黑河流域蓝绿水时空变化研究
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摘要
所有的有机体,包括人类,都需要淡水资源来保证其生存。因此,保证足够的淡水资源供给不仅对人类是必不可少的,对生态系统也是极其必要的。水资源可以分为蓝水和绿水。蓝水主要指江、河、湖水及浅层地下水；绿水是指源于降水,储藏于非饱和土壤中并被植物以蒸散发的形式吸收利用的那部分水。以往,人们往往更多的关注蓝水而忽视绿水。但是绿水在粮食生产和生态系统服务中发挥着非常重要的作用。蓝绿水研究引发了科学界对水资源概念及评价的重新思考,逐步影响着人类对水资源管理的思维方式,并已经成为水文水资源领域研究热点。
在我国干旱区内陆河流域,人们对水循环的认识仍然是以蓝水为主,对流域生态系统和人类极其重要的绿水和其时空分布却了解甚少。本研究选择干旱区典型内陆河流黑河为研究对象,以蓝绿水为研究核心,以Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)模型和Mann-Kendall等统计检验方法为研究手段,研究黑河流域蓝绿水的时空动态分布格局和人类活动对蓝绿水变化规律的影响。在流域尺度上分析蓝绿水在干旱年、湿润年、平水年这些典型年份的变化特征；并综合考虑蓝绿水资源空间分布和水资源变化情况,探讨蓝水、绿水转化的理论框架。
研究发现,黑河流域蓝水流(地表径流、壤中流和地下径流之和)和绿水流(实际蒸散发)呈现从上游到下游递减的规律。黑河流域绿水系数(绿水流占蓝绿水流之和的比重)达到了88%以上,因此在黑河流域大部分水资源是以绿水的形式存在的。人类活动会影响蓝绿水的变化和分布。黑河流域中游地区城市化的进程导致该地区蓝水流增加,绿水流减少；而中游地区农田的灌溉导致蓝水流减少,绿水流增加。通过对1960-2010年的蓝绿水变化趋势分析发现,黑河流域蓝水流和蓝绿水总量在过去51年来呈现显著增加的趋势,而绿水系数呈现显著减少的趋势。蓝水流、绿水流和蓝绿水总量在上游和中游增加显著,但在下游地区变化趋势不显著。蓝水流在1963年发生突变,蓝绿水总量在分别在1963和1978年发生突变。通过对黑河流域未来蓝绿水的变化趋势预测发现,黑河流域未来蓝绿水都将呈现增加的趋势,而绿水系数则呈现减少的趋势。蓝绿水总量在湿润年份(1998年,252.72亿m3)明显大于干旱年份(1978年,167.73亿m3)；绿水系数在于旱年份(90.30%)明显高于湿润年份(85.41%)。降水低的年份(干旱年份)的绿水流所占蓝绿水流总量的比例明显高于湿润年,而湿润年份蓝水流占水资源的比例明显高于干旱年。本研究为科学合理地规划和管理中国西北内陆河流域的水资源提供了基础数据,对流域尺度上水资源的评价和预测有着重要的指导和实践意义；可以为国家内陆河流域综合管理、水安全、生态安全提供理论基础和科技支撑。
Ensuring sufficient water supply is essential for the survival and sustenance of humans and ecosystems. In the long term, insufficient water availability for essential ecosystem functions and services can lead to ecosystem degradation with consequent impacts on overall water scarcity and human well-being. Water resources assessment and management often emphasize on blue water, ignoring green water. Conceptually, water can be divided into green water and blue water. Blue water is the water in rivers, lakes, wetland and shallow aquifers, while green water is precipitation water stored in unsaturated soil, and later used for evapotranspiration. Although green water is often ignored, it plays an essential role in crop production and other ecosystem services. The green/blue water research has become a hot topic of water resources research.
The concepts of green and blue water make the scientific community start a new way of thinking and understanding of water resources and their assessment framework. In particular in arid and semi-arid regions, water use competition is intense between human and ecosystems:hence, a comprehensive assessment of green and blue water resources in a spatially and temporal explicit way is a key to deepening the understanding of the renewable water endowments as well as to enhancing water management towards sustainable, efficient and equitable use of limited water resources. In this study, we selected China's second-largest inland river, the Heihe River, as a case study for the analysis of green/blue water.
Our results show that:blue water flow (the sum of surface runoff, lateral water and groundwater runoff) and green water flow (the actual evapotranspiration) are larger in upstream sub-basins than in midstream and downstream sub-basins. The green water coefficient (the proportion of green water flow in total blue and green water flows) of Heihe river basin was more than88%. This implies that more than88%of water resources in the Heihe river basin are green water. Human activities can influence the green/blue water variability and distribution. In midstream, the urbanization increased blue water flow and decreased green water flow; in contrast, irrigation increased green water flow and decreased blue water flow. The blue water flow and total blue and green water flows of the entire basin increased significantly during the study period, while the proportion of green water decreased significantly. The three flows (green water flow, blue water flow, and the total flows) increased significantly in the upstream and midstream basins, but did not change significantly in the downstream basin. Blue water flows changed abruptly in1963, and total flows changed abruptly in1963and1978. Green/blue water flows in the Heihe river basin will continue to increase in future, but the proportion of green water will decrease. The results for typical reference years showed the green/blue water flows in a typical wet year (1998,25.27billion m3) were more than in a typical dry year (1978,16.77billion m3). The green water coefficient was greater in a typical dry year (90.30%) than in a typical wet year (85.41%). Therefore, the percent of green water in total water resources was higher in a typical dry year or dry region (mid-and downstream) than in a typical wet year or wet region (upstream). This study provides insights into green and blue water endowments for different sub-basins in the entire Heihe river basin. The results are helpful to benchmark the green and blue water assessment at a river basin level and to improve water resources management in the inland river basins of China.
