溴代阻燃剂的分析方法及其在黄河三角洲土壤中的污染特征
|
摘要
本论文在全面综述环境中溴代阻燃剂(BFRs)的富集、净化与分析方法、来源及源解析技术、吸附/解吸机理、土壤特性参数影响污染物分布的基础上,针对国内外目前尚无通用分析方法的现状,经过系统研究样品前处理技术并全面优化影响回收率与灵敏度的因素后,建立了环境水样中四溴双酚A (TBBPA)、六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)液相分散微萃取联合液相色谱串联质谱联用技术的分析方法；建立了环境土壤中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、TBBPA与HBCDs的基于基质固相分散联合色谱质谱联用技术的分析方法；制订了区域土壤采样方案,研究得到了黄河三角洲地区土壤中PBDEs. TBBPA与HBCDs的组成特征、分布特征、污染现状及其三维空间分布规律；利用相关性分析、聚类分析及主成分分析对黄河三角洲土壤中BFRs的来源与分布影响因素等进行了简要分析,从而建立了土壤环境中BFRs污染源的识别和解析方法；找到了影响BFRs分布的主要土壤坏境特性因素。本研究为进一步揭示土壤环境中BFRs的来源、迁移转化机理和归趋研究奠定了理论基础,同时可为我国新型溴代阻燃剂污染控制和增强环境履约能力提供技术与科技支撑。论文研究内容及结论如下：
(1)利用室温离子液体(RTIL)液相分散微萃取技术与液相色谱串联质谱联用技术(TCILDLME-LC-MS-MS),建立了水样中TBBPA与HBCDs简便、环境友好、灵敏的分析方法。实验中用几十微升的室温离子液体为萃取剂,代替了传统方法使用的数百毫升有毒有机试剂,避免了环境污染,节省了费用,减小了样品用量,缩短了样品前处理的时间,同时大大减少了劳动强度。对实际环境水样的分析的结果表明该方法精密度高、准确性好、检测限低,在环境监测和研究领域具有广阔的应用前景。
研究结果为：①TBBPA的最优条件：70μL[C6mim][PF6]、萃取温度60℃、萃取时间15min、水样溶液pH4、0%盐浓度。在上述条件下,空白样品基质加标回收率为72.4-103.9%,相对标准偏差为3.31-8.68%,方法检测限为50ng/L,并对三个实际水样进行了测定。②HBCDs的最优条件：70μL[C6mim][PF6]、萃取温度75℃、萃取时间30min、水样溶液pH6、0%盐浓度。在上述条件下,空白样品基质加标回收率在77.2-99.3%之间,精密度2.2-8.43%,方法检测限为10ng/L,并成功应用于实际水样的分析。
(2)建立了基于竹炭为分散吸附剂的基质固相分散联合气相色谱负化学源质谱联用技术(MSPD-GC-NCI-MS)的快速分析土壤中8种PBDEs的方法。最优条件为：1.0g土壤与0.5g竹炭混合,用10mL二氯甲烷洗脱。在此条件下,空白加标回收率为71.7-105.9%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.57-9.88%,方法检测限分别为10-80ng/kg,满足美国1614方法草案的要求。
(3)建立了基于竹炭为分散吸附剂的基质固相分散同位素稀释联合液相色谱串联质谱联用(MSPD-ISD-LC-MS-MS)技术快速分析土壤中TBBPA与HBCD三种异构体的方法。最优条件为：质谱干燥气温度280℃,柱温50℃,0.5g土壤与0.5g竹炭混合,使用8mL二氯甲烷与乙腈的混合液洗脱(体积比9：1)。在上述条件下,空白加标回收率为72.8-102.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.4-9.8%,TBBPA、α-、β-、γ-HBCD方法检测限分别为11、75、10与4ng/kg。以上数据说明,该方法可满足检测土壤中低浓度的TBBPA与HBCDs的要求。
基质固相分散技术极大的缩短了样品前处理时间,将传统实验20多小时的样品前处理缩短为20分钟；LC-MS-MS分析技术中应用同位素稀释法消除了基质效应的影响,实验结果说明所建立的方法简单、快速、检测限低,适合于实际批量样品的常规分析,具有十分重要的实际应用价值。
(4)经过对黄河三角洲地理概况、自然环境及社会经济发展的简要分析,制订了区域土壤采集方案。利用所建立的分析方法,对所采集的土壤样品分析后,得到黄河三角洲表层土壤中BFRs的浓度及组成特征：
①土壤中8种PBDEs同系物均有检出,PBDEs总浓度为0.944μg/kg, BDE209浓度为0.775μg/kg,占总量的72.5%,是PBDEs支配地位的同系物,说明PBDEs污染主要来自于Deca-BDE; BDE28、47、99、153及BDE183等低溴代联苯醚,代表了penta-BDE与octa-BDE对研究区PBDEs的贡献。土壤中的penta-BDE的组成模式与其他研究大体相似,但又有所区别。本研究BDE47与BDE99的比值与商品Great lakeDE-71中比值较为接近,说明Great lake DE-71工业品的使用或相似产品的生产可能是黄河三角洲土壤penta-BDE的重要来源。
②HBCDs的浓度及组成特征:HBCDs,总浓度为3.734μg/kg。α-与γ-HBCD同时检出,二者浓度与检出频次相关性,γ-HBCD为主要异构体,丰度为58.21%。HBCDs异构体的组成特征,说明研究区存在HBCDs工业品的近距离排放来源,但特定采样点也存在着其他输入途径或发生了降解、转化等环境行为变化；TBBPA的浓度为0.601μg/kg。
(5)黄河三角洲土壤中BFRs的空间分布特征：
①纵向上PBDEs与HBCDs的含量随纬度的下降而逐渐增大,但TBBPA的上升趋势不明显,说明黄河三角洲土壤中PBDEs与HBCDs可能主要来源于南部莱州湾BFRs生产过程中污染源的LART, TBBPA则可能来自采样点当地直接释放；
②横向上黄河三角洲土壤中BFRs的浓度随黄河流向而逐渐减小,但三种BFRs的具体变化不完全一致,说明各类BFRs的源-大气-土壤的转化效率或输入途径存在区别；
③垂向剖面土壤越深,BFRs含量越低；随剖面深度增大,低溴代BDEs同系物丰度升高,HBCDs异构体组成变化没有明显特征。
(6)污染水平比较：黄河三角洲土壤中PBDEs的浓度与其他中国报道的非点源来源地区土壤中的浓度接近,处于世界土壤PBDEs污染的较低水平；TBBPA的污染水平低于荷兰等国外河流沉积物及武汉市垃圾填埋场土壤中浓度,与美国、挪威湖泊沉积物中的含量相当；HBCDs的污染水平与我国哈尔滨市、广州市城市与农田土壤含量接近。总体结论为黄河三角洲土壤中BFRs含量较低,与我国城区及国外背景点污染水平接近,PBDEs污染低于USEPA建议的标准限值；
(7)黄河三角洲土壤PBDEs、BDE209、TBBPA及HBCDs的蓄积量分别为：15.29t、12.55t、9.73t与60.49t。说明BFRs蓄积量已达到一定水平,建议必须尽早建立起相应的控制、预警和消减技术,将BFRs可能造成的环境危害降至最低。
(8)通过相关性分析、聚类分析与主成分分析,得到以下结论：①deca-BDE与HBCDs对黄河三角洲土壤中BFRs有较大的贡献,但同时deca-BDE在环境中经自然光照或生物降解来源也不能忽视；②deca-BDE对PBDEs污染贡献最大,penta-BDE对∑low(BDEs)贡献率较大,octa-BDE对∑low(BDEs)贡献较小；③LRAT对土壤中TBBPA贡献较小,TBBPA主要来源于当地生活与生产活动向周围环境的直接释放；④HBCDs与deca-BDE均通过大气近距离输送而沉降于表层土壤,可能来源于莱州湾BFRs生产区,∑low(BDEs)可能为黄河三角洲外大气长远距离的输入。
(9)通过对黄河三角洲地区土壤性质与BFRs污染分布的相关性分析,可以看出,土壤TOC与BDE28、BDE47、BDE153及∑low(BDEs)呈显著正相关,与∑PBDEs、TBBPA及HBCDs呈弱正相关关系。土壤中水溶性盐含量与BFRs很弱的负相关,pH值及硫含量与BFRs没有明显的相关性。因此,土壤中TOC含量是影响BFRs分布的主要因素。
In this study, the former researches about the analytical methods, advanced progress of BFRs in environmental and organism matrix, source apportionment approaches and distribution trends in soils were reviewed comprehensively. The factors influencing recovery were investigated and optimized systematically, an rapid and accurate analytical method for determination of TBBPA and HBCDs in environmental water samples by liquid dispersive microextraction prior to with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed; Another rousted analytical approach for determination of PBDEs, TBBPA and HBCDs in environmental soil was proposed based on the matrix solid phase dispersive technique; The sampling scheme was instituted, and the compositions, distribution trends, pollution levels and spatial distribution of PBDEs, HBCDs and TBBPA in soil from Yellow River Delta were investigated in detail and obtained; The source apportionment of BFRs in soil was carried out by correlation analyses, hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis; The influences of the soil characteristics parameters to distribution of BFRs in soil was studied and the controlling factor was founded out by correction analysis. The study provided a method and theory basis for the research on the mechanism of transportation, transformation and fating of BFRs in soil. This dissertation included the following contents and conclusions:
(1).Based on temperature controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (TCILDLME-LC-MS-MS), two rapid, simple, environmental, sensitive analytical methods for determination of TBBPA and HBCDs were established.
①The final optimum conditions for determination of TBBPA are70μL[C6mim][PF6], extraction temperature60℃, extraction time15min, solution pH4and0%salt content. Under above condtions, excellent linearity of TBBPA was obtained in the range of0.5-50μg/L with correlative coefficient (R)0.9987. The limit of detection of TBBPA was0.05μg/L and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was7.70%(n=6). The satisfactory of TBBPA spiked recoveries were in the range of92.4-103.9%and RSDs were in the range of3.31-8.68%.②The final optimum conditions for determination of HBCDs are70μL [C6mim][PF6], extraction temperature75℃, extraction time30min, solution pH6and0%salt content. Under above condtions, good linear relationship, sensitivity and reproducibility of HBCDs were obtained. All the limits of detection for the three diastereomers were10ng/L. The linear range was obtained in the range of1-100μg/L for the total amount of three HBCD diastereomers. It was satisfactory to analyze real environmental water samples with the recoveries ranging from77.2%to99.3%.
The advantages of TCILDLME-LC-MS-MS are low cost, avoiding environmental pollution, decreasing the amount of sample, saving the pretreatment time of sample and lessening the heavy labour intensity through the hundreds milliliters organic solvent replaced by several microlitres IL. The results from analysis of the real water samples demonstrated that the proposed methods are high precision, good accuracy and lower level of detection, and can be used widely in environmental monitoring and research.
(2).Based on the matrix solid phase dispersive using bamboo charcoal as dispersive sorbent prior to gas chromatography coupled with negative chemical ionic source mass spectrometry (MSPD-GC-NCI-MS), a rapid and sensitive method for determination of PBDEs in soil was developed, and several factors influencing the recovery were investigated and optimized in detailed. Under the optimum condiciotns, the spiked recovery of the PBDEs was in the range71.7-05.9%, and the limits of detection varied from10to80ng/kg (dry weight). Excellent linearity with correlation coefficients (R2) of0.9992-0.9999was obtained over the concentration range of0.10-500μg/kg, except for BDE209, for which the effective concentration range was1.0-5000μg/kg. The results demonstrated that this method can satisfied the requirements of USPEA method1614.
(3) An analytical method for determination of TBBPA and HBCD diastereoisomers in soil by MSPD isotopic dilution prior to liquid chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (MSDP-ISD-LC-MS-MS) was proposed. Under the final conditions, the spiked recovery at4,20,80μg/kg level for TBBPA, α-、β-and γ-HBCD were in the range72.8-98.0%,76.8-96.4%,101.9-102.2%and78.1-100%, respectively. The limits of detection were11,75,10,4ng/kg (dry weight) for TBBPA, α-、β-and γ-HBCD, respectively. Excellent linearity with correlation coefficients (R2) of0.996-0.999was obtained over the concentration range of0.80-80μg/kg. The developed method was successfully applied for determination of real soil samples from Laizhou Bay and Yellow River Delta. The results from real samples indicated that the method is sensitive and accurate and suitable for routine analysis.
MSPD technique has many merits, including the rapidness, simplicity, low cost and easy operation. The pretreatment time decreased from several hours in conventional method to twenty minutes, to save time and diminish the labour intensity. The isotopic dilution technique can avoid the matrix effects satisfactorily. These methods can be used widely in routine environmental monitor and research in the future.
(4).Through a brief analysis of the geography situation, the natural environment, social and economic development of Yellow River Delta, sampling scheme of regional soil was worked out. After analysis of BFRs in soil samplesusing the proposed analytical method, the composition characteristics of BFRs in the surface soil from Yellow River Delta were obtained and as follows:
①PBDEs concentration was0.944μg/kg; the concentration of BDE209was0.775μg/kg, accounting for72.5%of the total PBDEs, and is the dominant congener which indicated that PBDEs pollution mainly comes from Deca-BDE; Low brominated biphenyl ether, including BDE28,47,99,153and BDE183, was on behalf of penta-BDE and octa-BDE contributions to the research area of PBDEs. Patterns of penta-BDE in soil are similar with literatures, but slightly different. In this study, the ratio of BDE47and BDE99and Great lake DE-71commodity ratio is closer, which illustrated that the use of Great Lake DE-71industrial products or similar products may be an important source of soils in the Yellow River Delta.
②The concentration of TBBPA in soil in the Yellow River Delta is0.601μg/kg; HBCDs concentration was3.734μg/kg with α-and γ-HBCD simultaneity detection. The concentrations of two diastereoisomers showed the correlation although γ-HBCD as the major isomer with accounting for58.21%of HBCDs. Composition of HBCDs diasteroisomers indicated the emission source of HBCDs industrial products in the study area, however, the degradation, transformation or other environmental change maybe exist in the specific sampling sites.
(5) Spatial distribution characteristics of BFRs in soils from Yellow River Delta:the concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs in longitude increased with latitude decreasing gradually, but the increasing trend of TBBPA is not obvious, indicating that PBDEs and HBCDs in the Yellow River Delta mainly sourced from the southern Laizhou Bay BFRs production pollution source by long air routine transfer (LART). TBBPA may come from the sampling point local direct release. The concentrations of BFRs in soil from Yellow River Delta in the horizontal flow with the Yellow River gradually decreased, however, the specific changes of three kinds of BFRs are not completely consistent, which illustrated the transformation efficiency of BFRs source air-soil or input pathways existed differently. Regarding the vertical profile of BFRs, with the increase of soil depth, the concentration of BFRs decreased gradually. Specially, the abundance of low brominated BDE congeners increased, and the composition of HBCD isomers did not significantly change.
(6).The pollution level was compared with other researches reported. The concentration of BFRs in Yellow River Delta is close to the similar in neighboring region and many non-point source area in China, and much lower than several regions with obviously BFRs pollution in the world. The pollution levels of TBBPA is lower than in the sediment in Netherland and other foreign river, and also lower than in Wuhan City landfill, however, it is comparable with the lake sediments in American and Norway. The pollution level of HBCDs in soil from Yellow River Delta is close to the urban and farmland soil in Harbin and Guangzhou in China. The overall conclusions are that the BFRs burden in soil of Yellow River Delta is low and comparable with other cities in China and foreign background, and less than USEPA recommended limited standards.
(7).The accumulation and inventory of PBDEs, BDE209, TBBPA and HBCDs in soil from Yellow River delta were15.29t,12.55t,9.73t and60.49t, respectively. The results show that inventory of BFRs has reached a certain level. Therefore, the proposal of the corresponding control must to bring forward as early as possible, and early warning and mitigation techniques should be carried out to reduce the environmental hazards caused by BFRs to a minimum.
