不同类型水库养殖生态学的比较与放养结构调整的研究
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摘要
有关水库水化学、浮游生物及底栖动物的研究是水库水生态系统研究的主要内容,对于保护、维持、恢复水库水生态环境,以及渔业资源开发利用的可持续发展具有重大意义。本文选取湖北省四座不同类型的大中型水库作为研究对象,比较研究了理化因子的分布变化特征,浮游生物、底栖动物的群落结构特点,演替变化规律,分析了差异的成因所在。另外还探讨了浮游动物与浮游植物的相互作用机制,以及环境因子对浮游生物、底栖动物的影响,并通过逐步回归分析、CCA等数量生态学的手段,明确了主要理化性状与浮游生物、底栖动物的相关关系。运用综合营养状态指数(TSIc)对四座水库营养状态进行了综合评价。根据饵料生物的现存量测算出的鱼产潜力大小,浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物现存量的特点,利用能量生态学的手段,对四座水库鱼类的放养结构进行调整,并比较了调整前后的鱼产量大小和渔业经济效益。其研究内容和结果如下：
1、全年库水温度的变化范围为5.5-31.0℃,平均16.5℃；DO时空变化明显,且各水层DO充足,稳定,均维持在6.5 mg/L以上；DIN的水平分布和季节变化明显,但无水层分布现象；PO3-P极度匮乏,P是营养盐的主要限制因子；TN的值在冬季时为夏春季的3-5倍,除金沙河为0.392 mg/L外,其余三座水库均在0.700 mg/L以上,说明水体已受到不同程度的N污染；N/P偏大,变化范围为7.6-142.6,平均值在38.0左右；ALK、TH的变化范围为1.0-2.6 mmol/L,属软水；各库在10m左右均出现温跃层,上下温差达10℃。按照相关加权综合营养状态指数法(TSIc),结合湖库营养类型划分标准,对四座水库的水质进行综合营养类型评价。结果是：金沙河为中营养型,道观河为富营养型,徐家河和桃园河为中-富营养型。
2、四座水库共鉴定出浮游植物215种,从组成来看,四座水库均属于硅藻-绿藻型,蓝藻含量居第3位。蓝藻主要分布在SD以上的水层,硅藻主要分布在SD-2SD之间水层,其余各门藻类基本上集中分布在2 SD以上水层,绿藻门中的栅藻(Scenedesmus),裸藻门中囊裸藻(Trachelomonas)则广泛分布于深水层中。表层和底层的差异很大,一般在2-3倍以上。浮游植物生物量的水层分布除道观河为表层>SD>2 SD>3 SD>底层,其余三座水库均为SD>表层>2SD>3SD>底层。金沙河Chl-a的年平均含量为2.04μg/L,变化范围1.25-2.93μg/L；道观河为17.9μg/L,变化范围5.31-36.56μg/L,是金沙河的7倍之多；徐家河和桃园河平均含量分别为9.64μg/L、7.26μg/L,变化范围分别为2.64-15.51μg/L、2.13-14.19μg/L。各库的Chl-a值季节差异大,且变化明显,达到了极显著水平(P<0.01)。除徐家河的Simpson多样性指数(d)为中游最高外,其余三座水库均为上游>中游>下游,且差异不显著(P>0.5)。从水库之间来看,金沙河的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Margalef多样性指数(D)、Simpson多样性指数(d)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)与其它三座水库各指数之间均达到了极显著水平(P<0.01),而道观河、徐家河、桃园河两两之间差异不明显。TN与浮游植物呈负相关,但相关系数低,其回归方程y=-0.33x+2.86,p=0.442>0.05,R2=0.033,R2=0.021,r=-0.182；TP与浮游植物呈正相关,其回归方程y=19.9x+2.14,p=0.06>0.05,R2=0.183,R2=0.138,r=0.478,虽相关系数达到0.478,但未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。水体的营养水平不同是四座水库浮游植物群落结构差异的主要原因。
3、四座水库共鉴定出浮游动物147种,从种类组成上来看,原生动物和轮虫占优势。四座水库含共有种15种,其中原生动物6种,轮虫4种,枝角类3种,桡足类2种,分别占40.0%,26.7%,20.0%,13.3%。金沙河浮游动物多样性明显高于其它三座水库,Shannon-Wiener指数(H)和Simpson指数(d)分别达到2.99、5.16,与其余三座水库均差异极显著(P<0.01)；道观河浮游动物多样性指数最低,Shannon-Wiener指数(H)和Simpson指数(d)分别为1.80、2.48；徐家河和桃园河比较接近,Shannon-Wiener指数(H)依次为2.08、2.07,Simpson指数(d)依次为3.58、3.72。徐家河、桃园河的Simpson指数(d)与道观河差异显著(P<0.05)。原生动物和轮虫的生物量与COD、TN、TP呈显著的正相关(P<0.01),与DO呈显著的负相关(P<0.01)。由于枝角类、桡足类密度低,个体差异大,与COD、DO、TN、TP相关性不明显。优势种与浮游动物丰度有显著的相关性。浮游动物对浮游植物丰度的影响在金沙河中表现明显,在道观河反而呈现正相关,相关系数r=0.45,在其它两座水库无明显相关性。
4、共采集底栖动物38种,其中寡毛类14种,占36.8%；水生昆虫18种,占47.4%；软体动物6种,占15.8%。道观河优势种为强耐污种类的霍甫水丝蚓Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri、大红德永摇蚊Tokunagayusurika akamusi;桃园河是典型的山谷型水库,底栖动物的组成、密度、生物量也符合这一特征；寡污带的长跗摇蚊Tanytarsus sp.、劳氏摇蚊Lauterbornia sp.,β-中污带的多毛管水蚓Aulodrilus pluriseta等一些较清洁的种类在水质良好的金沙河广泛分布,且金沙河周年均可采集到方格短卷螺Semisulcospira cancellata、梨形环棱螺Bellamya purificata、河蚬Corbicula fluminea等软体动物；徐家河属于典型的中-富营养型水体,其优势种类为β-中污带的瑞士水丝蚓Limnodrilus helveticus,α-中污带的前突摇蚊Procladius sp.。寡毛类与COD呈负相关,达到了极显著水平(P<0.01),与DO、SD呈正相关,达到了显著水平(P<0.05)；水生昆虫与COD、DO、SD相关性不明显。通过相关矩阵分析,发现水生昆虫与水深呈负相关关系,随着水深的增加,其密度和种类下降,水深超过10m,随着深度增加下降幅度增大；寡毛类有从属于TN和TP含量的趋势,TP对底栖动物的影响较TN明显。广泛用于湖泊水质评价的底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener和Margalef生物多样性指数,评价水库水质时需对评价标准加以修正和完善；Simposon多样性指数完全不适宜对深水水库的水质进行评价。
