沈阳浑河傍河区域地下水氮素污染研究
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摘要
傍河区域地下水具有极高的开采利用价值，是我国重要的供水水源之一。然而，随着人类活动范围与强度的加大、地表河流的污染，傍河区域地下水污染问题引起了极大的关注。其中，傍河区域地下水的氮素污染具有常见性、独特性与复杂性等特点，值得深入探讨研究。本论文针对沈阳浑河李官堡傍河区域存在的氮素污染问题，将研究区分为南北两部，借助水化学分析、多元统计分析、环境同位素分析、数值模拟等研究手段，对该区地下水开展了水化学特征、污染特征、氮素迁移转化机理、氮素污染来源及比例等问题的探讨研究。主要研究成果如下：
（1）研究区地下水来源于大气降水、上游地下水径流、浑河补给三部分。研究区北部用地类型以居民、工业用地为主，污染源密度大。南部用地类型以绿地与农用地为主，污染源密度小。氢氧同位素分析结果表明浑河河水对傍河地下水存在补给，补给比例可达60%。
（2）水化学及多元统计分析表明，研究区南北部呈现出不同的地下水化学特征。两区地下水环境相比，北部呈现出相对的弱氧化性、弱酸性特征；南部呈现出相对的弱还原性、弱碱性特征。虽然两区地下水均属于溶滤水，但北部比南部表现出相对更高的钠离子、氯离子含量。南北部地下水的主要污染物分别为铵氮与硝氮。此外，北部地下水TDS、氯离子等指标明显高于南部地下水。
（3）水化学及环境同位素的分析表明，研究区南北部地下水氮素的迁移转化机理存在差异。北部的包气带及含水层均处于氧化环境中，氮素的迁移转化受控于硝化作用；而南部的包气带及含水层分别处于氧化环境及还原环境中，氮素的迁移转化分别受控于硝化作用与反硝化作用。
（4）研究区南北部地下水存在不同的氮素污染来源。结合研究区实际条件及氮氧同位素的分析表明，研究区地表水、地下水氮素的最主要来源为人为活动排放的粪便及污水。从垂向包气带及水平向含水层开展的数值模拟研究定量揭示出不同途径氮素污染源的贡献率。北部地下水的硝氮主要来源于地表污染源的垂向入渗及上游地下水径流，其比例分别为43.92%、27.37%。南部地下水的铵氮主要来源于浑河河水及上游径流，其比例分别为61.79%、38.06%。整体上看，研究区氮素主要来源于地表垂向入渗。
The riparian groundwater demonstrates a high value for exploitation and is oneof the most important water supply sources in China. However, the contamination ofthe riparian groundwater has aroused lots of attention due to the increase of the rangeand intensity of human activities and the contamination of rivers. The nitrogencontamination of the riparian groundwater is worth for research because of itscharacteristics of universality, uniqueness and complexity. This paper carried out astudy on groundwater nitrogen contamination in the riparian area of Hun river, Liguan pu, Shen yang. The research area was divided into the south and the north twoparts and the research measures included hydrochemistry analysis, multiple statisticalanalysis, environment isotope analysis and numerical modeling. The questionsfocused in the paper included the contamination and hydrochemistry characteristics ofthe riparian groundwater, the nitrogen transformation mechanism in the backgroundenvironment, and nitrogen sources as well as their relevant proportions contributed tothe nitrogen contamination. The main conclusions are listed below.
(1) Groundwater of the research area was supplied by rainfall, upstreamgroundwater flow and the Hun river. The northern research area was mainly attributedto resident and industrial lands with a high contamination source intensity. Thesouthern research area was mainly covered by the farmland and the green land with alower contamination source intensity. The hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysisdemonstrated that the Hun river could supply the riparian groundwater and the ratecould be up to60%.
(2) The northern and southern groundwater in the study area showed differenthydrochemical characteristics by the help of hydrochemistry and multiple statisticalanalyses. Taking the two groundwater environment for comparison, it was found thatthe northern groundwater demonstrated a slightly oxidizing and acidic characteristicand the southern groundwater demonstrated a slightly reducing and alkalinecharacteristic. Although the whole groundwater belonged to the infiltration water type,but the northern groundwater owned a relevant higher content of sodium and chloride ions compared to the southern groundwater. Nitrate and ammonium were the maincontaminants of the north and the south respectively. The TDS and chloride in thenorth were much higher than those of the south.
(3) The nitrogen of the northern and the southern groundwater owned differenttransformation mechanisms by the research of hydrochemistry and environmentisotopes. In both the unsaturated zone and the aquifer of the north, their environmentswere in a oxidation condition and the nitrogen was controlled by nitrification. In thesouth, the nitrogen moved in the unsaturated zone was controlled by nitrification. Inthe aquifer, the nitrogen was controlled by denitrification.