(8).Through the correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis, the following conclusions were obtained and as follows:②Deca-BDE and HBCDs have greater contribution to the pollution of BFRs in soil from Yellow River Delta, however, the debrominated transformation of Deca-BDE in the environment with natural light or biodegradable as source cannot be ignored;②Regarding PBDEs source contribution, Deca-BDE has the predomination of PBDEs. Regardingow(BDEs), penta-BDE has domination contribution, otherwise, octa-BDE has second contribution onow (BDEs).③LRAT mode of TBBPA has the smaller contribution, and the main source of TBBPA in research area is the directly releasing from the neighboring production activities.④The migration path of HBCDs and deca-BDE may be the atmospheric near distance transportation to deposit in the surface soil, including the production area of BFRs in Laizhou Bay. However,∑low (BDEs) should be deriving from the long distance input.
(9).From the correlation analysis between soil properties and BFRs pollution distribution, the results are that TOC has a significant positive correlation with∑low(BDEs), including BDE28, BDE47, BDE153, and a weak positive correlation with PBDEs, TBBPA and HBCDs. Soil dissolved salt is negatively correlated with BFRs, and no obvious correlation on pH value and sulfur content with BFRs. Therefore, TOC content in soil is the main factors influencing the distribution of BFRs.
(1)利用室温离子液体(RTIL)液相分散微萃取技术与液相色谱串联质谱联用技术(TCILDLME-LC-MS-MS),建立了水样中TBBPA与HBCDs简便、环境友好、灵敏的分析方法。实验中用几十微升的室温离子液体为萃取剂,代替了传统方法使用的数百毫升有毒有机试剂,避免了环境污染,节省了费用,减小了样品用量,缩短了样品前处理的时间,同时大大减少了劳动强度。对实际环境水样的分析的结果表明该方法精密度高、准确性好、检测限低,在环境监测和研究领域具有广阔的应用前景。
研究结果为：①TBBPA的最优条件：70μL[C6mim][PF6]、萃取温度60℃、萃取时间15min、水样溶液pH4、0%盐浓度。在上述条件下,空白样品基质加标回收率为72.4-103.9%,相对标准偏差为3.31-8.68%,方法检测限为50ng/L,并对三个实际水样进行了测定。②HBCDs的最优条件：70μL[C6mim][PF6]、萃取温度75℃、萃取时间30min、水样溶液pH6、0%盐浓度。在上述条件下,空白样品基质加标回收率在77.2-99.3%之间,精密度2.2-8.43%,方法检测限为10ng/L,并成功应用于实际水样的分析。
(2)建立了基于竹炭为分散吸附剂的基质固相分散联合气相色谱负化学源质谱联用技术(MSPD-GC-NCI-MS)的快速分析土壤中8种PBDEs的方法。最优条件为：1.0g土壤与0.5g竹炭混合,用10mL二氯甲烷洗脱。在此条件下,空白加标回收率为71.7-105.9%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.57-9.88%,方法检测限分别为10-80ng/kg,满足美国1614方法草案的要求。
(3)建立了基于竹炭为分散吸附剂的基质固相分散同位素稀释联合液相色谱串联质谱联用(MSPD-ISD-LC-MS-MS)技术快速分析土壤中TBBPA与HBCD三种异构体的方法。最优条件为：质谱干燥气温度280℃,柱温50℃,0.5g土壤与0.5g竹炭混合,使用8mL二氯甲烷与乙腈的混合液洗脱(体积比9：1)。在上述条件下,空白加标回收率为72.8-102.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.4-9.8%,TBBPA、α-、β-、γ-HBCD方法检测限分别为11、75、10与4ng/kg。以上数据说明,该方法可满足检测土壤中低浓度的TBBPA与HBCDs的要求。
基质固相分散技术极大的缩短了样品前处理时间,将传统实验20多小时的样品前处理缩短为20分钟；LC-MS-MS分析技术中应用同位素稀释法消除了基质效应的影响,实验结果说明所建立的方法简单、快速、检测限低,适合于实际批量样品的常规分析,具有十分重要的实际应用价值。
(4)经过对黄河三角洲地理概况、自然环境及社会经济发展的简要分析,制订了区域土壤采集方案。利用所建立的分析方法,对所采集的土壤样品分析后,得到黄河三角洲表层土壤中BFRs的浓度及组成特征：
①土壤中8种PBDEs同系物均有检出,PBDEs总浓度为0.944μg/kg, BDE209浓度为0.775μg/kg,占总量的72.5%,是PBDEs支配地位的同系物,说明PBDEs污染主要来自于Deca-BDE; BDE28、47、99、153及BDE183等低溴代联苯醚,代表了penta-BDE与octa-BDE对研究区PBDEs的贡献。土壤中的penta-BDE的组成模式与其他研究大体相似,但又有所区别。本研究BDE47与BDE99的比值与商品Great lakeDE-71中比值较为接近,说明Great lake DE-71工业品的使用或相似产品的生产可能是黄河三角洲土壤penta-BDE的重要来源。
②HBCDs的浓度及组成特征:HBCDs,总浓度为3.734μg/kg。α-与γ-HBCD同时检出,二者浓度与检出频次相关性,γ-HBCD为主要异构体,丰度为58.21%。HBCDs异构体的组成特征,说明研究区存在HBCDs工业品的近距离排放来源,但特定采样点也存在着其他输入途径或发生了降解、转化等环境行为变化；TBBPA的浓度为0.601μg/kg。
(5)黄河三角洲土壤中BFRs的空间分布特征：
①纵向上PBDEs与HBCDs的含量随纬度的下降而逐渐增大,但TBBPA的上升趋势不明显,说明黄河三角洲土壤中PBDEs与HBCDs可能主要来源于南部莱州湾BFRs生产过程中污染源的LART, TBBPA则可能来自采样点当地直接释放；
②横向上黄河三角洲土壤中BFRs的浓度随黄河流向而逐渐减小,但三种BFRs的具体变化不完全一致,说明各类BFRs的源-大气-土壤的转化效率或输入途径存在区别；
③垂向剖面土壤越深,BFRs含量越低；随剖面深度增大,低溴代BDEs同系物丰度升高,HBCDs异构体组成变化没有明显特征。
(6)污染水平比较：黄河三角洲土壤中PBDEs的浓度与其他中国报道的非点源来源地区土壤中的浓度接近,处于世界土壤PBDEs污染的较低水平；TBBPA的污染水平低于荷兰等国外河流沉积物及武汉市垃圾填埋场土壤中浓度,与美国、挪威湖泊沉积物中的含量相当；HBCDs的污染水平与我国哈尔滨市、广州市城市与农田土壤含量接近。总体结论为黄河三角洲土壤中BFRs含量较低,与我国城区及国外背景点污染水平接近,PBDEs污染低于USEPA建议的标准限值；
(7)黄河三角洲土壤PBDEs、BDE209、TBBPA及HBCDs的蓄积量分别为：15.29t、12.55t、9.73t与60.49t。说明BFRs蓄积量已达到一定水平,建议必须尽早建立起相应的控制、预警和消减技术,将BFRs可能造成的环境危害降至最低。
(8)通过相关性分析、聚类分析与主成分分析,得到以下结论：①deca-BDE与HBCDs对黄河三角洲土壤中BFRs有较大的贡献,但同时deca-BDE在环境中经自然光照或生物降解来源也不能忽视；②deca-BDE对PBDEs污染贡献最大,penta-BDE对∑low(BDEs)贡献率较大,octa-BDE对∑low(BDEs)贡献较小；③LRAT对土壤中TBBPA贡献较小,TBBPA主要来源于当地生活与生产活动向周围环境的直接释放；④HBCDs与deca-BDE均通过大气近距离输送而沉降于表层土壤,可能来源于莱州湾BFRs生产区,∑low(BDEs)可能为黄河三角洲外大气长远距离的输入。
(9)通过对黄河三角洲地区土壤性质与BFRs污染分布的相关性分析,可以看出,土壤TOC与BDE28、BDE47、BDE153及∑low(BDEs)呈显著正相关,与∑PBDEs、TBBPA及HBCDs呈弱正相关关系。土壤中水溶性盐含量与BFRs很弱的负相关,pH值及硫含量与BFRs没有明显的相关性。因此,土壤中TOC含量是影响BFRs分布的主要因素。
In this study, the former researches about the analytical methods, advanced progress of BFRs in environmental and organism matrix, source apportionment approaches and distribution trends in soils were reviewed comprehensively. The factors influencing recovery were investigated and optimized systematically, an rapid and accurate analytical method for determination of TBBPA and HBCDs in environmental water samples by liquid dispersive microextraction prior to with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed; Another rousted analytical approach for determination of PBDEs, TBBPA and HBCDs in environmental soil was proposed based on the matrix solid phase dispersive technique; The sampling scheme was instituted, and the compositions, distribution trends, pollution levels and spatial distribution of PBDEs, HBCDs and TBBPA in soil from Yellow River Delta were investigated in detail and obtained; The source apportionment of BFRs in soil was carried out by correlation analyses, hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis; The influences of the soil characteristics parameters to distribution of BFRs in soil was studied and the controlling factor was founded out by correction analysis. The study provided a method and theory basis for the research on the mechanism of transportation, transformation and fating of BFRs in soil. This dissertation included the following contents and conclusions:
(1).Based on temperature controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (TCILDLME-LC-MS-MS), two rapid, simple, environmental, sensitive analytical methods for determination of TBBPA and HBCDs were established.
①The final optimum conditions for determination of TBBPA are70μL[C6mim][PF6], extraction temperature60℃, extraction time15min, solution pH4and0%salt content. Under above condtions, excellent linearity of TBBPA was obtained in the range of0.5-50μg/L with correlative coefficient (R)0.9987. The limit of detection of TBBPA was0.05μg/L and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was7.70%(n=6). The satisfactory of TBBPA spiked recoveries were in the range of92.4-103.9%and RSDs were in the range of3.31-8.68%.②The final optimum conditions for determination of HBCDs are70μL [C6mim][PF6], extraction temperature75℃, extraction time30min, solution pH6and0%salt content. Under above condtions, good linear relationship, sensitivity and reproducibility of HBCDs were obtained. All the limits of detection for the three diastereomers were10ng/L. The linear range was obtained in the range of1-100μg/L for the total amount of three HBCD diastereomers. It was satisfactory to analyze real environmental water samples with the recoveries ranging from77.2%to99.3%.
The advantages of TCILDLME-LC-MS-MS are low cost, avoiding environmental pollution, decreasing the amount of sample, saving the pretreatment time of sample and lessening the heavy labour intensity through the hundreds milliliters organic solvent replaced by several microlitres IL. The results from analysis of the real water samples demonstrated that the proposed methods are high precision, good accuracy and lower level of detection, and can be used widely in environmental monitoring and research.
(2).Based on the matrix solid phase dispersive using bamboo charcoal as dispersive sorbent prior to gas chromatography coupled with negative chemical ionic source mass spectrometry (MSPD-GC-NCI-MS), a rapid and sensitive method for determination of PBDEs in soil was developed, and several factors influencing the recovery were investigated and optimized in detailed. Under the optimum condiciotns, the spiked recovery of the PBDEs was in the range71.7-05.9%, and the limits of detection varied from10to80ng/kg (dry weight). Excellent linearity with correlation coefficients (R2) of0.9992-0.9999was obtained over the concentration range of0.10-500μg/kg, except for BDE209, for which the effective concentration range was1.0-5000μg/kg. The results demonstrated that this method can satisfied the requirements of USPEA method1614.
(3) An analytical method for determination of TBBPA and HBCD diastereoisomers in soil by MSPD isotopic dilution prior to liquid chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (MSDP-ISD-LC-MS-MS) was proposed. Under the final conditions, the spiked recovery at4,20,80μg/kg level for TBBPA, α-、β-and γ-HBCD were in the range72.8-98.0%,76.8-96.4%,101.9-102.2%and78.1-100%, respectively. The limits of detection were11,75,10,4ng/kg (dry weight) for TBBPA, α-、β-and γ-HBCD, respectively. Excellent linearity with correlation coefficients (R2) of0.996-0.999was obtained over the concentration range of0.80-80μg/kg. The developed method was successfully applied for determination of real soil samples from Laizhou Bay and Yellow River Delta. The results from real samples indicated that the method is sensitive and accurate and suitable for routine analysis.
MSPD technique has many merits, including the rapidness, simplicity, low cost and easy operation. The pretreatment time decreased from several hours in conventional method to twenty minutes, to save time and diminish the labour intensity. The isotopic dilution technique can avoid the matrix effects satisfactorily. These methods can be used widely in routine environmental monitor and research in the future.
(4).Through a brief analysis of the geography situation, the natural environment, social and economic development of Yellow River Delta, sampling scheme of regional soil was worked out. After analysis of BFRs in soil samplesusing the proposed analytical method, the composition characteristics of BFRs in the surface soil from Yellow River Delta were obtained and as follows:
①PBDEs concentration was0.944μg/kg; the concentration of BDE209was0.775μg/kg, accounting for72.5%of the total PBDEs, and is the dominant congener which indicated that PBDEs pollution mainly comes from Deca-BDE; Low brominated biphenyl ether, including BDE28,47,99,153and BDE183, was on behalf of penta-BDE and octa-BDE contributions to the research area of PBDEs. Patterns of penta-BDE in soil are similar with literatures, but slightly different. In this study, the ratio of BDE47and BDE99and Great lake DE-71commodity ratio is closer, which illustrated that the use of Great Lake DE-71industrial products or similar products may be an important source of soils in the Yellow River Delta.
②The concentration of TBBPA in soil in the Yellow River Delta is0.601μg/kg; HBCDs concentration was3.734μg/kg with α-and γ-HBCD simultaneity detection. The concentrations of two diastereoisomers showed the correlation although γ-HBCD as the major isomer with accounting for58.21%of HBCDs. Composition of HBCDs diasteroisomers indicated the emission source of HBCDs industrial products in the study area, however, the degradation, transformation or other environmental change maybe exist in the specific sampling sites.
(5) Spatial distribution characteristics of BFRs in soils from Yellow River Delta:the concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs in longitude increased with latitude decreasing gradually, but the increasing trend of TBBPA is not obvious, indicating that PBDEs and HBCDs in the Yellow River Delta mainly sourced from the southern Laizhou Bay BFRs production pollution source by long air routine transfer (LART). TBBPA may come from the sampling point local direct release. The concentrations of BFRs in soil from Yellow River Delta in the horizontal flow with the Yellow River gradually decreased, however, the specific changes of three kinds of BFRs are not completely consistent, which illustrated the transformation efficiency of BFRs source air-soil or input pathways existed differently. Regarding the vertical profile of BFRs, with the increase of soil depth, the concentration of BFRs decreased gradually. Specially, the abundance of low brominated BDE congeners increased, and the composition of HBCD isomers did not significantly change.
(6).The pollution level was compared with other researches reported. The concentration of BFRs in Yellow River Delta is close to the similar in neighboring region and many non-point source area in China, and much lower than several regions with obviously BFRs pollution in the world. The pollution levels of TBBPA is lower than in the sediment in Netherland and other foreign river, and also lower than in Wuhan City landfill, however, it is comparable with the lake sediments in American and Norway. The pollution level of HBCDs in soil from Yellow River Delta is close to the urban and farmland soil in Harbin and Guangzhou in China. The overall conclusions are that the BFRs burden in soil of Yellow River Delta is low and comparable with other cities in China and foreign background, and less than USEPA recommended limited standards.
(7).The accumulation and inventory of PBDEs, BDE209, TBBPA and HBCDs in soil from Yellow River delta were15.29t,12.55t,9.73t and60.49t, respectively. The results show that inventory of BFRs has reached a certain level. Therefore, the proposal of the corresponding control must to bring forward as early as possible, and early warning and mitigation techniques should be carried out to reduce the environmental hazards caused by BFRs to a minimum.