5、根据浮游生物现存量估测水库鱼产潜力时,浮游生物要分水层多层采样(至少5层以上),计算平均值。并根据浮游植物、浮游动物的现存量的大小和特点,以及鲢、鳙的摄食特性,确定鲢、鳙放养的数量和比例,切记盲目追求高经济效益的鳙产量,而忽视鲢的渔业生产作用。我们所研究的四座水库鲢、鳙的放养比例均在0.6:1以上,其生长情况良好。
Studies on water chemistry, plankton and zoobenthos in reservoirs which are the main research aspects of aquatic ecosystem have played a significant role in the conservation, maintenance and recovery of aquatic ecological environment as well as the sustainable development of fishery resources exploit. The present study was aimed at distribution features of physico-chemical factors, community structure, succession rules, and casual analysis of plankton and zoobenthos of the four reservoirs with different trophic types in Huhei province. Interaction mechanism of phytoplankton and zooplankton, and the influence of environmental factors upon both of them were analyzed as well. The correlation between main physical and chemical factors and plankton and zoobenthos was established by means of gradual regression analysis, CCA and other quantitative ecological ways. Comprehensive assessment on trophic states of the four reservoirs was conducted via the comprehensive Trophic State Index(TSIc). Fish productivity and standing crops of phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos were calculated based on standing crops of biotic organisms. Adjustment proposal of stocking structure of the four reservoirs was suggested by energy-ecological means and comparison of fish production and economical profits of fishery was conducted before and after the adjustment. The results indicated that:
1. The water temperature of all reservoirs ranged from 5.5 to 31.0℃and average value was 16.5℃. The content of DO in each layer was abundant, stable, and no less than 6.5 mg/L, featuring stark spatio-temporal variations. DIN presented obvious horizontal distribution and seasonal variations without layer distribution. There was extreme deficiency in PO3-P content wherein P was the principal restriction factor of trophic minerals. The content of TN in winter was 3 to 5 times to that of spring and summer, which was more than 0.700 mg/L in three reservoirs except Jinshahe reservoir with content of 0.392 mg/L, suggesting that the water body had suffered the pollution of N. The mean value of N/P was about 38.0 with a scope from 7.6-142.6, which was higher than usual. The value of ALK and TH of all reservoirs varied from 1.0-2.6 mmol/L, indicating that all water bodies belonged to soft water. Thermocline with a temperature gap of 10℃was found in the depth of 10 m in all reservoirs. Comprehensive trophic type evaluation on water quality was conducted according to the relative comprehensive Trophic States Index(TSIc) and definitive criterion of trophic type of lakes and reservoirs. The results revealed that Jinshahe reservoir belonged to medium-trophic level, Daoguanhe reservoir eutrophication state, and Xujiahe and Taoyuanhe sites medium-eutrophic types.
