure and gave good performance for the separation of alkyl benzenes.
(1)基于室温下无机强酸引发甲基丙烯酸酯的聚合反应,发展了一种简单、快速、室温下合成毛细管整体柱的新方法。该方法能够克服现有整体柱合成方法对热、光照、辐射或有毒催化剂的依赖性,整体柱合成可以在室温下快速完成。所用引发剂无机强酸便宜、易得,并且聚合反应对无机强酸的用量、种类以及反应的时间没有苛刻的要求。用该方法合成的整体柱可用于邻、间、对硝基苯酚异构体的分离、非甾类抗生素和胺类化合物的快速分离。对电渗流标记物硫脲的柱效高达230000理论塔板数每米。该方法合成的整体柱具有较好的重现性,与传统的热和紫外光引发聚合的整体柱的重现性相当。
(2)在加热的条件下,氧化石墨烯的分散性大大降低。而利用无机强酸引发的室温合成整体柱的方法,氧化石墨烯就可以在预聚合混合物中均匀分散。据此,我们将氧化石墨烯均匀地掺杂在有机聚合物基质中,制备了新型的氧化石墨烯掺杂的电色谱整体柱,并用于毛细管电色谱分离。与未掺杂氧化石墨烯的整体柱相比,石墨烯的引入影响中性化合物的色谱行为,改善了分离。该工作探讨了氧化石墨烯作为分离介质的可行性,同时也进一步开发了无机强酸引发室温合成整体柱方法的新应用。
(3)将无机强酸引发的室温合成整体柱的方法扩展到合成无机-有机杂化整体柱。无机强酸一方面可以催化硅氧烷单体的水解反应,另一方面可以引发烯基室温下的聚合反应。据此,我们利用无机强酸(盐酸)实现了含有烯基的硅氧烷单体(甲基丙烯酰氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷)的同步水解和烯基聚合反应,发展了一种制备无机-有机杂化整体柱的新方法。这种合成方法避免了常规有机聚合物整体柱合成时对毛细管内壁的烯基化处理,而且制备在室温下即可实现,极大地简化了操作。合成的整体柱具有连续、多孔的骨架结构,对一系列苯系物体现了良好的分离性能。
Monolithic materials with a porous "single particle" structure have been extensively evolved as separation media because of their large surface area, excellent permeability, fast mass transfer and enhanced efficiency. Compared with conventional packed columns, the monolithic capillary columns overcome the difficulties in the fabrication of retaining frits and the packing of small diameter particles into narrow-bore tubes, giving improved separation performance. Previous preparation of organic polymer-based monoliths usually requires additional conditions, such as elevated temperature, UV radiation,γ-irradiation, or even electro-beam irradiation. Furthermore, some polymerizations have to be performed with the use of catalyst that is toxic and difficult to remove. The purpose of this dissertation was to explore a novel methodology based on a room temperature strong inorganic acid initiated polymerization without the need for heating, UV-radiation, y-irradiation, or even electro-beam irradiation. New applications of the strategy to the preparation of different types of monolithic columns were also demonstrated. The main contents are summarized as follows:
(1) Strong inorganic acid initiated polymerization was explored as a novel method for facile, room temperature, robust and rapid fabrication of monolith for capillary electrochromatography. Compared with conventional polymerizations, the present strong inorganic acid initiated polymerization avoided the involvement of heating, UV- andγ-irradiation, and strong inorganic acid was easier to be available than the initiator used in UV and thermally initiated polymerizations, offering the possibility for the facile fabrication of methacrylate-based monoliths at room temperature. It also had wide tolerance to the amount and variety of initiator, and reaction time. As separation media for capillary electrochromatography, the prepared monolithic columns not only provided good separation and reproducibility for neutral compounds with the number of theoretical plates even higher than 230000 plates m-1 for thiourea, but also were applicable for the separation of different types of analytes including nitrophenol isomers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and anilines. Column-to-column and batch-to-batch reproducibility for the prepared monoliths was acceptable and similar to the results obtained by thermal- and photo-initiation.
(2) Graphene oxide sheets were first incorporated into an organic polymer monolith based on the room temperature strong inorganic acid initiated polymerization to form a novel monolithic stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography. Compared with the column without graphene oxide sheets, graphene oxide sheets incorporated polymer-based monolithic column where graphene oxide facilitated the separation of the selected neutral analytes, and led to different chromatographic retention. Furthermore, the proposed monolith also provided good reproducibility.
(3) The room temperature polymerization protocol was explored for the inorganic monomer of y-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. A room temperature simultaneous hydrolysis and polymerization process was established as a novel method for the incorporation of y-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane into the monolithic column for capillary electrochromatography. Hydrochloric acid was used to catalyst the hydrolysis reaction and to initiate the polymerization of the monomer. The proposed approach avoided the pretreatment of the capillary and the reaction was achieved at room temperature, providing great convenience for the operation. The prepared monolith exhibited distinct continuous porous structure and gave good performance for the separation of alkyl benzenes.
引文
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