含硫单体的合成及光聚合性能
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摘要
含杂原子光固化单体在固化后的涂层具有特殊的功能性，是目前光固化领域新的研究方向。含硫杂原子的聚合物有很多突出的特点：疏水、高折射率、低吸潮性、低溶剂溶胀性、好的粘结性。在自由基光聚合中，含硫单体具有一定抗氧阻聚作用，固化后的聚合物疏水，折射率高。特别值得注意的是，对含环硫的单体进行阳离子光聚合反应研究极少，鲜有文献报道。而合成的这些含硫单体可应用于树脂镜片、光学器件、涂料、粘胶剂等领域。
论文中合成的含硫单体可以进行自由基或者阳离子光聚合反应，得到高折射率或者高粘接强度的涂层。首先设计合成含双酚S结构的双酚S环氧甲基丙烯酸酯，并通过硅烷偶联剂对双酚S环氧甲基丙烯酸酯进行改性，合成低粘度的双酚S甲基丙烯酸酯及1,4-丁二醇环硫，对这些单体进行光固化得到高折射率或者高粘结性能的光固化涂层。研究了这些涂层的物理机械性能。另外将环硫与环氧，乙烯基醚及丙烯酸酯混合进行共聚，研究了这些阳离子单体光聚合过程及性能。本论文的主要内容及结论如下：
1．合成双酚S环氧甲基丙烯酸酯（DBSMA），利用红外，核磁和质谱对单体的结构进行表征。采用实时红外研究了产物在不同光固化条件下，例如不同引发剂类型和浓度，有无氧气，和不同的稀释剂混合（HDDMA）的动力学。结果发现产物有很好的抗氧阻聚性能。通过动态机械分析、热稳定性分析研究了固化膜的机械性能。结果表明DBSMA均聚物比DBSMA/HDDMA体系有更好的热稳定性及更高的玻璃化温度。另外，DBSMA比商品化的BIS-GMA有更高的热力学性能。通过阿贝折光仪测量固化膜的折光率，结果DBSMA有更高的折光率。
2．利用不同比例3-异氰酸丙基三乙氧基硅烷偶联剂改性了双酚S环氧甲基丙烯酸酯DBSMA，改性的偶联剂的百分数含量为从0到70%。利用紫外光固化改性的单体，得到硬和透明的有机无机杂化膜。通过多种分析手段表征合成产物的固化动力学、热机械性能、硬度、光泽度和粘结强度等性能。动态力学分析结果显示改性后的杂化膜的机械强度得到显著提高；热稳定分析结果显示改性后的杂化膜在高温阶段的热稳定性得到显著提高；粘结强度结果显示改性后杂化膜的粘结强度提高。
3．合成了低粘度的双酚S双官能的甲基丙烯酸酯（DMAPPS），通过红外、核磁和元素分析对单体的结构进行表征。发现产物有低的粘度并且在常温下不结晶的物理性质。在不同的光固化条件下，例如不同的引发剂浓度和类型，通过实时红外对其进行动力学测试。结果表明DMAPPS有更快的固化速率。通过动态机械分析、热稳定性分析及折射率测试对这些固化膜进行机械性能分析。结果表明DMAPPS均聚物比DBSMA有更好的热机械性能及折射率。
4．含硫的化合物在光固化领域有特别的意义。通过1,4-丁二醇缩水甘油醚（BDDGE）和硫氰酸钾（PSTA）反应合成一种环硫单体1,4-丁二醇环硫（BPT）。通过红外，核磁和质谱确认它的结构。利用实时红外在不同的固化条件下例如引发剂浓度和类型及气氛等研究产物的阳离子聚合动力学。通过对BPT的折光率和粘结强度等性能的测试。发现同BDDGE固化膜相比BPT有更高的折射率，并且在PET和马口铁上有更好的粘结强度。
5．研究了环硫体系的阳离子聚合过程。结果发现在单官能度脂环族环氧存在的情况下环硫聚合的速率和转化率都得到提高。在乙烯基醚存在的情况下环硫聚合速率及转化率受到阻碍。反之，在环硫存在的情况下，环氧及乙烯基醚的光聚合速率及转化率受到环硫阻碍。并且发现升高温度有助于打破活性种的络合状态，促使阳离子单体之间更好的发生共聚反应。研究了丙烯酸酯和环硫共聚，结果发现丙烯酸酯和环硫能形成IPN互穿网络。
UV-curable monomers with heteroatom have a special function in thecoatings after curing. The excellent chemical and physical properties of theUV-cured film make monomers with heteroatom highly attractive forapplications as coatings, adhesives, inks and composites. Sulfur-containingmonomers possess lots of unique characteristics including: hydrophobicity,high refractive index, low moisture absorption, low solvent swelling, etc.Sulfur-containing monomers are least sensitive to oxygen inhibition as well asgive the best results when free radical polymerized in Air. It's important tonote that there have been few studies on cationic polymerization of theepisulfide. UV-curable monomers with sulfur heteroatom could be used indifferent areas, such as lenses,display devices,coatings and adhesives.