2. There were 215 species of phytoplankton in the four reservoirs, in which diatom, chlorella, and blue-green algae ranked 1,2, and 3, respectively. Blue-green algae was mostly found in the layer above SD, diatom in the layer between SD and 2 SD, whereas other algae including Scenedsmus and Trachelomonas were mainly found in the layer above 2 SD. Layer distribution of phytoplankton biomass was characterized as SD> surface> 2 SD>3 SD> bottom except surface>SD>2 SD>3 SD>bottom in Daoguanhe reservoir. Content of Chl-a varied from 1.25-2.93μg/L with an annual average of 2.04μg/L in Jinshahe reservoirs,5.31-36.56μg/L and 17.9μg/L in Daoguanhe site,2.64-15.51μg/L and 9.64μg/L in Xujiahe sites, and 13-14.19μg/L and 7.26μg/L in Taoyuanhe site respectively, wherein seasonal variations showed extremely significant difference (P<0.01) between all reservoirs. Simpson diversity index (d) was upper stream>middle stream>downstream without no significant difference (P<0.05) except the highest in middle stream in Xujiahe site. It revealed extremely significant difference (P<0.01) in Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H), Margalef diversity index (D), Simpson diversity index (d) and Pielou evenness index (J) between Xujiahe site and other three sites while there was no significant difference (P>0.05) among Daoguanhe site, Taoyuanhe site and Jinshahe site. Negative correlation was found between TN and phytoplankton with the regression equation of y=-0.33x+2.86, p=0.442>0.05, R2=0.033, R2=0.021,γ=-0.182. Positive correlation existed between TP and phytoplankton with the regression equation of y=19.9x+2.14, p=0.06> 0.05, R2=0.183,R2=0.138,γ=0.478(P>0.05). It was the difference in water trophic levels that attributed to the variations of phytoplankton community structure in the four reservoirs.
3. There were 147 species of zooplankton in all reservoirs wherein protozoa, rotifers, cladoceran and copepods accounted for 40.0%,26.7%,20.0% and 13.3% respectively. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) and Simpson diversity index (d) was 2.99 and 5.16 in Jinshahe sites, which were higher than those of other sites with extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The two indices were 1.80 and 2.48 in Daoguanhe site, featuring significant difference (P<0.05) to that of Xujiahe site with data of 2.08 and 3.58 and Taoyuanhe site with data of 2.07 and 3.72. Biomass of protozoa and rotifers was positively correlated to COD, TN and TP, but negatively correlated to DO(P<0.01). No pronounced correlation was monitored between biomass of cladoceran and copepods and COD, DO, TN and TP, as a result of low density and remarkable individual difference. Pronounced correlation was (P<0.05) found between dominant species and abundance of zooplankton. Obvious impact was seen of zooplankton upon phytoplankton abundance in Jinshahe site whereas positive correlation (r=0.45) was revealed in Daoguanhe site, and no stark correlation was observed in other two reservoirs.