(8).Through the correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis, the following conclusions were obtained and as follows:②Deca-BDE and HBCDs have greater contribution to the pollution of BFRs in soil from Yellow River Delta, however, the debrominated transformation of Deca-BDE in the environment with natural light or biodegradable as source cannot be ignored;②Regarding PBDEs source contribution, Deca-BDE has the predomination of PBDEs. Regardingow(BDEs), penta-BDE has domination contribution, otherwise, octa-BDE has second contribution onow (BDEs).③LRAT mode of TBBPA has the smaller contribution, and the main source of TBBPA in research area is the directly releasing from the neighboring production activities.④The migration path of HBCDs and deca-BDE may be the atmospheric near distance transportation to deposit in the surface soil, including the production area of BFRs in Laizhou Bay. However,∑low (BDEs) should be deriving from the long distance input.
(9).From the correlation analysis between soil properties and BFRs pollution distribution, the results are that TOC has a significant positive correlation with∑low(BDEs), including BDE28, BDE47, BDE153, and a weak positive correlation with PBDEs, TBBPA and HBCDs. Soil dissolved salt is negatively correlated with BFRs, and no obvious correlation on pH value and sulfur content with BFRs. Therefore, TOC content in soil is the main factors influencing the distribution of BFRs.
引文
[1]Li Y., Zhou Q., Wang Y, Xie X., Fate of tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabrom ocyclododecane brominated flame retardants in soil and uptake by plants [J], Chemsphere,2011(82):204-209
[2]De Wit CA,An overview of brominated flame retardants in environment [J]. Chemosphere,2002(46):583-624.
[3]WHO/ICPS,1994,Environmental Health Criteria 152:Polybrominated Biphenyl.world Health Organization,Geneva.
[4]刘汉霞,张庆华,江桂斌,蔡宗苇,多溴苯醚及其环境问题[J],化学进展,2005年,17(3),554-562
[5]Mehran A., Pedro Arias, Andreas Sjodin, A ke Bergman, An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release [J], Environment International 29 (2003):683-689
[6]Environmental Health Criteria 162.Brominated diphenyl ethers,International Program on Chemical Safety,World Health Organization,Geneva,Switzerland.1994
[7]Rahman F, Langford K H, Scrimshaw M D, et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants [J]. Science of the Total Environment,2001,275(1):1-17.
[8]La Guardia M J, Hale R C, Harvey E. Detailed polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener composition of the widely used penta-, octa-, and deca-PBDE technical flame-retardant mixtures[J]. Environmental science and technology,2006,40(20): 6247-6254.
[9]Weber R, Kuch B. Relevance of BFRs and thermal conditions on the formation pathways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans[J]. Environment International,2003,29(6):699-710.
[10]张娴,高亚杰,颜昌宙,多溴联苯醚在环境中迁移转化的研究进展[J],生态环境学 报,2009,18(2)：761-770
[11]万斌,郭良宏,多溴联苯醚的环境毒理学研究进展[J],环境化学,2011,31(1)：143-152
[12]Barontini F, Cozzani V, Petarca L. Thermal stability and decomposition products of hexabromocyclododecane[J]. Industrial and engineering chemistry research,2001,40(15): 3270-3280.
[13]Alaee,M, Arias,P,Sjodin,A Bergman, A. An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release [J]. Environmental Pollution 2003(29):683-689
[14]Heeb NV,Schweizev W B, Matterl P, Hagg R, Gerecke AC, Kohler M, Schmid P, Zennegg M,Wolfensberger, M. Solid-state conformations and absolute configurations of (+) and (-) α-β- and γ-hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)[J]. Chemosphere,2007, 68(5):940-950
[15]李永东,云霞,那广水,高会,环境中六溴环十二烷的研究进展,环境与健康杂志[J],2010,27(10)：933-936
[16]金军,杨从巧,王英,刘安明,超高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子源-串联三重四极质谱分析土壤中六溴环十二烷[J],分析化学,2009,(4)：585-588
[17]张晓岭,杨方星,六溴环十二烷手性异构体对人体肝细胞(HepG2)的毒性评价,北京,第四届全国环境化学学术大会论文集,2007：299-300
[18]潘荷芳,惠阳,王静,张晓玲,徐盈,土壤中痕量六溴环十二烷的超高效液相色谱/质谱联用分析[J],分析科学学报,2008,24(4)：414-416
[19]Chengelis CP.A 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity study of HBCD in rats(R).Ashland, OH, USA, WiL Research Laboratories,1997:925.
[20]WHO/IPCS. Environmental Health Criteria 172:Tetrabromobisphenol A and derivatives. Geneva, World Health Organization,1995.
[21]WHO, Tetrabromobisphenol A and Derivatives International Program on Chemical Safety, Geneva, Switzerland 1995
[22]Pullen S,Boecker R,Tiegs G.The flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol-A and tetrabromobisphenol-A-bisallylether suppress the inductionof interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) inmurine splenocytes [J].Toxicology,2003(184):11-22.
[23]Kester M H A, Bulduk S, van Toor H,. Potent inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase by hydroxylated metabolites of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons reveals alternative mechanism for estrogenic activity of endocrine disrupters [J]. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism,2002,87(3):1142-1150.
[24]晋艺聪,刘丽华,罗贤丽,焦玉国,四溴双酚-A的降解性和毒性研究进展[J],中央民族大学学报(自然科学版),2010,19(2),6-10
[25]Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Abdallah M A E,. Analytical and environmental aspects of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A and its derivatives [J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2009,1216(3):346-363.
[26]European Commission. Regulation (EC):No.2364/2000 of 25 October 2000 concerning the fourth list of priority substances as foreseen under Council Regulation (EEC):No.793/3[J]. European Chemicals Bureau,2000
[27]杨琳,朱阿兴,秦承志,李宝林,裴韬,一种基于样点代表性等级的土壤采样设计方法,土壤学报,2011,48(5)：938-946
[28]刘莉华,样品的采集与保存对土壤有机质测定影响分析的探讨[J],内蒙古石油化工,2011(21)：31-34
[29]周明莹,张惠珍,夏斌,崔毅,乔向英,陈碧鹃,冷凯良,多溴联苯醚在胶州湾养殖水域含量水平与分布[J],海洋环境科学,2010,29(6)：884-888
[30]Zhao R S, Wang S S, Cheng C G, Rapid Enrichment and Sensitive Determination of Tetrabromobisphenol A in Environmental Water Samples with Ionic Liquid Dispersive Liquid-Phase Microextraction Prior to HPLC-ESI-MS-MS[J]. Chromatographia,2011, 73(7):793-797.
[31]Suzuki, S and Hasegawa, A. Determination of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers and tetrabromobisphenol A in water and sediment by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry[J]. Analytical sciences,2006,22(3):469-474.
[32]Polo M, Gomez-Noya G, Quintana J B,.. Development of a solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyls in water samples[J]. Analytical chemistry,2004,76(4):1054-1062.
[33]赵利霞,林金明,环境内分泌干扰物分析方法的研究与进展[J],分析实验室,2006,25(2)：110-122
[34]范元中,张莘民,半渗透膜采样技术在有机污染物监测中的应用[J],环境监测管理与技术,2003,15(2)：14-16
[35]Scrimshaw M D, Langford K H, Lester J N. Analytical methods for the determination of alkylphenolic surfactants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in wastewaters and sewage sludges. I a review of methodologies[J]. Environmental technology,2004,25(8): 967-974.
[36]Morris S, Allchin CR, Zegers BN, Haftka JJ, Boon JP, Belpaire C, Leonards PE, Van Leeuwen SP, De Boer J. Distribution and fate of HBCD and TBBPA brominated flame retardants in North Sea estuaries and aquatic food webs[J]. Environmental science & technology,2004,38(21):5497-5504.
[37]V. Yusa, O. Pardo, A. Pastor,, M. de la Guardia Optimization of a microwave-assisted extraction large-volume injection and gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry procedure for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes in sediments[J],Analytica Chimica Acta 2006,557(1):304-313
[38]Hale RC, La Guardia MJ, Harvey E, Mainor TM., Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the US environment [J]. Chemosphere.2002,46(5):729-735.
[39]Quade S, Alaee M, Marvin C,.. Determination of tetrabromobisphenyl-a in detroit river sediment and sewage sludge[J]. Organohalogen compounds,2003(57):327-330.
[40]Tuulia Hyotylainen.Kari Hartonen, Determination of brominated flame retardants in environmental samples[J], TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2002,21(1),13-30
[41]Frank C. Calvosa, Anthony F. Lagalante, Supercritical fluid extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs):from house dust with supercritical R134a[J], Talanta,2010 80(3):1116-1120
[42]Blanco,M.C. Casais, M.C. Mejuto, R.Cela, Approaches for the simultaneous extraction of Tetrabisphenol A, Tatrechlorobisphenol A, and Relative phenolic compounds from sewage sludage and sediment samples based on matrix solid-phase dispersion[J], Analytical Chemistry.2006(78):2772-2778
[43]林忠胜,马新东,张庆华,姚之伟,马永安,环渤海沉积物中多修联苯醚(PBDEs)的研究[J],海洋环境科学,2008(27)：24-27
[44]Zhiqiang Yu, Ping'an Peng, Guoying Sheng, Jiamo Fu,Determination of HBCDs in air and soil byliquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry[J] Journal of Chromatography A,1190 (2008):74-79
[45]Kupper T, de Alencastro L F, Gatsigazi R, et al. Concentrations and specific loads of brominated flame retardants in sewage sludge[J]. chemosphere,2008,71(6):1173-1180.
[46]Berger U, Herzke D, Sandanger T M. Two trace analytical methods for determination of hydroxylated PCBs and other halogenated phenolic compounds in eggs from Norwegian birds of prey[J]. Analytical chemistry,2004,76(2):441-452.
[47]Consuelo Sanchez-Brunete Ester Migue lJos.L. Tadeo,Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sewage sludge by matrix solid-phase dispersion and isotope dilution GC-MS [J].Journal of Separation Science,2009(32):109-117
[48]Yen J H,Liao W C,Chen W C,Wang Y S. Interaction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs):with anaerobic mixed bacterial cultures isolated from river sediment [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,165(1-3):518-524
[49]杨运云,梁慧,吴凌涛,吴庆辉,进样技术对GC-MS分析多溴联苯醚的影响[J].广东科技2009.6.第214期,80
[50]Wang D, Cai Z, Jiang G. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil and sediment from an electronic waste recycling facility[J]. Chemosphere,2005,60(6): 810-816.
[51]Tadeo J L, Sanchez-Brunete C, Miguel E. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human hair by gas chromatography mass spectrometry[J]. Talanta,2009,78(1): 138-143.
[52]Jin, J., Liu, W.Z., Wang, Y., Tang, X.Y., Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in plant, shellfish and sediment samples from Laizhou Bay in China[J]. Chemosphere,2008,71(6):1043-1050.
[53]Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Ramos L, Neels H, Blust R. Recent developments in the analysis of brominated flame retardants and brominated natural compounds [J]. Journal of Chromatography A 2007,1153(1-2):145-171.
[54]Hayama T, Yoshida H, Onimaru S, Yonekura S, Kuroki H, Todoroki K, Nohta H, Yamaguchi M. Determination of tetrabromobisphenol A in human serum by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry [J]. Journal of Chromatography B.2004,809(1):131-1366.
[55]Tomy GT, Halldorson T, Danell R, Law K, Arsenault G, Alaee M, Maclnnis G, Marvin CH. Refinements to the diastereoisomer-specific method for the analysis of HBCD [J]. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry,2005,19(19):2819-2826.
[56]施致雄,李敬光,赵云峰.超高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱法结合同位素稀释技术检测动物源性食品中六溴环十二烷异构体[J].,色谱,2008(26)：1-5
[57]Roberto Q.,Lourdes A.,Joan O,Grimal,Pilar F., Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in atmospheric deposition and snow samples by solid-phase disk extraction. Journal of Chromatography A,2008 (1129):147-151
[58]Ariel R. Fontan, Rodolfo G.Wuilloud, Luis D. Martinez,Jorgelina C. Altamirano, Simple approach based on ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction for determination of polybrominated flame retardants in water samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [J]., Journal of Chromatography A,1216 (2009):147-153
[59]Salgado-Petinal C, Garcia-Chao M, Llompart M, Garcia-Jares C, Cela R. Headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of brominated flame retardants in environmental solid samples[J]. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2006,385(3):637-644.
[60]Agustina de la Cal,Ethel Eljarra, Damia Barcelo, Determination of 39 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in sediment samples using fast selective pressurized liquid extraction and purification [J]., Journal of Chromatography A,1021 (2003):165-173
[61]Shin M, Svoboda M L, Falletta P. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) for the determination of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in sewage sludge[J]. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2007,387(8):2923-2929.
[62]Jun-Xia Wang, Dong-Qing Jiang, Zhi-Yuan Gu, Xiu-Ping Yan, Multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated fibers for solid-phase microextraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water and milk samples before gas chromatography with electron-capture detection[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,1137 (2006):8-14
[63]Hoh E, Hites R A. Brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere of the east-central United States[J]. Environmental science and technology,2005,39(20):7794-7802.
[64]Inoue K, Yoshida S, Nakayama S, Development of stable isotope dilution quantification liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry method for estimation of exposure levels of bisphenol A,4-tert-octylphenol,4-nonylphenol, tetrabromobisphenol A, and pentachlorophenol in indoor air[J]. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology,2006,51(4):503-508.
[65]H. Gallart-Ayala, E. Moyano, M.T. Galceran, Liquid chromatography/multi-stage mass spectrometry of bisphenol A and its halogenated derivatives[J]. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2007,21(24):4039-4048.
[66]J. Jin, H. Peng, Y.Wang, R. Yang, An enhanced LC-MS-MS method for the dtermination of Tetrabromobisphenol A in soil using the Quattro premier mass spectrometry [J]. Organohalogen Compound.2006 (68):85-88.
[67]de Boer J, Wells D E. Pitfalls in the analysis of brominated flame retardants in environmental, human and food samples-including results of three international interlaboratory studies[J]. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2006,25(4):364-372.
[68]Dalla Vallea, M. Juradob, E., Dachsb, J., Sweetmana, A.J., Jonesa, K.C., The maximum reservoir capacity of soils for persistent organic pollutants:implications for global cycling. [J], Environmental Pollution 2005(134):153-164.
[69]Zou, M.Y., Ran, Y., Gong, J., Mai, B.X., Zeng, E.Y., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in watershed soils of the Pearl PIver Delta, China:occurrence, inventory, and fate[J]. Environmental science & technology,2007,41(24):8262-8267.
[70]Sellstrom, U., de Wit, C.A., Lundgren, N., Tysklind, M., Effect of sewage-sludge application on concentrations of higher-brominated diphenyl ethers in soils and earthworms [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2005(39):9064-9070.
[71]Moon, H.-B., Kannan, K., Choi, M., Choi, H.G. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine sediments from industrialized bays of Korea [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2007,54(9):1402-1412.
[72]Minh, N.H., Isobe, T., Ueno, D., Matsumoto, K., Mine, M., Kajiwara, N., Takahashi, S.,Tanabe, S.,Spatial distribution and vertical profile of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecanes in sediment core from Tokyo Bay, Japan. [J], Environmental Pollution 2007(148):409-417
[73]Liu, Y, Zheng, G.J., Yu, H.X., Martin, M., Richardson, B.J., Lam, M.H.W., Lam, P.K.S., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments and mussel tissues from Hong Kong marine waters[J]. Marine pollution bulletin,2005,50(11):1173-1184.
[74]Mai, B.X., Chen, S.J., Luo, X.J., Chen, L.G., Yang, Q.S., Sheng, G.Y., Peng, P.A., Fu, J.M., Zeng, E.Y., Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the Pearl River Delta and adjacent South China Sea[J]. Environmental science & technology,2005, 39(10):3521-3527.