Sulfur-containing monomers could be synthetized and photopolymerizein the presence of free or cationic initiator. Dimethacrylates based onbisphenol-S were synthesized. The DBSMA resin was modified with vasiousamount of3-isocyanatepropyltriethoxysilane (KBE9007) coupling agent. Thephotocuring kinetics, primary physical and mechanical properties of polymerswas investigated by Real Time Infrared, DMA and TGA. Difunctional episulfide (BPT) was synthesized. Then Episulfide based systems wereinvestigated in cationic photopolymerization process. Some properties such asrefractive index and adhesion strength of BPT polymer were studied.
1．A dimethacrylate based on bisphenol-S (DBSMA) was prepared andcharacterized by FTIR, ESI/MS,1HNMR and13CNMR. DBSMA wasinvestigated by a real-time infrared spectroscopy (RT-IR), under differentconditions such as varying photoinitiator type and concentration, with andwithout oxygen, mixing with different amount of a reactive diluents(1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate). The mechanical and thermal properties ofthese curing films were also investigated by DMA and TGA. The resultsshowed homopolymer of DBSMA has better thermal stability than copolymersof DBSMA/HDDMA systems. Also, the cured DBSMA polymer exhibitedhigher glass transition temperature (Tg) and better thermal stability and higherrefractive index compared with commercial available resin Bis-GMA(CN151).
2．Novel hybrid oligomers based on a UV-curable bisphenol-S epoxydimethacrylate (DBSMA) were synthetized. DBSMA was modifed withvarious amount of (3-Isocyanatopropyl) triethoxysilane (IPTES) couplingagent. The modifcation degree of the hybrid oligomer was varied from0to70wt%. The photopolymerization kinetics was monitored by a real-time infraredspectroscopy (RT-IR). The conversion and rate of hybrid coatings increasedwith the increase in modifcation degree. UV-curable, hard and transparent organic–inorganic hybrid coatings were prepared. They were performed by theanalyses of various properties such as surface property and mechanicalproperty. Results from the mechanical measurements showed that theproperties of hybrid coatings improved with the increase in modifcationdegree. The thermal behavior of coatings was also investigated.
3．A low-viscosity dimethacrylate based on bisphenol-S (DMAPPS) wasprepared and characterized by FTIR,1HNMR and elemental analysis.DMAPPS had low viscosity and no crystallization. DMAPPS was investigatedby a real-time infrared spectroscopy (RT-IR), under different conditions suchas varying photoinitiator type and concentration. The mechanical and thermalproperties of these curing films were also investigated by DMA and TGA. Theresults showed the cured DMAPPS polymer exhibited higher glass transitiontemperature (Tg), better thermal stability and higher refractive index comparedwith DBSMA.
4．Sulfur-containing compounds have attracted widely interest in the UV area.A episulfide monomer,1,4-Butanediol episulfide (BDDGE-PSTC (BPT)),was synthesized via replacement of the oxygen atoms in1,4-Butanedioldiglycidyl ether (BDDGE) with sulfur atoms. Its structure was confrmed byFT-IR,1H-NMR and ESI/MS. The photopolymerization kinetics of the BPTwas studied by real-time Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), under differentcondition such as photoinitiator concentration and type, atmosphere and so on.Some properties such as refractive index and adhesion strength of the cured BPT polymer were studied. It was found that the cured BPT polymer showedhigher refractive index in comparison with BDDGE. The cured BPT polymerhad better adhesive strength in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and iron. Thethermal and mechanical properties of UV-curing BPT films were alsoinvestigated by TGA and DMA.