4. There were 38 species(genus) of zoobenthos, wherein oligochaeta (14), aquatic sects(18) mollusca(6) accounted for 36.8%,47.4% and 15.8%, respectively. Dominant species in Daoguanhe site were Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Tokunagayusurika akamusi with super resistance to pollution, which was similar to that of Taoyuanhe site, a kind of valley-type reservoir. Some zoobenthos like Tanytarsus sp. and Lauterbornia sp. in non-polluted zone, Aulodrilus pluriseta in P-medium-polluted zone et al. widely spread in Jinshahe site with good water quality where some kinds of mollusks were the trophies in sample collection all the year such as Semisulcospira cancellata, Bellamya purificata, Corbicula fluminea and so on. Limnodrilus helveticus inβ-medium-polluted zone and Procladius sp. inα-pollution zone were the dominant species in Xujiahe site, a kind of medium-eutrophic reservoir. Oligochaeta was negatively correlated to COD (P<0.01) and positively correlated to DO and SD (P<0.05). No pronounced correlation was found between aquatic insects and COD, DO and SD. Negative correlation existed between density and species diversity of aquatic insects and water depth via matrix analysis, to the extent where a more drastic decline occurred below the depth of 10 m. Oligochaeta seemed proportional to the content of TN and TP and TP had a more obvious impact upon zoobenthos than TN. Shannon-Wiener and Margalef biodiversity index of zoobenthos, which were widely employed to assess lake water quality, shall be revised when used in evaluation on water quality of reservoirs. Simposon diversity index was absolutely adoptable in evaluation on water quality of deep reservoirs.
5. Sample collection of plankton in multi-layer (no less than 5 layers) was suggested in estimation on fish productivity of reservoirs based on mean values of plankton standing crops. Stocking density and proportion of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis were calculated based on standing crops and cibating features of two kinds of fish. The function in fishery production of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix should not be overlooked in hot pursuit of the production of highly-valued Aristichthys nobilis. All stocking proportion (calculated as weight) in the four reservoirs was above 0.6:1,where the two kinds of fish presented good growth.
1、全年库水温度的变化范围为5.5-31.0℃,平均16.5℃；DO时空变化明显,且各水层DO充足,稳定,均维持在6.5 mg/L以上；DIN的水平分布和季节变化明显,但无水层分布现象；PO3-P极度匮乏,P是营养盐的主要限制因子；TN的值在冬季时为夏春季的3-5倍,除金沙河为0.392 mg/L外,其余三座水库均在0.700 mg/L以上,说明水体已受到不同程度的N污染；N/P偏大,变化范围为7.6-142.6,平均值在38.0左右；ALK、TH的变化范围为1.0-2.6 mmol/L,属软水；各库在10m左右均出现温跃层,上下温差达10℃。按照相关加权综合营养状态指数法(TSIc),结合湖库营养类型划分标准,对四座水库的水质进行综合营养类型评价。结果是：金沙河为中营养型,道观河为富营养型,徐家河和桃园河为中-富营养型。
2、四座水库共鉴定出浮游植物215种,从组成来看,四座水库均属于硅藻-绿藻型,蓝藻含量居第3位。蓝藻主要分布在SD以上的水层,硅藻主要分布在SD-2SD之间水层,其余各门藻类基本上集中分布在2 SD以上水层,绿藻门中的栅藻(Scenedesmus),裸藻门中囊裸藻(Trachelomonas)则广泛分布于深水层中。表层和底层的差异很大,一般在2-3倍以上。浮游植物生物量的水层分布除道观河为表层>SD>2 SD>3 SD>底层,其余三座水库均为SD>表层>2SD>3SD>底层。金沙河Chl-a的年平均含量为2.04μg/L,变化范围1.25-2.93μg/L；道观河为17.9μg/L,变化范围5.31-36.56μg/L,是金沙河的7倍之多；徐家河和桃园河平均含量分别为9.64μg/L、7.26μg/L,变化范围分别为2.64-15.51μg/L、2.13-14.19μg/L。各库的Chl-a值季节差异大,且变化明显,达到了极显著水平(P<0.01)。除徐家河的Simpson多样性指数(d)为中游最高外,其余三座水库均为上游>中游>下游,且差异不显著(P>0.5)。从水库之间来看,金沙河的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Margalef多样性指数(D)、Simpson多样性指数(d)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)与其它三座水库各指数之间均达到了极显著水平(P<0.01),而道观河、徐家河、桃园河两两之间差异不明显。TN与浮游植物呈负相关,但相关系数低,其回归方程y=-0.33x+2.86,p=0.442>0.05,R2=0.033,R2=0.021,r=-0.182；TP与浮游植物呈正相关,其回归方程y=19.9x+2.14,p=0.06>0.05,R2=0.183,R2=0.138,r=0.478,虽相关系数达到0.478,但未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。水体的营养水平不同是四座水库浮游植物群落结构差异的主要原因。