[75]Leung, A.O.W., Luksemburg, W.J., Wong, A.S., Wong, M.H., Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and dibenzofurans in soil and combusted residue at Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in southeast China[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2007(41):2730-2737
[76]Luo, Y, Luo, X.J., Lin, Z., Chen, S.J., Liu, J., Mai, B.X., Yang, Z.Y., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in road and farmland soils from an e-waste recycling region in Southern China:Concentrations, source profiles, and potential dispersion and deposition[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2009,407(3):1105-1113.
[77]Jiang, J.H., Shi, S.D., Chen, T., Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish and shellfish downstream from electronic-waste recycling plants[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2010,22(5):723-730.
[78]Sun, K., Zhao, Y., Gao, B., Liu, X.T., Zhang, Z.Y., Xing, B.S., Organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in irrigated soils of Beijing, China:Levels, inventory and fate[J]. Chemosphere,2009,77(9):1199-1205.
[79]Jiang, Y.F., Wang, X.T., Zhu, K., Wub, M.H., Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M., Occurrence, compositional profiles and possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban soils of Shanghai, China[J]. Chemosphere,2010(80):131-136
[80]Wang, Z., Ma, X.D., Lin, Z.S., Na, G.S., Yao, Z.W., Congener specific distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and mussel (Mytilus edulis) of the Bo sea, China[J]. Chemosphere,2009 (74):896-901.
[81]Wang, X., Ren, N.Q., QI, H., Ma, W.L., Li, Y.F., Levels and distribution of brominated flame retardants in the soil of Harbin in China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2009,21(11):1541-1546.
[82]Hassanin, A., Breivik, K., Meijer, S.N., Steinnes, E., Thomas, G.O., Jones, K.C. PBDEs in European background soils:levels and factors controlling their distribution[J]. Environmental science and technology,2004,38(3):738-745.
[83]Wang, Pu, Zhang, Q.H., Wang, Y.W., Wang, T., Li, X.M., Li, Y.M., Ding, L., Jiang, G.B., Altitude dependence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in surface soil from Tibetan plateau, China[J]. Chemosphere, 2009(76):1498-1504
[84]Ikonomou, M.G., Rayne, S., Addison,R.F., Exponential increases of the brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers,in the Canadian arctic from 1981 to 2000 [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2002(36):1886-1892
[85]Wurl, O., Lam, P.K.S., Obbard, J.P., Occurrence and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the dissolved and suspended phases of the sea-surface microlayer and seawater in Hong Kong, China[J]. Chemosphere,2006 (65):1660-1666.
[86Chen M Y, Yu M, Luo X J. The factors controlling the partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in the water-column of the Pearl River Estuary in South China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(1):29-35.
[87]Cetin B, Odabasi M. Particle-phase dry deposition and air-soil gas-exchange of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Izmir, Turkey [J]. Environmental science and technology,2007,41(14):4986-4992.
[88]Wania, F., Dμgani, C., Assessing the long-range transport potential f polybrominated diphenyl ethers a comparison of four multimedia models[J]. Environmental Science and Technology 2003(22):1252-1261.
[89]Gioia, R., Steinnes, E., Thomas, G.O., Mejier, S.N., Jones, K.C., Persistent organic pollutants in European background air:derivation of temporal and latitudinal trends[J], Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2006.(8):700-710.
[90]Remberger, M. Sternbeck, J. Palm, A. Kaj, L. Stromberg, K. Brorstro"m-Lunde'n, E. The environmental occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane in Sweden [J]. Chemosphere, 2004(54):9-21.
[91]Sjodin A, Carlsson H, Thuresson K, Sjolin S, Bergman A, Ostman C,Flame retardants in indoor air at an electronics recycling plant and at other work environments[J]. Environmental science and technology,2001,35(3):448-454.
[92]Chen, S.J., Gao, X.J., Mai, B.X., Chen, Z.M., Luo, X.J., Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M., Zeng, E.Y., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface sediments of the Yangtze river delta: levels, distribution and potential hydrodynamic influence. [J], Environmental Pollution, 2006(144):951-957
[93]Chen, L.G., Mai, B.X., Bi, X.H., Chen, S.J., Wang, X.M., Ran, Y, Luo, X.J., Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M., Zeng, E.Y., Concentration levels, compositional profiles, and gas-particle partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of an urban city in south China [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2006(40):1190-1196
[94]Qiu, X.H., Zhu, T., Hu, J.X., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other flame retardants in the atmosphere and water from Taihu lake, east China[J]. Chemosphere,2010.(80):1207-1212
[95]Yu, Z.Q., Liao, R.E., Li, H.R., Mo, L.G., Zeng, X.Y., Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M., Particle-bound dechlorane plus and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in ambient air around Shanghai, China. [J], Environmental Pollution 2011(159):2982-2988.
[96]Agus Sudaryanto, Natsuko Kajiwara, Oyuna V. Tsydenova,Levels and congener specific profiles of PBDEs in human breast milk from China:Implication on exposure sources and pathways [J], Chemosphere,2008 (73):1661-1668
[97]Lingyan Zhu, Baoling Maa, Jingguang Lib, Yongning Wu, Jin Gong, Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from North China:implication of exposure pathways[J]. Chemosphere,2009,74(11):1429-1434
[98]Hagmar L, Jakobsson K, Thuresson K, Computer technicians are occupationally exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A [J], Organohalogen Compound,2000(47):202-205
[99]Chen, D., Mai, B., Song, J., Sun, Q., Luo, Y, Luo, X., Zeng, E.Y., Hale, R.C Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in birds of prey from northern China [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2007(41):828-1833.
[100]Peng, J.H., Huang, C.W., Weng, Y.M., Yak, H.K., Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish samples from rivers and estuaries in Taiwan [J]. Chemosphere,2007(66):1990-1997.
[101]Watanabe, I., Sakai, S.,. Environmental release and behavior of brominated flame retardants [J], Environmental Pollution,2003(29):665-682
[102]Strandberg, B., Dodder, N.G., Basu, I., Hites, R.A.,. Concentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other organohalogen compounds in Great lakes air [J]. Environmental Science and Technology 2001 (35):1078-1083
[103]Chen, L.G., Mai, B.X., Xu, Z.C., Peng, X.C., Han, J.L., Ran, Y, Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M. In-and outdoor sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their human inhalation exposure in Guangzhou, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(1): 78-86.
[104]UNEP DEWA/GRID-Europe. E-waste, The Hidden Side of IT Equipment's Manufacturing and Use Environment Alert Bulletin 5 UNEP:Nairobi, Kenya,2005.
[105]Li, Y., Xu, X.J., Liu, J.X., Wu, K.S., Gu, C.W., The hazard of chromium exposure to neonates in Guiyu of China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2008,403(1):99-104.
[106]Wang, D.L.,Cai, Z.W., Jiang, G.B., Leung, A., Wong, M.H., Wong, W.K., Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil and sediment from an electronic waste recycling facility [J]. Chemosphere,2005 (60):810-816.
[107]Han, W.L., Feng, J.L., Gu, Z.P., Chen, D.H., Wu, M.H., Fu, J.M., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of Taizhou, a major e-waste dismantling area in China[J]. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology,2009,83(6):783-788.
[108]Hu, G.C., Xu, Z.C., Dai, J.Y., Mai, B.X., Cao, H., Wang, J.S., Shi, Z.M., Xu, M.Q., Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenylethane in surface sediments from Fuhe River and Baiyangdian Lake, North China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2010,22(12):1833-1839.
[109]王学彤,王飞,贾金盼,李元成,孙阳昭,吴明红,盛国英,傅家谟,电子废物拆解区河流沉积物中多溴二苯醚的污染水平、分布及来源[J],环境科学,2011,32(4)：1088-1093
[110]管玉峰,涂秀云,吴宏海,珠江入海口水体中多溴联苯醚及其来源分析[J],生态环境学报,2011,20(3),474-479
[111]蒋君丽,张承中,马万里,杨萌,周变红,刘立忠,李一凡,西安城区秋季大气中多溴联苯醚的污染特征及来源分析[J],环境科学,32(8),2011,2226-2229
[112]黄国兰,萧航,陈春江,穆菲,陈勇生,化学质量平衡法在水体污染物源解析中的应用[J],环境科学,1999,(6)：14-17
[113]叶必雄,陶澍,张枝焕,天津地区土壤多环芳烃类污染物污染源解析[J],地理科学进展,2005,24(5)：61-66
[114]刘静,土壤中类二噁英和阻转类PCBs分析方法、来源解析和分布规律研究,山东 大学博士学位论文,2007.
[115]刘文新,凌晰,陈江麟,李卫波,窦晗,陶澍,BDE-28在天然土壤上的吸附行为研究[J],环境科学,2011,32(3)：749-747
[116]彭剑飞,饶俊文,沈咏美,胡璟,刘文新,陶澍,天然土壤中典型多溴联苯醚解吸过程的初步研究[J],农业环境科学学报2009,28(7)：1404-1409
[117]贾文珍,祝方,翦英红,十溴联苯醚在土壤中吸附行为的研究[J],环境工程学报,2011,5,(3)：657-661
[118]Chiou C T, Kile D E, Rutheford D W, Sorption of selected organic compounds from water to a peat soil and its humic-acid and humin fractions:Potential sources of the sorption nonlinearity[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2000,34(7):1254-1258.
[119]Groisman L, Rav-Acha C, Gerstl Z, et al. Sorption of organic compounds of varying hydrophobicities from water and industrial wastewater by long-and short-chain organoclays [J]. Applied clay science,2004,24(3):159-166.
[120]Weber Jr W J, Huang W. A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments.4. Intraparticle heterogeneity and phase-distribution relationships under nonequilibrium conditions [J]. Environmental science and technology,1996,30(3): 881-888.
[121]邹梦遥,龚剑,冉勇,珠江三角洲流域土壤多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的分布及环境行为[J],生态环境学报2009,18(1)：122-127
[122]Gouin,T.,Harner,T.,Modelling the fate of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers [J]. Environment International,2003 (29):717-724.
[123]蒋煌峰,上海地区土壤中持久性有机污染物污染特征、分布及来源初步研究,博士论文,2009.
[124]Chiou C T, Kile D E. Deviations from sorption linearity on soils of polar and nonpolar organic compounds at low relative concentrations [J]. Environmental science and technology,1998,32(3):338-343.
[125]孙兆海,毛丽,冯政,余益军,冯建昉,于红霞,四溴双酚A在潮土中的吸附和解吸[J],环境科学,2008,29(10)：2874-2878
[126]张琦,孙源海,苏岩,裴岚,盐析顶空气相色谱分析废水中醇类污染物[J],环境研究与监测,2007,20(2)：30-31
[127]Schwarzenbach R P, Westall J. Transport of nonpolar organic compounds from surface water to groundwater. Laboratory sorption studies[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1981,15(11):1360-1367.
[128]杨苏文,杨鹊平,张玥,金相灿,王红梅,吴丰昌,陈艳卿,曹洋,四溴双酚A在巢湖沉积物中的吸附解吸特征研究[J],安徽农业科学,2010,38(33),18948-18951
[129]项裕昆,龚道新,苏循发,谢惠,李想,卞嘧磺隆在土壤中吸附[J],湖南农业科学,2010,23：100-102
[130]Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R., de Boer, J., Covaci, A., Herzke, D., Lepom, P., Morris, S., Tronczynski, J.,de Wit, C.A., Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment [J]. Chemosphere,2006,(64):187-208.
[131]彭浩,金军,王英,惠岑怿,杨若明,四溴双酚A及其环境问题[J],环境与健康杂志2006,23(6),571-573
[132]Goss K U, Arp H P H, Bronner G. Partition behavior of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers[J]. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data,2008,53(3):750-754.
[133]European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Data on manufacture,import,export,uses and releases of HBCDD as well as information on potential alternatives to its use,2008
[134]钮珊,海热提,我国六溴环十二烷应用以及行业减排措施探讨[J],环境科学与技术,2012,35(1)：191-194
[135]C. Thomsen, E. Lundanes and G. Becher, Brominated flame retardants in plasma samples from three different occupational groups in Norway [J], Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2001,3(4),366-370
[136]Qingxiang Zhou,Huahua Bai,Guohong Xie,Junping Xiao, Temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextraction[J], Journal of Chromatography A, 2008,1177(4),43-49
[137]Zhao R, Wang X, Yuan J, et al. A novel headspace solid-phase microextraction method for the exact determination of organochlorine pesticides in environmental soil samples [J]. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2006,384(7):1584-1589.
[138]Liu J, Jiang G, Chi Y, et al. Use of ionic liquids for liquid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J]. Analytical chemistry,2003,75(21):5870-5876.
[139]Liu J, Peng J, Chi Y, et al. Determination of formaldehyde in shiitake mushroom by ionic liquid-based liquid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography [J]. Talanta,2005,65(3):705-709.
[140]Bai H, Zhou Q, Xie G, et al. Enrichment and sensitive determination of dichlorodiphenyltrichloro ethane and its metabolites with temperature controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextraction prior to high performance liquid phase chromatography [J]. Analytica chimica acta,2009,651(1):64-68.
[141]Thomsen C, Liane VH, Becher G. Automated solid-phase extraction for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in serum--application on archived Norwegian samples from 1977 to 2003 [J].Journal of Chromatography B.2007,846(1-2):252-63.
[142]Wang Y, You J, Ren R, Xiao Y, Gao S, Zhang H, Yu A. Determination of triazines in honey by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction high-performance liquid chromatography [J] Journal of Chromatography A.2010,1217(26):4241-4246
[143]Qingxiang Zhou, Huahua Bai, Guohong Xie, Junping Xiao, Trace determination of organophosphorus pesticides in environmental samples by temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction [J], Journal of Chromatography A.2008, 1188(2):148-153
[144]Gao S, You J, Zheng X,. Determination of phenylurea and triazine herbicides in milk by microwave assisted ionic liquid microextraction high-performance liquid chromatography [J]. Talanta,2010,82(4):1371-1377.
[145]Medina, C. M., Pitarch, E., Lopez, F. J., Vazquez, C., Hernandez, F., Determination of PBDEs in human breast adipose tissues by gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry [J], Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2008 (390):1343-1354
[146]Pierre Labadie, Khawla Tlili, Fabrice Alliot,Catherine Bourges, Annie Desportes, Marc Chevreuil, development of analytical procedures for trace-level determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A in river water and sediment [J], Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2010(396):865-875
[147]Anthony F. Lagalante & Timothy D. Oswald, Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs):by liquid chromatography with negative-ion atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/NI-APPI/MS/MS):application to house dust [J], Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2008(391):2249-2256
[148]Gonzalez, M., Rodriguez, I., Quintana, J., Cela, R., Matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of triclosan and methyl triclosan in sludge and sediments [J], Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2010(398):2289-2297
[149]Luca, C., Anna, L. P., Ostman, C., Luca, R., Determination of organophosphorous flame retardants in fish tissues by matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography [J]. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2010,397(2):799-806.
[150]Garcia-L6pez M., Canosa P., Rodriguez I., Trends and recent applications of matrix solid-phase dispersion[J]. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2008,391(3):963-974.
[151]Liu, Q., Shi, J., Sun, J., Wang, T., Zeng, L., Zhu, N., Jiang, G., Graphene-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion for extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their methoxylated and hydroxylated analogs from environmental samples [J]. Analytica chimica acta,2011,708(1):61-68.
[152]Ru-Song Zhao, Jin-Peng Yuan, Ting Jiang, Jun-Bo Shi, Chuan-Ge Cheng, Application of bamboo charcoal as solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the determination of atrazine and simazine in environmental water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector [J]. Talanta,2008,76(4):956-959.
[153]Fa Yuan Wang, Hui Wang, Jian Wei Ma, Adsorption of cadmium (Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution by a new low-cost adsorbent-Bamboo charcoal 1[J]. Journal of hazardous materials,2010,177(1):300-306.
