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经济转型背景下中国铝产业发展战略研究
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摘要
目前,中国已经进入工业化中后期,转变经济发展方式是未来发展的重心。对中国铝产业来说,尽快解决产能过剩、能耗偏高、污染严重、高端产品发展滞后等问题,促进铝产业的可持续发展,是一项紧迫而艰巨的任务,这也对铝产业发展战略研究提出了新的挑战。从近期已有的研究成果来看,对中国铝产业发展存在的问题定位准确,并提出了较好对策建议,不过,这些成果多偏重于技术经济学、环境经济学等中微观层面的分析,以经济转型为宏观背景、以资源全球化配置为宏观视角的成果比较鲜见。本文基于长周期、大样本的数据,从对发达国家铝消费规律的把握入手,构建普适性需求预测模型。以定量手段为主,透彻理解中国经济转型内涵,对比分析国内外铝资源分布、产业发展现状,科学预测中国未来铝需求,提出时代背景鲜明的铝产业发展战略,以期为相关规划与政策调整提供借鉴。取得的主要结论和认识如下:
     第一,中国铝需求峰值将在2025年前后到来,铝需求量将达3280—3650万吨,占全球近一半,为2011年的近2倍;2011-2030年的累计需求将达5.2-6.3亿吨,为过去20年累计消费的4倍左右。未来中国铝需求将超过以往任何时期。
     第二,中国铝土矿资源处于中等丰度水平,2001-2011年国内静态保障年限由135年下降至23年。目前中国资源供应的主要问题在于:国内资源品质不佳,且分布过于集中,不利于资源配置;境外开发起步晚、相关机制不健全、企业缺乏积极性,未能形成对国内产业发展的有效支撑。
     第三,中国铝产业发展结构性矛盾突出:国内矿山产量无法满足下游生产需要;氧化铝和电解铝产能均过剩约30%,投资过剩和产能盲目扩张难以遏制;铝材加工产品结构不合理,高附加值铝材比重偏低;缺乏成熟完善的二次铝回收体系。
     第四,基于对铝生产与消费的物质流分析,测算铝土矿、氧化铝、原铝、铝材、再生铝等铝产业全部环节的综合对外依存度。结果表明原铝和铝材出口推高了中国铝资源的对外依存度的主要原因,认为未来应严禁原铝出口,适度增加原铝和铝材进口。
     第五,基于经济转型背景及铝需求预测提出未来铝产业发展构想:严格限制采选及冶炼产能规模的无序扩张,同时淘汰落后产能,逐步提高产业集中度;延伸产业链,推动技术创新,提高产品附加值;合理配置国内资源,加大境外资源开发力度,提高二次资源回收比例,建立起可靠的资源保障体系;调整产业布局,积极引导企业利用西部优秀的能源资源;将境外开发与产业转移有机结合,向印度、东盟以及西非地区转移冶炼产能,分享后续工业化国家的发展红利。
At present, China entered the middle-later stage of industrialization, and changing theway of economic development is the focus of development in the future. Solvingexcess production capacity, high energy consumption, serious pollutions, slowdevelopment of high-end product and other problems as soon as possible andpromoting the sustainable development of aluminum industry are pressing andarduous tasks, which bring up new challenges for strategic research of thedevelopment of aluminum industry. According to latest research results, the existingproblems in the development of China's aluminum industry have been preciselypinpointed and good proposals have been made. However, these results mostlyfocus on technological economics, environmental economics and analyses of middleand microcosmic level, while results that consider economic transition as macrobackground and of globalization resource configuration as macroscopic view are rare.Based on data of long period and large sample, the paper starts with laws of aluminumconsumption of developed countries, and establishes universal model for demandforecasting. The paper mainly uses quantitative method; understand the meaning ofthe economic transition of China thoroughly; contrastively analyzes current situationof distribution and industrial development of aluminum resources at home and abroad;predicts scientifically that China's demand for aluminum of the future; devisesdevelopment strategy of the aluminum industry, which has distinct backgroundcharacteristic of times; hopes that it can be used for reference for relevant planningand policy. The major conclusions are as follows:
     First, peak value of aluminum demand of China will come around2025, and thedemand will reach32.8to36.5million tons, which is nearly the half of global demand,nearly the double of the demand in2011, and the total demand of2011to2030willreach520to630million tons, the quadruple of total consumption of the last20years.The aluminum demand of China in the future will be larger than that of any previous period.
     Second, reserve of domestic bauxite in China is being at the middle level ofabundance. From2001to2011, resource static protection period declined from135years to23years. Nowadays, resources supply in China is facing several challenges:domestic resources have the low quality and are over-centralized distribution, whichis adverse to resource allocation; overseas development starts late and relative systemhas not completely established, and enterprises lack motivation, which doesn't provideeffective support for domestic aluminum industrial development.
     Third, there exists severe structural contradiction in aluminum industrial development.The domestic mine production cannot meet subordinate production needs, and there is30%surplus production of both alumina and electrolytic aluminum; and it is hard tocurb excess investment and blind expansion of production capacity; The pattern ofaluminum processing products is unreasonable, and the proportion of aluminummaterial of high added value is relatively low, lacking mature and perfect recyclingsystem for secondary aluminum.
     Fourth, based on the material flow analysis of production and consumption ofaluminum, measure and calculate the external dependence degree of bauxite, alumina,crude aluminum, aluminum material and secondary aluminum and the other parts ofaluminum industry, and then unreasonable structure of improting and exporting ofaluminum product are found to be the main reason why the high external dependencedegree of China has been reached, so the export of crude aluminum should be strictlyforbidden and the import of crude aluminum and aluminum material should beincreased reasonably.
     Fifth, in terms of background of the economic transformation, the idea of futuredevelopment of aluminum industry comes into sight: strictly restrict the unlimitedsprawl of capacity expansion in mining and dressing and smelting and eliminate outmoded productivity at the same time and increase the industrial concentrationgradually; extend the industrial chain and promote technological innovation andenhance the extra value of the products; properly deploy domestic resources andincrease the intensity of development of overseas resources and improve the supplyrate of domestic secondary resources and establish reliable resources guaranteesystem; adjust the industrial distribution and actively guide enterprises to exploit thefine energy resources of the western region; combine development abroad withindustry transfer, and transfer productivity of smelting to India and the Association ofSoutheast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and west Africa, and take the advantage ofbenefits of the development of these countries.
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