3、四座水库共鉴定出浮游动物147种,从种类组成上来看,原生动物和轮虫占优势。四座水库含共有种15种,其中原生动物6种,轮虫4种,枝角类3种,桡足类2种,分别占40.0%,26.7%,20.0%,13.3%。金沙河浮游动物多样性明显高于其它三座水库,Shannon-Wiener指数(H)和Simpson指数(d)分别达到2.99、5.16,与其余三座水库均差异极显著(P<0.01)；道观河浮游动物多样性指数最低,Shannon-Wiener指数(H)和Simpson指数(d)分别为1.80、2.48；徐家河和桃园河比较接近,Shannon-Wiener指数(H)依次为2.08、2.07,Simpson指数(d)依次为3.58、3.72。徐家河、桃园河的Simpson指数(d)与道观河差异显著(P<0.05)。原生动物和轮虫的生物量与COD、TN、TP呈显著的正相关(P<0.01),与DO呈显著的负相关(P<0.01)。由于枝角类、桡足类密度低,个体差异大,与COD、DO、TN、TP相关性不明显。优势种与浮游动物丰度有显著的相关性。浮游动物对浮游植物丰度的影响在金沙河中表现明显,在道观河反而呈现正相关,相关系数r=0.45,在其它两座水库无明显相关性。
4、共采集底栖动物38种,其中寡毛类14种,占36.8%；水生昆虫18种,占47.4%；软体动物6种,占15.8%。道观河优势种为强耐污种类的霍甫水丝蚓Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri、大红德永摇蚊Tokunagayusurika akamusi;桃园河是典型的山谷型水库,底栖动物的组成、密度、生物量也符合这一特征；寡污带的长跗摇蚊Tanytarsus sp.、劳氏摇蚊Lauterbornia sp.,β-中污带的多毛管水蚓Aulodrilus pluriseta等一些较清洁的种类在水质良好的金沙河广泛分布,且金沙河周年均可采集到方格短卷螺Semisulcospira cancellata、梨形环棱螺Bellamya purificata、河蚬Corbicula fluminea等软体动物；徐家河属于典型的中-富营养型水体,其优势种类为β-中污带的瑞士水丝蚓Limnodrilus helveticus,α-中污带的前突摇蚊Procladius sp.。寡毛类与COD呈负相关,达到了极显著水平(P<0.01),与DO、SD呈正相关,达到了显著水平(P<0.05)；水生昆虫与COD、DO、SD相关性不明显。通过相关矩阵分析,发现水生昆虫与水深呈负相关关系,随着水深的增加,其密度和种类下降,水深超过10m,随着深度增加下降幅度增大；寡毛类有从属于TN和TP含量的趋势,TP对底栖动物的影响较TN明显。广泛用于湖泊水质评价的底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener和Margalef生物多样性指数,评价水库水质时需对评价标准加以修正和完善；Simposon多样性指数完全不适宜对深水水库的水质进行评价。
5、根据浮游生物现存量估测水库鱼产潜力时,浮游生物要分水层多层采样(至少5层以上),计算平均值。并根据浮游植物、浮游动物的现存量的大小和特点,以及鲢、鳙的摄食特性,确定鲢、鳙放养的数量和比例,切记盲目追求高经济效益的鳙产量,而忽视鲢的渔业生产作用。我们所研究的四座水库鲢、鳙的放养比例均在0.6:1以上,其生长情况良好。
Studies on water chemistry, plankton and zoobenthos in reservoirs which are the main research aspects of aquatic ecosystem have played a significant role in the conservation, maintenance and recovery of aquatic ecological environment as well as the sustainable development of fishery resources exploit. The present study was aimed at distribution features of physico-chemical factors, community structure, succession rules, and casual analysis of plankton and zoobenthos of the four reservoirs with different trophic types in Huhei province. Interaction mechanism of phytoplankton and zooplankton, and the influence of environmental factors upon both of them were analyzed as well. The correlation between main physical and chemical factors and plankton and zoobenthos was established by means of gradual regression analysis, CCA and other quantitative ecological ways. Comprehensive assessment on trophic states of the four reservoirs was conducted via the comprehensive Trophic State Index(TSIc). Fish productivity and standing crops of phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos were calculated based on standing crops of biotic organisms. Adjustment proposal of stocking structure of the four reservoirs was suggested by energy-ecological means and comparison of fish production and economical profits of fishery was conducted before and after the adjustment. The results indicated that:
1. The water temperature of all reservoirs ranged from 5.5 to 31.0℃and average value was 16.5℃. The content of DO in each layer was abundant, stable, and no less than 6.5 mg/L, featuring stark spatio-temporal variations. DIN presented obvious horizontal distribution and seasonal variations without layer distribution. There was extreme deficiency in PO3-P content wherein P was the principal restriction factor of trophic minerals. The content of TN in winter was 3 to 5 times to that of spring and summer, which was more than 0.700 mg/L in three reservoirs except Jinshahe reservoir with content of 0.392 mg/L, suggesting that the water body had suffered the pollution of N. The mean value of N/P was about 38.0 with a scope from 7.6-142.6, which was higher than usual. The value of ALK and TH of all reservoirs varied from 1.0-2.6 mmol/L, indicating that all water bodies belonged to soft water. Thermocline with a temperature gap of 10℃was found in the depth of 10 m in all reservoirs. Comprehensive trophic type evaluation on water quality was conducted according to the relative comprehensive Trophic States Index(TSIc) and definitive criterion of trophic type of lakes and reservoirs. The results revealed that Jinshahe reservoir belonged to medium-trophic level, Daoguanhe reservoir eutrophication state, and Xujiahe and Taoyuanhe sites medium-eutrophic types.
2. There were 215 species of phytoplankton in the four reservoirs, in which diatom, chlorella, and blue-green algae ranked 1,2, and 3, respectively. Blue-green algae was mostly found in the layer above SD, diatom in the layer between SD and 2 SD, whereas other algae including Scenedsmus and Trachelomonas were mainly found in the layer above 2 SD. Layer distribution of phytoplankton biomass was characterized as SD> surface> 2 SD>3 SD> bottom except surface>SD>2 SD>3 SD>bottom in Daoguanhe reservoir. Content of Chl-a varied from 1.25-2.93μg/L with an annual average of 2.04μg/L in Jinshahe reservoirs,5.31-36.56μg/L and 17.9μg/L in Daoguanhe site,2.64-15.51μg/L and 9.64μg/L in Xujiahe sites, and 13-14.19μg/L and 7.26μg/L in Taoyuanhe site respectively, wherein seasonal variations showed extremely significant difference (P<0.01) between all reservoirs. Simpson diversity index (d) was upper stream>middle stream>downstream without no significant difference (P<0.05) except the highest in middle stream in Xujiahe site. It revealed extremely significant difference (P<0.01) in Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H), Margalef diversity index (D), Simpson diversity index (d) and Pielou evenness index (J) between Xujiahe site and other three sites while there was no significant difference (P>0.05) among Daoguanhe site, Taoyuanhe site and Jinshahe site. Negative correlation was found between TN and phytoplankton with the regression equation of y=-0.33x+2.86, p=0.442>0.05, R2=0.033, R2=0.021,γ=-0.182. Positive correlation existed between TP and phytoplankton with the regression equation of y=19.9x+2.14, p=0.06> 0.05, R2=0.183,R2=0.138,γ=0.478(P>0.05). It was the difference in water trophic levels that attributed to the variations of phytoplankton community structure in the four reservoirs.