[154]Takashi Asada, Takashi Ohkubo, Kuniaki Kawata, Kikuo Oikawa, Ammonia adsorption on bamboo charcoal with acid treatment[J]. Journal of health science,2006, 52(5):585-589
[155]Ming Wang, Zheng-Hong Huang, Guangjia Liu, Feiyu Kang Adsorption of dimethyl sulfide from aqueous solution by a cost-effective bamboo Charcoal [J], Journal of Hazardous Materials 190 (2011):1009-1015
[156]Way Long, Haw Farn Lan, Yaw Fuh Huang, Evaluation of formaldehyde adsorption by bamboo charcoal using a photoacoustic method [J]. Journal of wood science,2010, 56(4):345-349.
[157]Edward L.K. Mui, W.H. Cheung, Marjorie Valix, Gordon McKay, Dye adsorption onto char from bamboo[J]. Journal of hazardous materials,2010,177(1):1001-1005.
[158]LiangGui Wang, Guo-Bing Yan, Adsorptive removal of direct yellow 161 dye from aqueous solution using bamboo charcoals activated with different chemicals [J], Desalination,2011 (274):81-90
[159]Zhao R S, Wang X, Yuan J P, et al. Solid-phase extraction of bisphenol A, nonylphenol and 4-octylphenol from environmental water samples using microporous bamboo charcoal, and their determination by HPLC[J]. Microchimica Acta,2009,165(3): 443-447.
[160]Ru Song Zhao, Xia Wang, JinPeng Yuan, Jin Ming Lin, Using bamboo charcoal as solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the ultratrace-level determination of perfluorooctanoic acid in water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry[J], Journal of Chromatography A,2008(1183):15-20
[161]P Canosa I Rodriguez E Rubi R Cela, Determination of parabens and triclosan in indoor dust using matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical chemistry,2007,79(4):1675-1681
[162]Shen Xia Cai, Jibao Gao, Yun Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Soil by MSPD-GC-NPD and Confirmation by GC-MS [J], Chromatographia,2006(64):71-77
[163]Navarro M, Pico Y, Marin R, Manes, Application of matrix solid-phase dispersion to the determination of a new generation of fungicides in fruits and vegetables. [J].Journal of Chromatography A.2002,968(1-2):201-209
[164]Sanchez-Brunete C, Miguel E, Tadeo JL. Analysis of 27 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by matrix solid-phase dispersion and isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in sewage sludge from the Spanish area of Madrid [J] Journal of Chromatography A.2007,1148(2):219-227.
[165]Zulin Zhang, Murali Shanmugam, Stewart M. Rhind, PLE and GC-MS Determination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Soils [J], Chromatographia 2010,72 (No.5/6):535-543
[166]Yang Z.Z.. Zhao X.R., Zhao Q., Qin Z.F., Qin X. F., Xu X.B., Jin Z.X., Xu C.X., PBDEs in leaves and soil from typical electronic waste polluted area in south china, Bull Evironm Toxicol,2008(80):340-344
[167]Ariel R. Fontana, Maria F. Silva, Luis D. Martinez, Rodolfo G. Wuilloud, Jorgelina C. Altamirano, Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water and soil samples by cloud point extraction-ultrasound-assisted back-extraction- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [J], Journal of Chromatography A 2009,1216(20), 4339-4346
[168]Se Hun Yun, Rudolf Addink, John M. McCabe, Arthur Ostaszewski, Deborah M.T., Allan B. Taylor, Kuruntha chalam K., Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Polybrominated Biphenyls in Sediment and Floodplain Soils of the Saginaw River Watershed, Michigan, USA [J], Archives of Environment Contamination and Toxicology, 2008(55):1-10
[169]Ana Isabel Garcia-Valca rcelJose Luis Tadeo,Determination of hexabromocyclododecane isomers in sewage sludge by LC-MS/MS [J],Journal of Separation Science,2009(32):3890-3897
[170]Chao Han,Xiaomei Chen,Wen Xie,Zhenou Zhu,Cuiping Liu,Fan Chen,Yan Shen, Determination of HBCD diastereoisomers in Sargassum fusiforme and comparison of the extraction efficiency of ultrasonication, microwave-assisted extraction, Soxhlet extraction and pressurised liquid extraction [J], Journal of Separation Science,2010(3):3319-3325
[171]R. Nakagawa, S. Murata, Y. Ashizuka, Y. Shintani, T. Hori, T. Tsutsumi, HBCDs determination in seafood samples collected from Japanese coastal areas,Chemosphere[J] 81 (2010):445-452
[172]Ramil Criado M, Hernanz Fenandez D, Rodriguez Pereiro I, Cela R,Application of matrix solid-phase dispersion to the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in fat by gas chromatography with electron-capture and mass spectrometric detection [J], Journal of Chromatography A,2004 (1056):187-194
[173]Martins Teixeira D, Teixeira da Costa C,Novel methods to extract flavanones and xanthones from the root bark of Maclura pomifera [J],Journal of Chromatography A,2005(1062):175-181
[174]Michel M, Buszewski B. Optimization of a matrix solid-phase dispersion method for the determination analysis of carbendazim residue in plant material [J].Journal of Chromatography B,2004,800(1-2):309-314.
[175]Taylor P J, Matrix effects:the Achilles heel of quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry [J], Clinical Biochemistry,2005,38(4):328-334
[176]彭浩,金军,王英,刘伟志,杨若明,液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱质谱分析土壤中的TBBPA [J],分析化学,2007,35(4),549-551
[177]Yu C, Hu B. Novel combined stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with ultrasonic assisted extraction for the determination of brominated flame retardants in environmental samples using high performance liquid chromatography [J].Journal of Chromatography A. 2007,1160(1-2):71-80
[178]Zhang X L, Luo X J, Chen S J, Spatial distribution and vertical profile of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, tetrabromobisphenol A, and decabromodiphenylethane in river sediment from an industrialized region of South China[J], Environmental Pollution 2009,157,1917-1923
[179]Brandli R.C., Kupper T., Bucheli T.D., et al., Organic pollutants in compost and digestate. Part 2. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and -furans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated alkyl substances, pesticides, and other compounds [J], Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2007 (9):465-472.
[180]Petersen M,Hamm S,Schaer A,Esser U. Comparative GC/MS and LC/MS detection of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD):in soil and water samples [J],Organohalogen Compound,2004(66):224-231.
[181]Meng X Z,DuanY P,Yang C,Pan Z Y,Wen Z H,Chen L. Occurrence,sources,and inventory of hexabromocyclo dodecanes in soils from Chongming Island,the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) [J], Chemosphere,2011(82):725-731.
[182]金军,王英,刘伟志,唐孝炎,莱州湾地区土壤及底泥中多溴联苯醚水平及其分布[J],环境科学学报,2008,28(7)：1463-1468.
[183]Chang'er Chen, Hongxia Zhao, Jingwen Chen, Xianliang Qiao, Qing Xie, Yifei Zhang,Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils of the modern Yellow River Delta,China: Occurrence, distribution and inventory [J],Chemosphere,2012,88:791-797
[184]李翔宇,基于RS的现代黄河三角洲土地利用/覆被变化检测方法研究,硕士论文,2008
[185]刘占凡,张绪良.黄河三角洲发展高效生态经济的条件分析[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报,2006,21(3)：91-94.
[186]许学工,黄河三角洲土地结构分析[J],地理学报,1997,52(1)：18-26
[187]张晓龙,现代黄河三角洲滨海湿地环境演变和退化研究,博士论文,2005.
[188]范国兰.黄河三角洲典型植物中类二嗯英类多氯联苯来源、积累、分布规律研究,博士学位论文,山东大学,2008
[189]Rayne, S., Ikonomou, M.G., Reconstructing source polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns from semipermeable membrane devices in the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada, comparison to commercialmixtures [J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2002(21):2292-2300
[190]丁问微,典型地区溴代阻燃剂人体暴露状况初步研究,硕士学位论文,中央民族大 学,2011
[191]Eriksson J, Green N, Marsh G.. Photochemical decomposition of 15 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in methanol/water [J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2004(38):3119-3125
[192]GerekeA, Hartmann P, HeebN,. Anaerobic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether [J], Environmental Science and Technology,2005(39):1078-1083
[193]He J Z, Kristion R Robrock, Lisa Alvarez-cohen. Microbial Reductive Debromination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) [J], Environmental Science and Technology,2006(40):4429-4434
[194]Frederiksen, M. Vorkamp, K. Thomsen, M. Knudsen, L. E., Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs-A review of levels and sources [J]. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.2009,212(2):109-134.
[195]Sjodin, A. Jakobsson, E. Kierkegaard, A. Marsh, G. Sellstr m, U., Gas chromatographic identification and quantification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a commercial product, Bromkal 70-5DE [J]. Journal of Chromatography A.1998,822 (1):83-89.
[196]Stapleton, H. M. Letcher, R. J. Baker, J. E., Debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners BDE99 and BDE183 in the intestinal tract of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) [J]. Environmental Science and Technology 2004, (38):1054-1061.
[197]Konstantinov, A. Arsenault, G. Chittim, B. McAlees, A. McCrindle, R. Potter, D. Tashiro, C. Yeo, B., Identification of the minor components of Great Lakes DE-71TM technical mix by means of 1H NMR and GC/MS [J]. Chemosphere.2008(73):39-43
[198]Chan, J. K.Xing, G. H. Xu, Y. Liang, Y. Chen, L. X. Wu, S. C. Wong, C. K. Leung, C. K.Wong, M. H., Body loadings and health risk assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans at an intensive electronic waste recycling site in China [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2007,41(22):7668-7674.
[199]谢薇,孙天河,韩鹏,袁国礼,青藏高原中部地区表层土壤中多溴联苯醚的分布特征及影响因素[J],现代地质,2012,26(5)：917-925
[200]Jing Ma, Rudolf Addink, Sehun Yun, Jinping Cheng, Wenhua Wang, and Kurunthachalam Kannan, Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Dibenzofurans and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Soil, Vegetation, Workshop-Floor Dust, and Electronic Shredder Residue from an Electronic Waste Recycling Facility and in Soils from a Chemical Industrial Complex in Eastern China [J], Environmental Science and Technology,2009,43(19),7350-7356
[201]BiXian Mai, SheJun Chen, XiaoJun Luo, LaiGuo Chen, QingShu Yang, GuoYing Sheng, PingAn Peng, JiaMo Fu, Eddyy, Zeng, Distribution of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Sediments of the Pearl River Delta and adjacent South China Sea [J], Environmental Science and Technology 2005(39):3521-3527
[202]Heeb, N. V. Graf, H. Schweizer, W. B. Lienemann, P. Thermally-induced transformation of hexabromocyclo dodecanes and isobutoxypenta HBCDs in flame-proofed polystyrene materials [J]. Chemosphere,2010(80):701-708.
[203]Harrad, S. Abdallah, M. A. Covaci, A. Causes of variability in concentrations and diastereomer patterns of hexabromocyclododecanes in indoor dust [J].Environmental Pollution,2009(35):573-579.
[204]Davis, J. W. Gonsior, S. Markham, D. Friederich, U. Hunziker, R. Ariano, J. Biodegradation and product identification of [14C]hexabromocyclododecane in wastewater sludge and freshwater aquatic sediment [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2006(40):5395-5401.
[205]Davis, J. W. Gonsior, S. Marty, G. Ariano, J. The transformation of hexabromocyclododecane in aerobic and anaerobic soils and aquatic sediments [J], Water Research,2005(39):1075-1084.
[206]Gerecke, A. C. Giger, W. Hartmann, P. Heeb, N. V. Kohler,H. Schmid, P. Zennegg, M. Kohler, M. Anaerobic degradation of brominated flame retardants in sewage sludge [J]. Chemosphere,2006 (64):311-317.
[207]杨从巧,生产源区环境中六溴环十二烷及其对人群健康影响的研究,中央民族大学,硕士学位论文,2010.
[208]Marvin C H,Tomy G T,Alaee M,Mainnis G, Distribution of hexabromocyclododecane in Detroit River suspended sediments [J]. Chemosphere,2006, 64(2):268-275.
[209]Harrad, S. Abdallah, M. A. Rose, N. L. Turner, S. D. Davidson, T. A. Current-use brominated flame retardants in water, sediment, and fish from English Lakes [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2009(43):9077-9083.
[210]Covaci, A. Gerecke, A. C. Law, R. J. Voorspoels, S. Kohler, M. Heeb, N. V. Leslie, H. Allchin, C. R. de Boer, J. Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs):in the environment and humans:A review [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2006, (40):3679-3688
[211]陈涛,周纯,牟义军,余彬彬,典型电子废物集中处置场地及周边土壤中多溴联苯醚的污染特征[J],生态与农村环境学报,2011,27(3)：20-24
[212]陈社军,田密,罗勇,林镇,罗孝俊,麦碧娴,多溴联苯醚在电子废弃物拆卸地沉积物中的垂直分布[J],环境科学,2010,31(12)：3088-3092
[213]林镇,陈社军,罗勇,罗孝俊,余梅,麦碧娴,珠江口钻孔沉积物中多溴联苯醚的沉积记录[J],中国环境科学,2007,27(6)：830-834
[214]邱孟德,邓代永,余乐洹,孙国萍,麦碧娴,许玫英,典型电器工业区河涌沉积物中的多溴联苯醚空间和垂直分布[J],环境科学,2012,33(2),580-586
[215]US EPA, Region 9 (The Pacific Southwest):Superfund Preliminary Remediation Goals US EPA, Region 9:San Francisco, CA.2004.
[216]Ulla Sellstrom, Bo Jansson, Analysis of tetrabromobisphenol A in a product and environmental samples [J], Chemosphere,1995,31(4):3085-3092
[217]Schlabach, M., Fjeld, E., Gundersen, H., Mariussen, E., Kjellberg, G., Breivik, E.. Pollution of Lake Mjosa by brominated flame retardants [J]. Organohalogen Compounds, 2004(66):3779-3785.
[218]Shutao Gao, Jingzhi Wang, Zhiqiang Yu, Qingrong Guo, Guoying Sheng, and Jiamo Fu,Hexabromocyclododecanes in Surface Soils from E-Waste Recycling Areas and Industrial Areas in South China:Concentrations, Diastereoisomer- and Enantiomer-Specific Profiles, and Inventory [J],Environmental Science and Technology, 2011(45):2093-2099
[219]Matscheko, N., Tysklind, M., deWit, C, Application of sewage sludge to arable land-soil concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls, and their accumulation in earthworms [J],. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2002,21 (12):2515-2525.
[220]Eljarrat, E., Marsh, G., Labandeira, A., Effect of sewage sludges contaminated withpolybrominated diphenylethers on agricultural soils [J]. Chemosphere,2008(71): 1079-1086.
[221]Yun, S.H., Addink, R., McCabe, J.M., Ostaszewski, A., Mackenzie-Taylor, D., Taylor, A.B.,..,2008. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyls in sediment and floodplain soils of the Saginaw River Watershed, Michigan. USA [J], Archives of Environment Contamination and Toxicology,2008,5 (1):1-10.
[222]Akifimi E., Tomohiko I., Karri R., Nguyen M. Tue, Agus S.,Gnanasekaran D., Pham H. V. Rouch S. T., Shin T.,Annamalai S., Shinsuke T., Soil contamination by brominated flame retardants in open waste dumping sites in Asian developing countries [J], Chemosphere,90 (2013):2365-2371
[223]Li, K., Fu, S., Yang, Z. Z, Composition, distribution and characterization of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs):in the soil in Taiyuan, China [J], Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2008(81):588-593.