5．Episulfide based systems were investigated in cationicphotopolymerization process. The effect on the rate and conversion of BPTpolymerization enhanced in the presence of monofunctional epoxy monomer,but suppressed by vinyl ether monomers. The rate and conversion ofmonofunctional epoxy monomer and vinyl ether monomers were suppressedby episulfide. It was found that the rate and conversion of comonomersdrastically increased when temperature risen, which breaked comonomerscomplexing. DSC showed that comonomers had a single glass transitiontemperature. Acrylate and BPT could occur hybrid polymerization. It wasfound that they could form IPN crosslinked network.
论文中合成的含硫单体可以进行自由基或者阳离子光聚合反应，得到高折射率或者高粘接强度的涂层。首先设计合成含双酚S结构的双酚S环氧甲基丙烯酸酯，并通过硅烷偶联剂对双酚S环氧甲基丙烯酸酯进行改性，合成低粘度的双酚S甲基丙烯酸酯及1,4-丁二醇环硫，对这些单体进行光固化得到高折射率或者高粘结性能的光固化涂层。研究了这些涂层的物理机械性能。另外将环硫与环氧，乙烯基醚及丙烯酸酯混合进行共聚，研究了这些阳离子单体光聚合过程及性能。本论文的主要内容及结论如下：
1．合成双酚S环氧甲基丙烯酸酯（DBSMA），利用红外，核磁和质谱对单体的结构进行表征。采用实时红外研究了产物在不同光固化条件下，例如不同引发剂类型和浓度，有无氧气，和不同的稀释剂混合（HDDMA）的动力学。结果发现产物有很好的抗氧阻聚性能。通过动态机械分析、热稳定性分析研究了固化膜的机械性能。结果表明DBSMA均聚物比DBSMA/HDDMA体系有更好的热稳定性及更高的玻璃化温度。另外，DBSMA比商品化的BIS-GMA有更高的热力学性能。通过阿贝折光仪测量固化膜的折光率，结果DBSMA有更高的折光率。
2．利用不同比例3-异氰酸丙基三乙氧基硅烷偶联剂改性了双酚S环氧甲基丙烯酸酯DBSMA，改性的偶联剂的百分数含量为从0到70%。利用紫外光固化改性的单体，得到硬和透明的有机无机杂化膜。通过多种分析手段表征合成产物的固化动力学、热机械性能、硬度、光泽度和粘结强度等性能。动态力学分析结果显示改性后的杂化膜的机械强度得到显著提高；热稳定分析结果显示改性后的杂化膜在高温阶段的热稳定性得到显著提高；粘结强度结果显示改性后杂化膜的粘结强度提高。
3．合成了低粘度的双酚S双官能的甲基丙烯酸酯（DMAPPS），通过红外、核磁和元素分析对单体的结构进行表征。发现产物有低的粘度并且在常温下不结晶的物理性质。在不同的光固化条件下，例如不同的引发剂浓度和类型，通过实时红外对其进行动力学测试。结果表明DMAPPS有更快的固化速率。通过动态机械分析、热稳定性分析及折射率测试对这些固化膜进行机械性能分析。结果表明DMAPPS均聚物比DBSMA有更好的热机械性能及折射率。
4．含硫的化合物在光固化领域有特别的意义。通过1,4-丁二醇缩水甘油醚（BDDGE）和硫氰酸钾（PSTA）反应合成一种环硫单体1,4-丁二醇环硫（BPT）。通过红外，核磁和质谱确认它的结构。利用实时红外在不同的固化条件下例如引发剂浓度和类型及气氛等研究产物的阳离子聚合动力学。通过对BPT的折光率和粘结强度等性能的测试。发现同BDDGE固化膜相比BPT有更高的折射率，并且在PET和马口铁上有更好的粘结强度。
5．研究了环硫体系的阳离子聚合过程。结果发现在单官能度脂环族环氧存在的情况下环硫聚合的速率和转化率都得到提高。在乙烯基醚存在的情况下环硫聚合速率及转化率受到阻碍。反之，在环硫存在的情况下，环氧及乙烯基醚的光聚合速率及转化率受到环硫阻碍。并且发现升高温度有助于打破活性种的络合状态，促使阳离子单体之间更好的发生共聚反应。研究了丙烯酸酯和环硫共聚，结果发现丙烯酸酯和环硫能形成IPN互穿网络。
UV-curable monomers with heteroatom have a special function in thecoatings after curing. The excellent chemical and physical properties of theUV-cured film make monomers with heteroatom highly attractive forapplications as coatings, adhesives, inks and composites. Sulfur-containingmonomers possess lots of unique characteristics including: hydrophobicity,high refractive index, low moisture absorption, low solvent swelling, etc.Sulfur-containing monomers are least sensitive to oxygen inhibition as well asgive the best results when free radical polymerized in Air. It's important tonote that there have been few studies on cationic polymerization of theepisulfide. UV-curable monomers with sulfur heteroatom could be used indifferent areas, such as lenses,display devices,coatings and adhesives.