3. There were 147 species of zooplankton in all reservoirs wherein protozoa, rotifers, cladoceran and copepods accounted for 40.0%,26.7%,20.0% and 13.3% respectively. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) and Simpson diversity index (d) was 2.99 and 5.16 in Jinshahe sites, which were higher than those of other sites with extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The two indices were 1.80 and 2.48 in Daoguanhe site, featuring significant difference (P<0.05) to that of Xujiahe site with data of 2.08 and 3.58 and Taoyuanhe site with data of 2.07 and 3.72. Biomass of protozoa and rotifers was positively correlated to COD, TN and TP, but negatively correlated to DO(P<0.01). No pronounced correlation was monitored between biomass of cladoceran and copepods and COD, DO, TN and TP, as a result of low density and remarkable individual difference. Pronounced correlation was (P<0.05) found between dominant species and abundance of zooplankton. Obvious impact was seen of zooplankton upon phytoplankton abundance in Jinshahe site whereas positive correlation (r=0.45) was revealed in Daoguanhe site, and no stark correlation was observed in other two reservoirs.
4. There were 38 species(genus) of zoobenthos, wherein oligochaeta (14), aquatic sects(18) mollusca(6) accounted for 36.8%,47.4% and 15.8%, respectively. Dominant species in Daoguanhe site were Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Tokunagayusurika akamusi with super resistance to pollution, which was similar to that of Taoyuanhe site, a kind of valley-type reservoir. Some zoobenthos like Tanytarsus sp. and Lauterbornia sp. in non-polluted zone, Aulodrilus pluriseta in P-medium-polluted zone et al. widely spread in Jinshahe site with good water quality where some kinds of mollusks were the trophies in sample collection all the year such as Semisulcospira cancellata, Bellamya purificata, Corbicula fluminea and so on. Limnodrilus helveticus inβ-medium-polluted zone and Procladius sp. inα-pollution zone were the dominant species in Xujiahe site, a kind of medium-eutrophic reservoir. Oligochaeta was negatively correlated to COD (P<0.01) and positively correlated to DO and SD (P<0.05). No pronounced correlation was found between aquatic insects and COD, DO and SD. Negative correlation existed between density and species diversity of aquatic insects and water depth via matrix analysis, to the extent where a more drastic decline occurred below the depth of 10 m. Oligochaeta seemed proportional to the content of TN and TP and TP had a more obvious impact upon zoobenthos than TN. Shannon-Wiener and Margalef biodiversity index of zoobenthos, which were widely employed to assess lake water quality, shall be revised when used in evaluation on water quality of reservoirs. Simposon diversity index was absolutely adoptable in evaluation on water quality of deep reservoirs.
5. Sample collection of plankton in multi-layer (no less than 5 layers) was suggested in estimation on fish productivity of reservoirs based on mean values of plankton standing crops. Stocking density and proportion of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis were calculated based on standing crops and cibating features of two kinds of fish. The function in fishery production of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix should not be overlooked in hot pursuit of the production of highly-valued Aristichthys nobilis. All stocking proportion (calculated as weight) in the four reservoirs was above 0.6:1,where the two kinds of fish presented good growth.
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