[224]王旭,哈尔滨市土壤与大气中OCPs和BFRs分布特征及源汇分析,哈尔滨工业大学,博士论文,2009
[225]Jiang Y.F., Wang X.T., Zhu K., Wu M.H., et at., Occurrence, compositional patterns, and possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in agricultural soil of Shanghai, China [J], Chemosphere,89 (2012):936-943
[226]Jun Jin, Ying Wang Weizhi Liu, Congqiao Yang, Jicheng Hu, Jian Cui, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in atmosphere and soil of a production area in China: Levels and partitioning [J], Journal of Environmental Sciences,2011,23(3):427-433
[227]任金亮,王平,多溴联苯醚环境行为的特征与研究进展[J].化工进 展,2006,25(10)：1152-1157
[228]孙青,石油污染土壤的生态风险评价和生物修复管理,硕士学位论文,南开大学,2010
[229]周洪利,胜利原油窄馏分酸与硫分布规律及防腐蚀措施[J],石油化工腐蚀与防护,2006,23(6)：35-37
[230]Kucklick JR, Sivertsen M, Factors influencing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distributions in South Carolina estuarine sediments [J]. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,1992(213):13-29
[2]De Wit CA,An overview of brominated flame retardants in environment [J]. Chemosphere,2002(46):583-624.
[3]WHO/ICPS,1994,Environmental Health Criteria 152:Polybrominated Biphenyl.world Health Organization,Geneva.
[4]刘汉霞,张庆华,江桂斌,蔡宗苇,多溴苯醚及其环境问题[J],化学进展,2005年,17(3),554-562
[5]Mehran A., Pedro Arias, Andreas Sjodin, A ke Bergman, An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release [J], Environment International 29 (2003):683-689
[6]Environmental Health Criteria 162.Brominated diphenyl ethers,International Program on Chemical Safety,World Health Organization,Geneva,Switzerland.1994
[7]Rahman F, Langford K H, Scrimshaw M D, et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants [J]. Science of the Total Environment,2001,275(1):1-17.
[8]La Guardia M J, Hale R C, Harvey E. Detailed polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener composition of the widely used penta-, octa-, and deca-PBDE technical flame-retardant mixtures[J]. Environmental science and technology,2006,40(20): 6247-6254.
[9]Weber R, Kuch B. Relevance of BFRs and thermal conditions on the formation pathways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans[J]. Environment International,2003,29(6):699-710.
[10]张娴,高亚杰,颜昌宙,多溴联苯醚在环境中迁移转化的研究进展[J],生态环境学 报,2009,18(2)：761-770
[11]万斌,郭良宏,多溴联苯醚的环境毒理学研究进展[J],环境化学,2011,31(1)：143-152
[12]Barontini F, Cozzani V, Petarca L. Thermal stability and decomposition products of hexabromocyclododecane[J]. Industrial and engineering chemistry research,2001,40(15): 3270-3280.
[13]Alaee,M, Arias,P,Sjodin,A Bergman, A. An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release [J]. Environmental Pollution 2003(29):683-689
[14]Heeb NV,Schweizev W B, Matterl P, Hagg R, Gerecke AC, Kohler M, Schmid P, Zennegg M,Wolfensberger, M. Solid-state conformations and absolute configurations of (+) and (-) α-β- and γ-hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)[J]. Chemosphere,2007, 68(5):940-950
[15]李永东,云霞,那广水,高会,环境中六溴环十二烷的研究进展,环境与健康杂志[J],2010,27(10)：933-936
[16]金军,杨从巧,王英,刘安明,超高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子源-串联三重四极质谱分析土壤中六溴环十二烷[J],分析化学,2009,(4)：585-588
[17]张晓岭,杨方星,六溴环十二烷手性异构体对人体肝细胞(HepG2)的毒性评价,北京,第四届全国环境化学学术大会论文集,2007：299-300
[18]潘荷芳,惠阳,王静,张晓玲,徐盈,土壤中痕量六溴环十二烷的超高效液相色谱/质谱联用分析[J],分析科学学报,2008,24(4)：414-416
[19]Chengelis CP.A 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity study of HBCD in rats(R).Ashland, OH, USA, WiL Research Laboratories,1997:925.
[20]WHO/IPCS. Environmental Health Criteria 172:Tetrabromobisphenol A and derivatives. Geneva, World Health Organization,1995.
[21]WHO, Tetrabromobisphenol A and Derivatives International Program on Chemical Safety, Geneva, Switzerland 1995
[22]Pullen S,Boecker R,Tiegs G.The flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol-A and tetrabromobisphenol-A-bisallylether suppress the inductionof interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) inmurine splenocytes [J].Toxicology,2003(184):11-22.
[23]Kester M H A, Bulduk S, van Toor H,. Potent inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase by hydroxylated metabolites of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons reveals alternative mechanism for estrogenic activity of endocrine disrupters [J]. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism,2002,87(3):1142-1150.
[24]晋艺聪,刘丽华,罗贤丽,焦玉国,四溴双酚-A的降解性和毒性研究进展[J],中央民族大学学报(自然科学版),2010,19(2),6-10
[25]Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Abdallah M A E,. Analytical and environmental aspects of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A and its derivatives [J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2009,1216(3):346-363.
[26]European Commission. Regulation (EC):No.2364/2000 of 25 October 2000 concerning the fourth list of priority substances as foreseen under Council Regulation (EEC):No.793/3[J]. European Chemicals Bureau,2000
[27]杨琳,朱阿兴,秦承志,李宝林,裴韬,一种基于样点代表性等级的土壤采样设计方法,土壤学报,2011,48(5)：938-946
[28]刘莉华,样品的采集与保存对土壤有机质测定影响分析的探讨[J],内蒙古石油化工,2011(21)：31-34
[29]周明莹,张惠珍,夏斌,崔毅,乔向英,陈碧鹃,冷凯良,多溴联苯醚在胶州湾养殖水域含量水平与分布[J],海洋环境科学,2010,29(6)：884-888
[30]Zhao R S, Wang S S, Cheng C G, Rapid Enrichment and Sensitive Determination of Tetrabromobisphenol A in Environmental Water Samples with Ionic Liquid Dispersive Liquid-Phase Microextraction Prior to HPLC-ESI-MS-MS[J]. Chromatographia,2011, 73(7):793-797.
[31]Suzuki, S and Hasegawa, A. Determination of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers and tetrabromobisphenol A in water and sediment by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry[J]. Analytical sciences,2006,22(3):469-474.
[32]Polo M, Gomez-Noya G, Quintana J B,.. Development of a solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyls in water samples[J]. Analytical chemistry,2004,76(4):1054-1062.
[33]赵利霞,林金明,环境内分泌干扰物分析方法的研究与进展[J],分析实验室,2006,25(2)：110-122
[34]范元中,张莘民,半渗透膜采样技术在有机污染物监测中的应用[J],环境监测管理与技术,2003,15(2)：14-16
[35]Scrimshaw M D, Langford K H, Lester J N. Analytical methods for the determination of alkylphenolic surfactants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in wastewaters and sewage sludges. I a review of methodologies[J]. Environmental technology,2004,25(8): 967-974.
[36]Morris S, Allchin CR, Zegers BN, Haftka JJ, Boon JP, Belpaire C, Leonards PE, Van Leeuwen SP, De Boer J. Distribution and fate of HBCD and TBBPA brominated flame retardants in North Sea estuaries and aquatic food webs[J]. Environmental science & technology,2004,38(21):5497-5504.
[37]V. Yusa, O. Pardo, A. Pastor,, M. de la Guardia Optimization of a microwave-assisted extraction large-volume injection and gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry procedure for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes in sediments[J],Analytica Chimica Acta 2006,557(1):304-313
[38]Hale RC, La Guardia MJ, Harvey E, Mainor TM., Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the US environment [J]. Chemosphere.2002,46(5):729-735.
[39]Quade S, Alaee M, Marvin C,.. Determination of tetrabromobisphenyl-a in detroit river sediment and sewage sludge[J]. Organohalogen compounds,2003(57):327-330.
[40]Tuulia Hyotylainen.Kari Hartonen, Determination of brominated flame retardants in environmental samples[J], TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2002,21(1),13-30
[41]Frank C. Calvosa, Anthony F. Lagalante, Supercritical fluid extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs):from house dust with supercritical R134a[J], Talanta,2010 80(3):1116-1120
[42]Blanco,M.C. Casais, M.C. Mejuto, R.Cela, Approaches for the simultaneous extraction of Tetrabisphenol A, Tatrechlorobisphenol A, and Relative phenolic compounds from sewage sludage and sediment samples based on matrix solid-phase dispersion[J], Analytical Chemistry.2006(78):2772-2778
[43]林忠胜,马新东,张庆华,姚之伟,马永安,环渤海沉积物中多修联苯醚(PBDEs)的研究[J],海洋环境科学,2008(27)：24-27
[44]Zhiqiang Yu, Ping'an Peng, Guoying Sheng, Jiamo Fu,Determination of HBCDs in air and soil byliquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry[J] Journal of Chromatography A,1190 (2008):74-79
[45]Kupper T, de Alencastro L F, Gatsigazi R, et al. Concentrations and specific loads of brominated flame retardants in sewage sludge[J]. chemosphere,2008,71(6):1173-1180.
[46]Berger U, Herzke D, Sandanger T M. Two trace analytical methods for determination of hydroxylated PCBs and other halogenated phenolic compounds in eggs from Norwegian birds of prey[J]. Analytical chemistry,2004,76(2):441-452.
[47]Consuelo Sanchez-Brunete Ester Migue lJos.L. Tadeo,Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sewage sludge by matrix solid-phase dispersion and isotope dilution GC-MS [J].Journal of Separation Science,2009(32):109-117
[48]Yen J H,Liao W C,Chen W C,Wang Y S. Interaction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs):with anaerobic mixed bacterial cultures isolated from river sediment [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,165(1-3):518-524
[49]杨运云,梁慧,吴凌涛,吴庆辉,进样技术对GC-MS分析多溴联苯醚的影响[J].广东科技2009.6.第214期,80
[50]Wang D, Cai Z, Jiang G. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil and sediment from an electronic waste recycling facility[J]. Chemosphere,2005,60(6): 810-816.
[51]Tadeo J L, Sanchez-Brunete C, Miguel E. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human hair by gas chromatography mass spectrometry[J]. Talanta,2009,78(1): 138-143.
[52]Jin, J., Liu, W.Z., Wang, Y., Tang, X.Y., Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in plant, shellfish and sediment samples from Laizhou Bay in China[J]. Chemosphere,2008,71(6):1043-1050.
[53]Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Ramos L, Neels H, Blust R. Recent developments in the analysis of brominated flame retardants and brominated natural compounds [J]. Journal of Chromatography A 2007,1153(1-2):145-171.
[54]Hayama T, Yoshida H, Onimaru S, Yonekura S, Kuroki H, Todoroki K, Nohta H, Yamaguchi M. Determination of tetrabromobisphenol A in human serum by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry [J]. Journal of Chromatography B.2004,809(1):131-1366.
[55]Tomy GT, Halldorson T, Danell R, Law K, Arsenault G, Alaee M, Maclnnis G, Marvin CH. Refinements to the diastereoisomer-specific method for the analysis of HBCD [J]. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry,2005,19(19):2819-2826.
[56]施致雄,李敬光,赵云峰.超高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱法结合同位素稀释技术检测动物源性食品中六溴环十二烷异构体[J].,色谱,2008(26)：1-5
[57]Roberto Q.,Lourdes A.,Joan O,Grimal,Pilar F., Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in atmospheric deposition and snow samples by solid-phase disk extraction. Journal of Chromatography A,2008 (1129):147-151
[58]Ariel R. Fontan, Rodolfo G.Wuilloud, Luis D. Martinez,Jorgelina C. Altamirano, Simple approach based on ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction for determination of polybrominated flame retardants in water samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [J]., Journal of Chromatography A,1216 (2009):147-153
[59]Salgado-Petinal C, Garcia-Chao M, Llompart M, Garcia-Jares C, Cela R. Headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of brominated flame retardants in environmental solid samples[J]. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2006,385(3):637-644.
[60]Agustina de la Cal,Ethel Eljarra, Damia Barcelo, Determination of 39 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in sediment samples using fast selective pressurized liquid extraction and purification [J]., Journal of Chromatography A,1021 (2003):165-173
[61]Shin M, Svoboda M L, Falletta P. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) for the determination of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in sewage sludge[J]. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2007,387(8):2923-2929.
[62]Jun-Xia Wang, Dong-Qing Jiang, Zhi-Yuan Gu, Xiu-Ping Yan, Multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated fibers for solid-phase microextraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water and milk samples before gas chromatography with electron-capture detection[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,1137 (2006):8-14
[63]Hoh E, Hites R A. Brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere of the east-central United States[J]. Environmental science and technology,2005,39(20):7794-7802.
[64]Inoue K, Yoshida S, Nakayama S, Development of stable isotope dilution quantification liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry method for estimation of exposure levels of bisphenol A,4-tert-octylphenol,4-nonylphenol, tetrabromobisphenol A, and pentachlorophenol in indoor air[J]. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology,2006,51(4):503-508.
[65]H. Gallart-Ayala, E. Moyano, M.T. Galceran, Liquid chromatography/multi-stage mass spectrometry of bisphenol A and its halogenated derivatives[J]. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2007,21(24):4039-4048.
[66]J. Jin, H. Peng, Y.Wang, R. Yang, An enhanced LC-MS-MS method for the dtermination of Tetrabromobisphenol A in soil using the Quattro premier mass spectrometry [J]. Organohalogen Compound.2006 (68):85-88.
[67]de Boer J, Wells D E. Pitfalls in the analysis of brominated flame retardants in environmental, human and food samples-including results of three international interlaboratory studies[J]. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2006,25(4):364-372.
[68]Dalla Vallea, M. Juradob, E., Dachsb, J., Sweetmana, A.J., Jonesa, K.C., The maximum reservoir capacity of soils for persistent organic pollutants:implications for global cycling. [J], Environmental Pollution 2005(134):153-164.
[69]Zou, M.Y., Ran, Y., Gong, J., Mai, B.X., Zeng, E.Y., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in watershed soils of the Pearl PIver Delta, China:occurrence, inventory, and fate[J]. Environmental science & technology,2007,41(24):8262-8267.
[70]Sellstrom, U., de Wit, C.A., Lundgren, N., Tysklind, M., Effect of sewage-sludge application on concentrations of higher-brominated diphenyl ethers in soils and earthworms [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2005(39):9064-9070.
[71]Moon, H.-B., Kannan, K., Choi, M., Choi, H.G. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine sediments from industrialized bays of Korea [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2007,54(9):1402-1412.
[72]Minh, N.H., Isobe, T., Ueno, D., Matsumoto, K., Mine, M., Kajiwara, N., Takahashi, S.,Tanabe, S.,Spatial distribution and vertical profile of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecanes in sediment core from Tokyo Bay, Japan. [J], Environmental Pollution 2007(148):409-417
[73]Liu, Y, Zheng, G.J., Yu, H.X., Martin, M., Richardson, B.J., Lam, M.H.W., Lam, P.K.S., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments and mussel tissues from Hong Kong marine waters[J]. Marine pollution bulletin,2005,50(11):1173-1184.
[74]Mai, B.X., Chen, S.J., Luo, X.J., Chen, L.G., Yang, Q.S., Sheng, G.Y., Peng, P.A., Fu, J.M., Zeng, E.Y., Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the Pearl River Delta and adjacent South China Sea[J]. Environmental science & technology,2005, 39(10):3521-3527.
[75]Leung, A.O.W., Luksemburg, W.J., Wong, A.S., Wong, M.H., Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and dibenzofurans in soil and combusted residue at Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in southeast China[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2007(41):2730-2737
[76]Luo, Y, Luo, X.J., Lin, Z., Chen, S.J., Liu, J., Mai, B.X., Yang, Z.Y., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in road and farmland soils from an e-waste recycling region in Southern China:Concentrations, source profiles, and potential dispersion and deposition[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2009,407(3):1105-1113.
[77]Jiang, J.H., Shi, S.D., Chen, T., Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish and shellfish downstream from electronic-waste recycling plants[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2010,22(5):723-730.