在我国干旱区内陆河流域,人们对水循环的认识仍然是以蓝水为主,对流域生态系统和人类极其重要的绿水和其时空分布却了解甚少。本研究选择干旱区典型内陆河流黑河为研究对象,以蓝绿水为研究核心,以Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)模型和Mann-Kendall等统计检验方法为研究手段,研究黑河流域蓝绿水的时空动态分布格局和人类活动对蓝绿水变化规律的影响。在流域尺度上分析蓝绿水在干旱年、湿润年、平水年这些典型年份的变化特征；并综合考虑蓝绿水资源空间分布和水资源变化情况,探讨蓝水、绿水转化的理论框架。
研究发现,黑河流域蓝水流(地表径流、壤中流和地下径流之和)和绿水流(实际蒸散发)呈现从上游到下游递减的规律。黑河流域绿水系数(绿水流占蓝绿水流之和的比重)达到了88%以上,因此在黑河流域大部分水资源是以绿水的形式存在的。人类活动会影响蓝绿水的变化和分布。黑河流域中游地区城市化的进程导致该地区蓝水流增加,绿水流减少；而中游地区农田的灌溉导致蓝水流减少,绿水流增加。通过对1960-2010年的蓝绿水变化趋势分析发现,黑河流域蓝水流和蓝绿水总量在过去51年来呈现显著增加的趋势,而绿水系数呈现显著减少的趋势。蓝水流、绿水流和蓝绿水总量在上游和中游增加显著,但在下游地区变化趋势不显著。蓝水流在1963年发生突变,蓝绿水总量在分别在1963和1978年发生突变。通过对黑河流域未来蓝绿水的变化趋势预测发现,黑河流域未来蓝绿水都将呈现增加的趋势,而绿水系数则呈现减少的趋势。蓝绿水总量在湿润年份(1998年,252.72亿m3)明显大于干旱年份(1978年,167.73亿m3)；绿水系数在于旱年份(90.30%)明显高于湿润年份(85.41%)。降水低的年份(干旱年份)的绿水流所占蓝绿水流总量的比例明显高于湿润年,而湿润年份蓝水流占水资源的比例明显高于干旱年。本研究为科学合理地规划和管理中国西北内陆河流域的水资源提供了基础数据,对流域尺度上水资源的评价和预测有着重要的指导和实践意义；可以为国家内陆河流域综合管理、水安全、生态安全提供理论基础和科技支撑。
Ensuring sufficient water supply is essential for the survival and sustenance of humans and ecosystems. In the long term, insufficient water availability for essential ecosystem functions and services can lead to ecosystem degradation with consequent impacts on overall water scarcity and human well-being. Water resources assessment and management often emphasize on blue water, ignoring green water. Conceptually, water can be divided into green water and blue water. Blue water is the water in rivers, lakes, wetland and shallow aquifers, while green water is precipitation water stored in unsaturated soil, and later used for evapotranspiration. Although green water is often ignored, it plays an essential role in crop production and other ecosystem services. The green/blue water research has become a hot topic of water resources research.
The concepts of green and blue water make the scientific community start a new way of thinking and understanding of water resources and their assessment framework. In particular in arid and semi-arid regions, water use competition is intense between human and ecosystems:hence, a comprehensive assessment of green and blue water resources in a spatially and temporal explicit way is a key to deepening the understanding of the renewable water endowments as well as to enhancing water management towards sustainable, efficient and equitable use of limited water resources. In this study, we selected China's second-largest inland river, the Heihe River, as a case study for the analysis of green/blue water.
Our results show that:blue water flow (the sum of surface runoff, lateral water and groundwater runoff) and green water flow (the actual evapotranspiration) are larger in upstream sub-basins than in midstream and downstream sub-basins. The green water coefficient (the proportion of green water flow in total blue and green water flows) of Heihe river basin was more than88%. This implies that more than88%of water resources in the Heihe river basin are green water. Human activities can influence the green/blue water variability and distribution. In midstream, the urbanization increased blue water flow and decreased green water flow; in contrast, irrigation increased green water flow and decreased blue water flow. The blue water flow and total blue and green water flows of the entire basin increased significantly during the study period, while the proportion of green water decreased significantly. The three flows (green water flow, blue water flow, and the total flows) increased significantly in the upstream and midstream basins, but did not change significantly in the downstream basin. Blue water flows changed abruptly in1963, and total flows changed abruptly in1963and1978. Green/blue water flows in the Heihe river basin will continue to increase in future, but the proportion of green water will decrease. The results for typical reference years showed the green/blue water flows in a typical wet year (1998,25.27billion m3) were more than in a typical dry year (1978,16.77billion m3). The green water coefficient was greater in a typical dry year (90.30%) than in a typical wet year (85.41%). Therefore, the percent of green water in total water resources was higher in a typical dry year or dry region (mid-and downstream) than in a typical wet year or wet region (upstream). This study provides insights into green and blue water endowments for different sub-basins in the entire Heihe river basin. The results are helpful to benchmark the green and blue water assessment at a river basin level and to improve water resources management in the inland river basins of China.
引文
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