Sulfur-containing monomers could be synthetized and photopolymerizein the presence of free or cationic initiator. Dimethacrylates based onbisphenol-S were synthesized. The DBSMA resin was modified with vasiousamount of3-isocyanatepropyltriethoxysilane (KBE9007) coupling agent. Thephotocuring kinetics, primary physical and mechanical properties of polymerswas investigated by Real Time Infrared, DMA and TGA. Difunctional episulfide (BPT) was synthesized. Then Episulfide based systems wereinvestigated in cationic photopolymerization process. Some properties such asrefractive index and adhesion strength of BPT polymer were studied.
1．A dimethacrylate based on bisphenol-S (DBSMA) was prepared andcharacterized by FTIR, ESI/MS,1HNMR and13CNMR. DBSMA wasinvestigated by a real-time infrared spectroscopy (RT-IR), under differentconditions such as varying photoinitiator type and concentration, with andwithout oxygen, mixing with different amount of a reactive diluents(1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate). The mechanical and thermal properties ofthese curing films were also investigated by DMA and TGA. The resultsshowed homopolymer of DBSMA has better thermal stability than copolymersof DBSMA/HDDMA systems. Also, the cured DBSMA polymer exhibitedhigher glass transition temperature (Tg) and better thermal stability and higherrefractive index compared with commercial available resin Bis-GMA(CN151).
2．Novel hybrid oligomers based on a UV-curable bisphenol-S epoxydimethacrylate (DBSMA) were synthetized. DBSMA was modifed withvarious amount of (3-Isocyanatopropyl) triethoxysilane (IPTES) couplingagent. The modifcation degree of the hybrid oligomer was varied from0to70wt%. The photopolymerization kinetics was monitored by a real-time infraredspectroscopy (RT-IR). The conversion and rate of hybrid coatings increasedwith the increase in modifcation degree. UV-curable, hard and transparent organic–inorganic hybrid coatings were prepared. They were performed by theanalyses of various properties such as surface property and mechanicalproperty. Results from the mechanical measurements showed that theproperties of hybrid coatings improved with the increase in modifcationdegree. The thermal behavior of coatings was also investigated.
3．A low-viscosity dimethacrylate based on bisphenol-S (DMAPPS) wasprepared and characterized by FTIR,1HNMR and elemental analysis.DMAPPS had low viscosity and no crystallization. DMAPPS was investigatedby a real-time infrared spectroscopy (RT-IR), under different conditions suchas varying photoinitiator type and concentration. The mechanical and thermalproperties of these curing films were also investigated by DMA and TGA. Theresults showed the cured DMAPPS polymer exhibited higher glass transitiontemperature (Tg), better thermal stability and higher refractive index comparedwith DBSMA.
4．Sulfur-containing compounds have attracted widely interest in the UV area.A episulfide monomer,1,4-Butanediol episulfide (BDDGE-PSTC (BPT)),was synthesized via replacement of the oxygen atoms in1,4-Butanedioldiglycidyl ether (BDDGE) with sulfur atoms. Its structure was confrmed byFT-IR,1H-NMR and ESI/MS. The photopolymerization kinetics of the BPTwas studied by real-time Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), under differentcondition such as photoinitiator concentration and type, atmosphere and so on.Some properties such as refractive index and adhesion strength of the cured BPT polymer were studied. It was found that the cured BPT polymer showedhigher refractive index in comparison with BDDGE. The cured BPT polymerhad better adhesive strength in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and iron. Thethermal and mechanical properties of UV-curing BPT films were alsoinvestigated by TGA and DMA.
5．Episulfide based systems were investigated in cationicphotopolymerization process. The effect on the rate and conversion of BPTpolymerization enhanced in the presence of monofunctional epoxy monomer,but suppressed by vinyl ether monomers. The rate and conversion ofmonofunctional epoxy monomer and vinyl ether monomers were suppressedby episulfide. It was found that the rate and conversion of comonomersdrastically increased when temperature risen, which breaked comonomerscomplexing. DSC showed that comonomers had a single glass transitiontemperature. Acrylate and BPT could occur hybrid polymerization. It wasfound that they could form IPN crosslinked network.
引文
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