[78]Sun, K., Zhao, Y., Gao, B., Liu, X.T., Zhang, Z.Y., Xing, B.S., Organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in irrigated soils of Beijing, China:Levels, inventory and fate[J]. Chemosphere,2009,77(9):1199-1205.
[79]Jiang, Y.F., Wang, X.T., Zhu, K., Wub, M.H., Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M., Occurrence, compositional profiles and possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban soils of Shanghai, China[J]. Chemosphere,2010(80):131-136
[80]Wang, Z., Ma, X.D., Lin, Z.S., Na, G.S., Yao, Z.W., Congener specific distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and mussel (Mytilus edulis) of the Bo sea, China[J]. Chemosphere,2009 (74):896-901.
[81]Wang, X., Ren, N.Q., QI, H., Ma, W.L., Li, Y.F., Levels and distribution of brominated flame retardants in the soil of Harbin in China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2009,21(11):1541-1546.
[82]Hassanin, A., Breivik, K., Meijer, S.N., Steinnes, E., Thomas, G.O., Jones, K.C. PBDEs in European background soils:levels and factors controlling their distribution[J]. Environmental science and technology,2004,38(3):738-745.
[83]Wang, Pu, Zhang, Q.H., Wang, Y.W., Wang, T., Li, X.M., Li, Y.M., Ding, L., Jiang, G.B., Altitude dependence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in surface soil from Tibetan plateau, China[J]. Chemosphere, 2009(76):1498-1504
[84]Ikonomou, M.G., Rayne, S., Addison,R.F., Exponential increases of the brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers,in the Canadian arctic from 1981 to 2000 [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2002(36):1886-1892
[85]Wurl, O., Lam, P.K.S., Obbard, J.P., Occurrence and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the dissolved and suspended phases of the sea-surface microlayer and seawater in Hong Kong, China[J]. Chemosphere,2006 (65):1660-1666.
[86Chen M Y, Yu M, Luo X J. The factors controlling the partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in the water-column of the Pearl River Estuary in South China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(1):29-35.
[87]Cetin B, Odabasi M. Particle-phase dry deposition and air-soil gas-exchange of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Izmir, Turkey [J]. Environmental science and technology,2007,41(14):4986-4992.
[88]Wania, F., Dμgani, C., Assessing the long-range transport potential f polybrominated diphenyl ethers a comparison of four multimedia models[J]. Environmental Science and Technology 2003(22):1252-1261.
[89]Gioia, R., Steinnes, E., Thomas, G.O., Mejier, S.N., Jones, K.C., Persistent organic pollutants in European background air:derivation of temporal and latitudinal trends[J], Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2006.(8):700-710.
[90]Remberger, M. Sternbeck, J. Palm, A. Kaj, L. Stromberg, K. Brorstro"m-Lunde'n, E. The environmental occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane in Sweden [J]. Chemosphere, 2004(54):9-21.
[91]Sjodin A, Carlsson H, Thuresson K, Sjolin S, Bergman A, Ostman C,Flame retardants in indoor air at an electronics recycling plant and at other work environments[J]. Environmental science and technology,2001,35(3):448-454.
[92]Chen, S.J., Gao, X.J., Mai, B.X., Chen, Z.M., Luo, X.J., Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M., Zeng, E.Y., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface sediments of the Yangtze river delta: levels, distribution and potential hydrodynamic influence. [J], Environmental Pollution, 2006(144):951-957
[93]Chen, L.G., Mai, B.X., Bi, X.H., Chen, S.J., Wang, X.M., Ran, Y, Luo, X.J., Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M., Zeng, E.Y., Concentration levels, compositional profiles, and gas-particle partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of an urban city in south China [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2006(40):1190-1196
[94]Qiu, X.H., Zhu, T., Hu, J.X., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other flame retardants in the atmosphere and water from Taihu lake, east China[J]. Chemosphere,2010.(80):1207-1212
[95]Yu, Z.Q., Liao, R.E., Li, H.R., Mo, L.G., Zeng, X.Y., Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M., Particle-bound dechlorane plus and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in ambient air around Shanghai, China. [J], Environmental Pollution 2011(159):2982-2988.
[96]Agus Sudaryanto, Natsuko Kajiwara, Oyuna V. Tsydenova,Levels and congener specific profiles of PBDEs in human breast milk from China:Implication on exposure sources and pathways [J], Chemosphere,2008 (73):1661-1668
[97]Lingyan Zhu, Baoling Maa, Jingguang Lib, Yongning Wu, Jin Gong, Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from North China:implication of exposure pathways[J]. Chemosphere,2009,74(11):1429-1434
[98]Hagmar L, Jakobsson K, Thuresson K, Computer technicians are occupationally exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A [J], Organohalogen Compound,2000(47):202-205
[99]Chen, D., Mai, B., Song, J., Sun, Q., Luo, Y, Luo, X., Zeng, E.Y., Hale, R.C Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in birds of prey from northern China [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2007(41):828-1833.
[100]Peng, J.H., Huang, C.W., Weng, Y.M., Yak, H.K., Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish samples from rivers and estuaries in Taiwan [J]. Chemosphere,2007(66):1990-1997.
[101]Watanabe, I., Sakai, S.,. Environmental release and behavior of brominated flame retardants [J], Environmental Pollution,2003(29):665-682
[102]Strandberg, B., Dodder, N.G., Basu, I., Hites, R.A.,. Concentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other organohalogen compounds in Great lakes air [J]. Environmental Science and Technology 2001 (35):1078-1083
[103]Chen, L.G., Mai, B.X., Xu, Z.C., Peng, X.C., Han, J.L., Ran, Y, Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M. In-and outdoor sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their human inhalation exposure in Guangzhou, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(1): 78-86.
[104]UNEP DEWA/GRID-Europe. E-waste, The Hidden Side of IT Equipment's Manufacturing and Use Environment Alert Bulletin 5 UNEP:Nairobi, Kenya,2005.
[105]Li, Y., Xu, X.J., Liu, J.X., Wu, K.S., Gu, C.W., The hazard of chromium exposure to neonates in Guiyu of China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2008,403(1):99-104.
[106]Wang, D.L.,Cai, Z.W., Jiang, G.B., Leung, A., Wong, M.H., Wong, W.K., Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil and sediment from an electronic waste recycling facility [J]. Chemosphere,2005 (60):810-816.
[107]Han, W.L., Feng, J.L., Gu, Z.P., Chen, D.H., Wu, M.H., Fu, J.M., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of Taizhou, a major e-waste dismantling area in China[J]. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology,2009,83(6):783-788.
[108]Hu, G.C., Xu, Z.C., Dai, J.Y., Mai, B.X., Cao, H., Wang, J.S., Shi, Z.M., Xu, M.Q., Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenylethane in surface sediments from Fuhe River and Baiyangdian Lake, North China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2010,22(12):1833-1839.
[109]王学彤,王飞,贾金盼,李元成,孙阳昭,吴明红,盛国英,傅家谟,电子废物拆解区河流沉积物中多溴二苯醚的污染水平、分布及来源[J],环境科学,2011,32(4)：1088-1093
[110]管玉峰,涂秀云,吴宏海,珠江入海口水体中多溴联苯醚及其来源分析[J],生态环境学报,2011,20(3),474-479
[111]蒋君丽,张承中,马万里,杨萌,周变红,刘立忠,李一凡,西安城区秋季大气中多溴联苯醚的污染特征及来源分析[J],环境科学,32(8),2011,2226-2229
[112]黄国兰,萧航,陈春江,穆菲,陈勇生,化学质量平衡法在水体污染物源解析中的应用[J],环境科学,1999,(6)：14-17
[113]叶必雄,陶澍,张枝焕,天津地区土壤多环芳烃类污染物污染源解析[J],地理科学进展,2005,24(5)：61-66
[114]刘静,土壤中类二噁英和阻转类PCBs分析方法、来源解析和分布规律研究,山东 大学博士学位论文,2007.
[115]刘文新,凌晰,陈江麟,李卫波,窦晗,陶澍,BDE-28在天然土壤上的吸附行为研究[J],环境科学,2011,32(3)：749-747
[116]彭剑飞,饶俊文,沈咏美,胡璟,刘文新,陶澍,天然土壤中典型多溴联苯醚解吸过程的初步研究[J],农业环境科学学报2009,28(7)：1404-1409
[117]贾文珍,祝方,翦英红,十溴联苯醚在土壤中吸附行为的研究[J],环境工程学报,2011,5,(3)：657-661
[118]Chiou C T, Kile D E, Rutheford D W, Sorption of selected organic compounds from water to a peat soil and its humic-acid and humin fractions:Potential sources of the sorption nonlinearity[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2000,34(7):1254-1258.
[119]Groisman L, Rav-Acha C, Gerstl Z, et al. Sorption of organic compounds of varying hydrophobicities from water and industrial wastewater by long-and short-chain organoclays [J]. Applied clay science,2004,24(3):159-166.
[120]Weber Jr W J, Huang W. A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments.4. Intraparticle heterogeneity and phase-distribution relationships under nonequilibrium conditions [J]. Environmental science and technology,1996,30(3): 881-888.
[121]邹梦遥,龚剑,冉勇,珠江三角洲流域土壤多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的分布及环境行为[J],生态环境学报2009,18(1)：122-127
[122]Gouin,T.,Harner,T.,Modelling the fate of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers [J]. Environment International,2003 (29):717-724.
[123]蒋煌峰,上海地区土壤中持久性有机污染物污染特征、分布及来源初步研究,博士论文,2009.
[124]Chiou C T, Kile D E. Deviations from sorption linearity on soils of polar and nonpolar organic compounds at low relative concentrations [J]. Environmental science and technology,1998,32(3):338-343.
[125]孙兆海,毛丽,冯政,余益军,冯建昉,于红霞,四溴双酚A在潮土中的吸附和解吸[J],环境科学,2008,29(10)：2874-2878
[126]张琦,孙源海,苏岩,裴岚,盐析顶空气相色谱分析废水中醇类污染物[J],环境研究与监测,2007,20(2)：30-31
[127]Schwarzenbach R P, Westall J. Transport of nonpolar organic compounds from surface water to groundwater. Laboratory sorption studies[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1981,15(11):1360-1367.
[128]杨苏文,杨鹊平,张玥,金相灿,王红梅,吴丰昌,陈艳卿,曹洋,四溴双酚A在巢湖沉积物中的吸附解吸特征研究[J],安徽农业科学,2010,38(33),18948-18951
[129]项裕昆,龚道新,苏循发,谢惠,李想,卞嘧磺隆在土壤中吸附[J],湖南农业科学,2010,23：100-102
[130]Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R., de Boer, J., Covaci, A., Herzke, D., Lepom, P., Morris, S., Tronczynski, J.,de Wit, C.A., Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment [J]. Chemosphere,2006,(64):187-208.
[131]彭浩,金军,王英,惠岑怿,杨若明,四溴双酚A及其环境问题[J],环境与健康杂志2006,23(6),571-573
[132]Goss K U, Arp H P H, Bronner G. Partition behavior of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers[J]. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data,2008,53(3):750-754.
[133]European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Data on manufacture,import,export,uses and releases of HBCDD as well as information on potential alternatives to its use,2008
[134]钮珊,海热提,我国六溴环十二烷应用以及行业减排措施探讨[J],环境科学与技术,2012,35(1)：191-194
[135]C. Thomsen, E. Lundanes and G. Becher, Brominated flame retardants in plasma samples from three different occupational groups in Norway [J], Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2001,3(4),366-370
[136]Qingxiang Zhou,Huahua Bai,Guohong Xie,Junping Xiao, Temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextraction[J], Journal of Chromatography A, 2008,1177(4),43-49
[137]Zhao R, Wang X, Yuan J, et al. A novel headspace solid-phase microextraction method for the exact determination of organochlorine pesticides in environmental soil samples [J]. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2006,384(7):1584-1589.
[138]Liu J, Jiang G, Chi Y, et al. Use of ionic liquids for liquid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J]. Analytical chemistry,2003,75(21):5870-5876.
[139]Liu J, Peng J, Chi Y, et al. Determination of formaldehyde in shiitake mushroom by ionic liquid-based liquid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography [J]. Talanta,2005,65(3):705-709.
[140]Bai H, Zhou Q, Xie G, et al. Enrichment and sensitive determination of dichlorodiphenyltrichloro ethane and its metabolites with temperature controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextraction prior to high performance liquid phase chromatography [J]. Analytica chimica acta,2009,651(1):64-68.
[141]Thomsen C, Liane VH, Becher G. Automated solid-phase extraction for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in serum--application on archived Norwegian samples from 1977 to 2003 [J].Journal of Chromatography B.2007,846(1-2):252-63.
[142]Wang Y, You J, Ren R, Xiao Y, Gao S, Zhang H, Yu A. Determination of triazines in honey by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction high-performance liquid chromatography [J] Journal of Chromatography A.2010,1217(26):4241-4246
[143]Qingxiang Zhou, Huahua Bai, Guohong Xie, Junping Xiao, Trace determination of organophosphorus pesticides in environmental samples by temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction [J], Journal of Chromatography A.2008, 1188(2):148-153
[144]Gao S, You J, Zheng X,. Determination of phenylurea and triazine herbicides in milk by microwave assisted ionic liquid microextraction high-performance liquid chromatography [J]. Talanta,2010,82(4):1371-1377.
[145]Medina, C. M., Pitarch, E., Lopez, F. J., Vazquez, C., Hernandez, F., Determination of PBDEs in human breast adipose tissues by gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry [J], Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2008 (390):1343-1354
[146]Pierre Labadie, Khawla Tlili, Fabrice Alliot,Catherine Bourges, Annie Desportes, Marc Chevreuil, development of analytical procedures for trace-level determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A in river water and sediment [J], Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2010(396):865-875
[147]Anthony F. Lagalante & Timothy D. Oswald, Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs):by liquid chromatography with negative-ion atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/NI-APPI/MS/MS):application to house dust [J], Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2008(391):2249-2256
[148]Gonzalez, M., Rodriguez, I., Quintana, J., Cela, R., Matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of triclosan and methyl triclosan in sludge and sediments [J], Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2010(398):2289-2297
[149]Luca, C., Anna, L. P., Ostman, C., Luca, R., Determination of organophosphorous flame retardants in fish tissues by matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography [J]. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2010,397(2):799-806.
[150]Garcia-L6pez M., Canosa P., Rodriguez I., Trends and recent applications of matrix solid-phase dispersion[J]. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2008,391(3):963-974.
[151]Liu, Q., Shi, J., Sun, J., Wang, T., Zeng, L., Zhu, N., Jiang, G., Graphene-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion for extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their methoxylated and hydroxylated analogs from environmental samples [J]. Analytica chimica acta,2011,708(1):61-68.
[152]Ru-Song Zhao, Jin-Peng Yuan, Ting Jiang, Jun-Bo Shi, Chuan-Ge Cheng, Application of bamboo charcoal as solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the determination of atrazine and simazine in environmental water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector [J]. Talanta,2008,76(4):956-959.
[153]Fa Yuan Wang, Hui Wang, Jian Wei Ma, Adsorption of cadmium (Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution by a new low-cost adsorbent-Bamboo charcoal 1[J]. Journal of hazardous materials,2010,177(1):300-306.
[154]Takashi Asada, Takashi Ohkubo, Kuniaki Kawata, Kikuo Oikawa, Ammonia adsorption on bamboo charcoal with acid treatment[J]. Journal of health science,2006, 52(5):585-589
[155]Ming Wang, Zheng-Hong Huang, Guangjia Liu, Feiyu Kang Adsorption of dimethyl sulfide from aqueous solution by a cost-effective bamboo Charcoal [J], Journal of Hazardous Materials 190 (2011):1009-1015
[156]Way Long, Haw Farn Lan, Yaw Fuh Huang, Evaluation of formaldehyde adsorption by bamboo charcoal using a photoacoustic method [J]. Journal of wood science,2010, 56(4):345-349.