(4) The nitrogen of the south and the north came from different sources. Themain nitrogen source could be attributed to the feces and sewage discharged byhuman activities by the investigation of local environment and the nitrate isotoperesearch. The numerical modeling combined both the vertical and parallel orientationsrevealed the contribution rates of different nitrogen sources effectively. The nitrogenin the northern groundwater was mainly from the surface contamination sources andthe upstream groundwater, and the corresponding proportions were43.92%,27.37%.The nitrogen in the southern groundwater mainly came from the Hun river and theupstream groundwater, and the corresponding proportions were61.79%,38.06%. As awhole, the surface sources were the main contributor to the groundwater nitrogencontamination.
（1）研究区地下水来源于大气降水、上游地下水径流、浑河补给三部分。研究区北部用地类型以居民、工业用地为主，污染源密度大。南部用地类型以绿地与农用地为主，污染源密度小。氢氧同位素分析结果表明浑河河水对傍河地下水存在补给，补给比例可达60%。
（2）水化学及多元统计分析表明，研究区南北部呈现出不同的地下水化学特征。两区地下水环境相比，北部呈现出相对的弱氧化性、弱酸性特征；南部呈现出相对的弱还原性、弱碱性特征。虽然两区地下水均属于溶滤水，但北部比南部表现出相对更高的钠离子、氯离子含量。南北部地下水的主要污染物分别为铵氮与硝氮。此外，北部地下水TDS、氯离子等指标明显高于南部地下水。
（3）水化学及环境同位素的分析表明，研究区南北部地下水氮素的迁移转化机理存在差异。北部的包气带及含水层均处于氧化环境中，氮素的迁移转化受控于硝化作用；而南部的包气带及含水层分别处于氧化环境及还原环境中，氮素的迁移转化分别受控于硝化作用与反硝化作用。
（4）研究区南北部地下水存在不同的氮素污染来源。结合研究区实际条件及氮氧同位素的分析表明，研究区地表水、地下水氮素的最主要来源为人为活动排放的粪便及污水。从垂向包气带及水平向含水层开展的数值模拟研究定量揭示出不同途径氮素污染源的贡献率。北部地下水的硝氮主要来源于地表污染源的垂向入渗及上游地下水径流，其比例分别为43.92%、27.37%。南部地下水的铵氮主要来源于浑河河水及上游径流，其比例分别为61.79%、38.06%。整体上看，研究区氮素主要来源于地表垂向入渗。
The riparian groundwater demonstrates a high value for exploitation and is oneof the most important water supply sources in China. However, the contamination ofthe riparian groundwater has aroused lots of attention due to the increase of the rangeand intensity of human activities and the contamination of rivers. The nitrogencontamination of the riparian groundwater is worth for research because of itscharacteristics of universality, uniqueness and complexity. This paper carried out astudy on groundwater nitrogen contamination in the riparian area of Hun river, Liguan pu, Shen yang. The research area was divided into the south and the north twoparts and the research measures included hydrochemistry analysis, multiple statisticalanalysis, environment isotope analysis and numerical modeling. The questionsfocused in the paper included the contamination and hydrochemistry characteristics ofthe riparian groundwater, the nitrogen transformation mechanism in the backgroundenvironment, and nitrogen sources as well as their relevant proportions contributed tothe nitrogen contamination. The main conclusions are listed below.
(1) Groundwater of the research area was supplied by rainfall, upstreamgroundwater flow and the Hun river. The northern research area was mainly attributedto resident and industrial lands with a high contamination source intensity. Thesouthern research area was mainly covered by the farmland and the green land with alower contamination source intensity. The hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysisdemonstrated that the Hun river could supply the riparian groundwater and the ratecould be up to60%.
(2) The northern and southern groundwater in the study area showed differenthydrochemical characteristics by the help of hydrochemistry and multiple statisticalanalyses. Taking the two groundwater environment for comparison, it was found thatthe northern groundwater demonstrated a slightly oxidizing and acidic characteristicand the southern groundwater demonstrated a slightly reducing and alkalinecharacteristic. Although the whole groundwater belonged to the infiltration water type,but the northern groundwater owned a relevant higher content of sodium and chloride ions compared to the southern groundwater. Nitrate and ammonium were the maincontaminants of the north and the south respectively. The TDS and chloride in thenorth were much higher than those of the south.
(3) The nitrogen of the northern and the southern groundwater owned differenttransformation mechanisms by the research of hydrochemistry and environmentisotopes. In both the unsaturated zone and the aquifer of the north, their environmentswere in a oxidation condition and the nitrogen was controlled by nitrification. In thesouth, the nitrogen moved in the unsaturated zone was controlled by nitrification. Inthe aquifer, the nitrogen was controlled by denitrification.
(4) The nitrogen of the south and the north came from different sources. Themain nitrogen source could be attributed to the feces and sewage discharged byhuman activities by the investigation of local environment and the nitrate isotoperesearch. The numerical modeling combined both the vertical and parallel orientationsrevealed the contribution rates of different nitrogen sources effectively. The nitrogenin the northern groundwater was mainly from the surface contamination sources andthe upstream groundwater, and the corresponding proportions were43.92%,27.37%.The nitrogen in the southern groundwater mainly came from the Hun river and theupstream groundwater, and the corresponding proportions were61.79%,38.06%. As awhole, the surface sources were the main contributor to the groundwater nitrogencontamination.
引文
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