[157]Edward L.K. Mui, W.H. Cheung, Marjorie Valix, Gordon McKay, Dye adsorption onto char from bamboo[J]. Journal of hazardous materials,2010,177(1):1001-1005.
[158]LiangGui Wang, Guo-Bing Yan, Adsorptive removal of direct yellow 161 dye from aqueous solution using bamboo charcoals activated with different chemicals [J], Desalination,2011 (274):81-90
[159]Zhao R S, Wang X, Yuan J P, et al. Solid-phase extraction of bisphenol A, nonylphenol and 4-octylphenol from environmental water samples using microporous bamboo charcoal, and their determination by HPLC[J]. Microchimica Acta,2009,165(3): 443-447.
[160]Ru Song Zhao, Xia Wang, JinPeng Yuan, Jin Ming Lin, Using bamboo charcoal as solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the ultratrace-level determination of perfluorooctanoic acid in water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry[J], Journal of Chromatography A,2008(1183):15-20
[161]P Canosa I Rodriguez E Rubi R Cela, Determination of parabens and triclosan in indoor dust using matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical chemistry,2007,79(4):1675-1681
[162]Shen Xia Cai, Jibao Gao, Yun Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Soil by MSPD-GC-NPD and Confirmation by GC-MS [J], Chromatographia,2006(64):71-77
[163]Navarro M, Pico Y, Marin R, Manes, Application of matrix solid-phase dispersion to the determination of a new generation of fungicides in fruits and vegetables. [J].Journal of Chromatography A.2002,968(1-2):201-209
[164]Sanchez-Brunete C, Miguel E, Tadeo JL. Analysis of 27 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by matrix solid-phase dispersion and isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in sewage sludge from the Spanish area of Madrid [J] Journal of Chromatography A.2007,1148(2):219-227.
[165]Zulin Zhang, Murali Shanmugam, Stewart M. Rhind, PLE and GC-MS Determination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Soils [J], Chromatographia 2010,72 (No.5/6):535-543
[166]Yang Z.Z.. Zhao X.R., Zhao Q., Qin Z.F., Qin X. F., Xu X.B., Jin Z.X., Xu C.X., PBDEs in leaves and soil from typical electronic waste polluted area in south china, Bull Evironm Toxicol,2008(80):340-344
[167]Ariel R. Fontana, Maria F. Silva, Luis D. Martinez, Rodolfo G. Wuilloud, Jorgelina C. Altamirano, Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water and soil samples by cloud point extraction-ultrasound-assisted back-extraction- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [J], Journal of Chromatography A 2009,1216(20), 4339-4346
[168]Se Hun Yun, Rudolf Addink, John M. McCabe, Arthur Ostaszewski, Deborah M.T., Allan B. Taylor, Kuruntha chalam K., Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Polybrominated Biphenyls in Sediment and Floodplain Soils of the Saginaw River Watershed, Michigan, USA [J], Archives of Environment Contamination and Toxicology, 2008(55):1-10
[169]Ana Isabel Garcia-Valca rcelJose Luis Tadeo,Determination of hexabromocyclododecane isomers in sewage sludge by LC-MS/MS [J],Journal of Separation Science,2009(32):3890-3897
[170]Chao Han,Xiaomei Chen,Wen Xie,Zhenou Zhu,Cuiping Liu,Fan Chen,Yan Shen, Determination of HBCD diastereoisomers in Sargassum fusiforme and comparison of the extraction efficiency of ultrasonication, microwave-assisted extraction, Soxhlet extraction and pressurised liquid extraction [J], Journal of Separation Science,2010(3):3319-3325
[171]R. Nakagawa, S. Murata, Y. Ashizuka, Y. Shintani, T. Hori, T. Tsutsumi, HBCDs determination in seafood samples collected from Japanese coastal areas,Chemosphere[J] 81 (2010):445-452
[172]Ramil Criado M, Hernanz Fenandez D, Rodriguez Pereiro I, Cela R,Application of matrix solid-phase dispersion to the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in fat by gas chromatography with electron-capture and mass spectrometric detection [J], Journal of Chromatography A,2004 (1056):187-194
[173]Martins Teixeira D, Teixeira da Costa C,Novel methods to extract flavanones and xanthones from the root bark of Maclura pomifera [J],Journal of Chromatography A,2005(1062):175-181
[174]Michel M, Buszewski B. Optimization of a matrix solid-phase dispersion method for the determination analysis of carbendazim residue in plant material [J].Journal of Chromatography B,2004,800(1-2):309-314.
[175]Taylor P J, Matrix effects:the Achilles heel of quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry [J], Clinical Biochemistry,2005,38(4):328-334
[176]彭浩,金军,王英,刘伟志,杨若明,液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱质谱分析土壤中的TBBPA [J],分析化学,2007,35(4),549-551
[177]Yu C, Hu B. Novel combined stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with ultrasonic assisted extraction for the determination of brominated flame retardants in environmental samples using high performance liquid chromatography [J].Journal of Chromatography A. 2007,1160(1-2):71-80
[178]Zhang X L, Luo X J, Chen S J, Spatial distribution and vertical profile of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, tetrabromobisphenol A, and decabromodiphenylethane in river sediment from an industrialized region of South China[J], Environmental Pollution 2009,157,1917-1923
[179]Brandli R.C., Kupper T., Bucheli T.D., et al., Organic pollutants in compost and digestate. Part 2. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and -furans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated alkyl substances, pesticides, and other compounds [J], Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2007 (9):465-472.
[180]Petersen M,Hamm S,Schaer A,Esser U. Comparative GC/MS and LC/MS detection of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD):in soil and water samples [J],Organohalogen Compound,2004(66):224-231.
[181]Meng X Z,DuanY P,Yang C,Pan Z Y,Wen Z H,Chen L. Occurrence,sources,and inventory of hexabromocyclo dodecanes in soils from Chongming Island,the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) [J], Chemosphere,2011(82):725-731.
[182]金军,王英,刘伟志,唐孝炎,莱州湾地区土壤及底泥中多溴联苯醚水平及其分布[J],环境科学学报,2008,28(7)：1463-1468.
[183]Chang'er Chen, Hongxia Zhao, Jingwen Chen, Xianliang Qiao, Qing Xie, Yifei Zhang,Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils of the modern Yellow River Delta,China: Occurrence, distribution and inventory [J],Chemosphere,2012,88:791-797
[184]李翔宇,基于RS的现代黄河三角洲土地利用/覆被变化检测方法研究,硕士论文,2008
[185]刘占凡,张绪良.黄河三角洲发展高效生态经济的条件分析[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报,2006,21(3)：91-94.
[186]许学工,黄河三角洲土地结构分析[J],地理学报,1997,52(1)：18-26
[187]张晓龙,现代黄河三角洲滨海湿地环境演变和退化研究,博士论文,2005.
[188]范国兰.黄河三角洲典型植物中类二嗯英类多氯联苯来源、积累、分布规律研究,博士学位论文,山东大学,2008
[189]Rayne, S., Ikonomou, M.G., Reconstructing source polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns from semipermeable membrane devices in the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada, comparison to commercialmixtures [J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2002(21):2292-2300
[190]丁问微,典型地区溴代阻燃剂人体暴露状况初步研究,硕士学位论文,中央民族大 学,2011
[191]Eriksson J, Green N, Marsh G.. Photochemical decomposition of 15 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in methanol/water [J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2004(38):3119-3125
[192]GerekeA, Hartmann P, HeebN,. Anaerobic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether [J], Environmental Science and Technology,2005(39):1078-1083
[193]He J Z, Kristion R Robrock, Lisa Alvarez-cohen. Microbial Reductive Debromination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) [J], Environmental Science and Technology,2006(40):4429-4434
[194]Frederiksen, M. Vorkamp, K. Thomsen, M. Knudsen, L. E., Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs-A review of levels and sources [J]. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.2009,212(2):109-134.
[195]Sjodin, A. Jakobsson, E. Kierkegaard, A. Marsh, G. Sellstr m, U., Gas chromatographic identification and quantification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a commercial product, Bromkal 70-5DE [J]. Journal of Chromatography A.1998,822 (1):83-89.
[196]Stapleton, H. M. Letcher, R. J. Baker, J. E., Debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners BDE99 and BDE183 in the intestinal tract of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) [J]. Environmental Science and Technology 2004, (38):1054-1061.
[197]Konstantinov, A. Arsenault, G. Chittim, B. McAlees, A. McCrindle, R. Potter, D. Tashiro, C. Yeo, B., Identification of the minor components of Great Lakes DE-71TM technical mix by means of 1H NMR and GC/MS [J]. Chemosphere.2008(73):39-43
[198]Chan, J. K.Xing, G. H. Xu, Y. Liang, Y. Chen, L. X. Wu, S. C. Wong, C. K. Leung, C. K.Wong, M. H., Body loadings and health risk assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans at an intensive electronic waste recycling site in China [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2007,41(22):7668-7674.
[199]谢薇,孙天河,韩鹏,袁国礼,青藏高原中部地区表层土壤中多溴联苯醚的分布特征及影响因素[J],现代地质,2012,26(5)：917-925
[200]Jing Ma, Rudolf Addink, Sehun Yun, Jinping Cheng, Wenhua Wang, and Kurunthachalam Kannan, Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Dibenzofurans and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Soil, Vegetation, Workshop-Floor Dust, and Electronic Shredder Residue from an Electronic Waste Recycling Facility and in Soils from a Chemical Industrial Complex in Eastern China [J], Environmental Science and Technology,2009,43(19),7350-7356
[201]BiXian Mai, SheJun Chen, XiaoJun Luo, LaiGuo Chen, QingShu Yang, GuoYing Sheng, PingAn Peng, JiaMo Fu, Eddyy, Zeng, Distribution of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Sediments of the Pearl River Delta and adjacent South China Sea [J], Environmental Science and Technology 2005(39):3521-3527
[202]Heeb, N. V. Graf, H. Schweizer, W. B. Lienemann, P. Thermally-induced transformation of hexabromocyclo dodecanes and isobutoxypenta HBCDs in flame-proofed polystyrene materials [J]. Chemosphere,2010(80):701-708.
[203]Harrad, S. Abdallah, M. A. Covaci, A. Causes of variability in concentrations and diastereomer patterns of hexabromocyclododecanes in indoor dust [J].Environmental Pollution,2009(35):573-579.
[204]Davis, J. W. Gonsior, S. Markham, D. Friederich, U. Hunziker, R. Ariano, J. Biodegradation and product identification of [14C]hexabromocyclododecane in wastewater sludge and freshwater aquatic sediment [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2006(40):5395-5401.
[205]Davis, J. W. Gonsior, S. Marty, G. Ariano, J. The transformation of hexabromocyclododecane in aerobic and anaerobic soils and aquatic sediments [J], Water Research,2005(39):1075-1084.
[206]Gerecke, A. C. Giger, W. Hartmann, P. Heeb, N. V. Kohler,H. Schmid, P. Zennegg, M. Kohler, M. Anaerobic degradation of brominated flame retardants in sewage sludge [J]. Chemosphere,2006 (64):311-317.
[207]杨从巧,生产源区环境中六溴环十二烷及其对人群健康影响的研究,中央民族大学,硕士学位论文,2010.
[208]Marvin C H,Tomy G T,Alaee M,Mainnis G, Distribution of hexabromocyclododecane in Detroit River suspended sediments [J]. Chemosphere,2006, 64(2):268-275.
[209]Harrad, S. Abdallah, M. A. Rose, N. L. Turner, S. D. Davidson, T. A. Current-use brominated flame retardants in water, sediment, and fish from English Lakes [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2009(43):9077-9083.
[210]Covaci, A. Gerecke, A. C. Law, R. J. Voorspoels, S. Kohler, M. Heeb, N. V. Leslie, H. Allchin, C. R. de Boer, J. Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs):in the environment and humans:A review [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2006, (40):3679-3688
[211]陈涛,周纯,牟义军,余彬彬,典型电子废物集中处置场地及周边土壤中多溴联苯醚的污染特征[J],生态与农村环境学报,2011,27(3)：20-24
[212]陈社军,田密,罗勇,林镇,罗孝俊,麦碧娴,多溴联苯醚在电子废弃物拆卸地沉积物中的垂直分布[J],环境科学,2010,31(12)：3088-3092
[213]林镇,陈社军,罗勇,罗孝俊,余梅,麦碧娴,珠江口钻孔沉积物中多溴联苯醚的沉积记录[J],中国环境科学,2007,27(6)：830-834
[214]邱孟德,邓代永,余乐洹,孙国萍,麦碧娴,许玫英,典型电器工业区河涌沉积物中的多溴联苯醚空间和垂直分布[J],环境科学,2012,33(2),580-586
[215]US EPA, Region 9 (The Pacific Southwest):Superfund Preliminary Remediation Goals US EPA, Region 9:San Francisco, CA.2004.
[216]Ulla Sellstrom, Bo Jansson, Analysis of tetrabromobisphenol A in a product and environmental samples [J], Chemosphere,1995,31(4):3085-3092
[217]Schlabach, M., Fjeld, E., Gundersen, H., Mariussen, E., Kjellberg, G., Breivik, E.. Pollution of Lake Mjosa by brominated flame retardants [J]. Organohalogen Compounds, 2004(66):3779-3785.
[218]Shutao Gao, Jingzhi Wang, Zhiqiang Yu, Qingrong Guo, Guoying Sheng, and Jiamo Fu,Hexabromocyclododecanes in Surface Soils from E-Waste Recycling Areas and Industrial Areas in South China:Concentrations, Diastereoisomer- and Enantiomer-Specific Profiles, and Inventory [J],Environmental Science and Technology, 2011(45):2093-2099
[219]Matscheko, N., Tysklind, M., deWit, C, Application of sewage sludge to arable land-soil concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls, and their accumulation in earthworms [J],. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2002,21 (12):2515-2525.
[220]Eljarrat, E., Marsh, G., Labandeira, A., Effect of sewage sludges contaminated withpolybrominated diphenylethers on agricultural soils [J]. Chemosphere,2008(71): 1079-1086.
[221]Yun, S.H., Addink, R., McCabe, J.M., Ostaszewski, A., Mackenzie-Taylor, D., Taylor, A.B.,..,2008. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyls in sediment and floodplain soils of the Saginaw River Watershed, Michigan. USA [J], Archives of Environment Contamination and Toxicology,2008,5 (1):1-10.
[222]Akifimi E., Tomohiko I., Karri R., Nguyen M. Tue, Agus S.,Gnanasekaran D., Pham H. V. Rouch S. T., Shin T.,Annamalai S., Shinsuke T., Soil contamination by brominated flame retardants in open waste dumping sites in Asian developing countries [J], Chemosphere,90 (2013):2365-2371
[223]Li, K., Fu, S., Yang, Z. Z, Composition, distribution and characterization of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs):in the soil in Taiyuan, China [J], Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2008(81):588-593.
[224]王旭,哈尔滨市土壤与大气中OCPs和BFRs分布特征及源汇分析,哈尔滨工业大学,博士论文,2009
[225]Jiang Y.F., Wang X.T., Zhu K., Wu M.H., et at., Occurrence, compositional patterns, and possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in agricultural soil of Shanghai, China [J], Chemosphere,89 (2012):936-943
[226]Jun Jin, Ying Wang Weizhi Liu, Congqiao Yang, Jicheng Hu, Jian Cui, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in atmosphere and soil of a production area in China: Levels and partitioning [J], Journal of Environmental Sciences,2011,23(3):427-433
[227]任金亮,王平,多溴联苯醚环境行为的特征与研究进展[J].化工进 展,2006,25(10)：1152-1157
[228]孙青,石油污染土壤的生态风险评价和生物修复管理,硕士学位论文,南开大学,2010
[229]周洪利,胜利原油窄馏分酸与硫分布规律及防腐蚀措施[J],石油化工腐蚀与防护,2006,23(6)：35-37
[230]Kucklick JR, Sivertsen M, Factors influencing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distributions in South Carolina estuarine sediments [J]. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,1992(213):13-29
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |