修复性司法的理论和实践反思
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摘要
作为区别于国家正式司法的一种认识和处理犯罪的尝试,修复性司法自20世纪70年代产生以来就在世界范围内产生了重大的影响,包括我国在内的很多国家都在开展修复性司法的理论研究和相关实践,形成了一个相当活跃的学术领域。本文希望在已有研究的基础上从规范性和实证性相结合的角度对修复性司法的理论和实践提出批判性的反思。
与报应主义司法不同,修复性司法主张犯罪首先是对具体个人和人们关系的侵犯,重要的不是如何对加害人施以刑罚而是对已有伤害的修复,受到犯罪影响的受害人、加害人和社区有权参与到犯罪的处理过程之中。修复性司法吸收了受害人权利运动、女性主义运动、后现代思潮和原著民运动对国家正式司法体系的批判和各自的理论主张,批判了西方历史上国家司法对社区司法的取代是历史的进步这一过于简单的图景,主张从社区司法中寻找区别于国家正式司法的可能途径。它在批评支持国家刑罚权的刑罚理论基础上,提出了共和主义的刑事司法理论,主张在追求自由最大化的目标之下,如无必要应该尽可能少地运用刑事司法措施,重视个体在社会化过程中形成的道德良知对犯罪的抵制作用,尤其是社区对“融合性羞辱”的运用。但是,无论是社区司法还是“融合性羞辱”中的社区都面临着现实的挑战。
实践方面,本文根据修复性司法的核心价值和原则对修复性司法的主要模式进行批判性的分析,并运用现有的实证材料对它们的效果进行评价。其中降低再犯率不能得到实证材料的有力支持,但是,这并不影响对修复性司法的积极评价,因为与受害人、加害人和社区其他成员对修复性司法过程和结果的满意度相比,它并不是最重要的指标。对实践的分析能够加深对修复性司法的认识,当修复和修复性被理解为一个程度性问题时,国家正式司法体系也可能具有部分的修复性。对量刑圈的分析提醒我们注意社区并非总是一个随时可加以利用的资源,它可能存在偏见、歧视和力量不对等,它在参与修复性司法过程的同时自身就需要改变。
理论和实践的分析表明社区问题是修复性司法学者需要面对的一个最重要的问题。本文在前面讨论的基础上对“社区”在修复性司法中的含义进行了总结,对现实中来自各方面的质疑进行了概括,并且在修复性司法学者相关观点的基础上进一步对这些问题作出回应。与社区问题相关的是社会不公正问题,由于这个问题超出了社区的范围与更大范围的结构性过程相连。所以,本文从两个方面对此做出回应:一方面,修复性司法为那些与具体犯罪相关的社会不公正问题在社区内提出讨论提供了机会,这就可能推动社区层面的努力来部分地改变结构性过程;另一方面,作为公共空间,修复性司法对社会不公正的讨论能够和来自其他公共空间的声音汇合起来形成公共舆论,如果公共舆论足够强大就可能影响国家的政治决策,甚至引起国家制度层面的变革,而这对众多行动者参与的结构性过程所造成的社会不公正问题的解决是最重要的。
As a different way to understand and deal with crime from the state’s formal justice system, restorative justice now has much influence in the whole world since 1970th when it was firstly put forward. There are a lot of researches and practices on restorative justice in many countries including China and it is an active academic sphere at present. In this paper, I would like to critically reflect on the existing theory and practice of restorative justice on the basis of other studies, so my study will be both normative and empirical.
Different from retributive justice, restorative justice holds that the crime is a violation of a particular person and the relationship between people, so the most important thing is to restore the harm suffered from the crime instead of punishing the offender, and the victim, offender and the community has the right to take part in the judicial process. The restorative justice absorbed the criticism to the formal judicial system from victim’s movement, feminist movement, postmodern theory and native people’s movement and their proposition. It criticized the simple picture that the replacement of community justice by state justice is a progress in the western history and holds that we should find an alternative to the formal justice from the community justice in the history. The proponent of restorative justice puts forward a republican theory of criminal justice on the basis of criticizing the theories which legitimize the power of the state to punish. This republican theory of criminal justice asserts the purpose of the criminal justice is to promote the dominion which requires the criminal justice activity should be reduced as least as necessary and emphasizes the factor of conscience established in the socialization process to prevent crimes. It also pays much attention to the role of“reintegrative shaming”employed by the community. However, the community justice and“reintegrative shaming”are both challenged by the reality.
In the practical aspect, I critically analyze the major models of restorative justice according to the core values and principles of it and estimate their effects on the basis of existing data. As an indicator, the reduction in recidivism is not supported strongly by the data. But it is not an important indicator comparing with the victim and offender’s satisfaction with the process and results of restorative justice, so it shouldn’t overturn the positive effects of restorative justice. The analysis in the practice can give us a deeper understanding of restorative justice itself. When the restoration and the ability to restore are understood as items of different degree, State’s formal judicial system also can be restorative. The reflection on the circle sentencing reminds us that the community is not an entity which is ready to supply the needed resources. It may be full of prejudice, discrimination and imbalance of power, so it needs to be changed in the process of restorative justice.
From the analyses of the theory and practice of restorative justice, I find that the“community”is the most important problem that the restorative justice proponents must face. I summarize the meanings of“community”in the restorative justice and the questions against it on the basis of the previous discussion. I respond to these questions in addition to the related opinions of the restorative justice proponents. Another problem related to the problem of“community”is social injustice, which goes beyond the sphere of community and connects to the broader structural process. I respond to this question from two aspects. In one aspect, the restorative justice provides an opportunity for the discussion of the social injustice related to the particular crime, which may promote the collective efforts in the community level to change the structural process partly. In the other aspect, as a public space, the restorative justice can combine its discussion on social injustice with the voice from other public spaces to form public opinion. If the public opinion is strong enough, it may influence the political decision of the state, and it may induce the institutional change in the state, which is the most important for the solution of the social injustice,because the problem of social injustice is caused by the structural process joined by many actors.
与报应主义司法不同,修复性司法主张犯罪首先是对具体个人和人们关系的侵犯,重要的不是如何对加害人施以刑罚而是对已有伤害的修复,受到犯罪影响的受害人、加害人和社区有权参与到犯罪的处理过程之中。修复性司法吸收了受害人权利运动、女性主义运动、后现代思潮和原著民运动对国家正式司法体系的批判和各自的理论主张,批判了西方历史上国家司法对社区司法的取代是历史的进步这一过于简单的图景,主张从社区司法中寻找区别于国家正式司法的可能途径。它在批评支持国家刑罚权的刑罚理论基础上,提出了共和主义的刑事司法理论,主张在追求自由最大化的目标之下,如无必要应该尽可能少地运用刑事司法措施,重视个体在社会化过程中形成的道德良知对犯罪的抵制作用,尤其是社区对“融合性羞辱”的运用。但是,无论是社区司法还是“融合性羞辱”中的社区都面临着现实的挑战。
实践方面,本文根据修复性司法的核心价值和原则对修复性司法的主要模式进行批判性的分析,并运用现有的实证材料对它们的效果进行评价。其中降低再犯率不能得到实证材料的有力支持,但是,这并不影响对修复性司法的积极评价,因为与受害人、加害人和社区其他成员对修复性司法过程和结果的满意度相比,它并不是最重要的指标。对实践的分析能够加深对修复性司法的认识,当修复和修复性被理解为一个程度性问题时,国家正式司法体系也可能具有部分的修复性。对量刑圈的分析提醒我们注意社区并非总是一个随时可加以利用的资源,它可能存在偏见、歧视和力量不对等,它在参与修复性司法过程的同时自身就需要改变。
理论和实践的分析表明社区问题是修复性司法学者需要面对的一个最重要的问题。本文在前面讨论的基础上对“社区”在修复性司法中的含义进行了总结,对现实中来自各方面的质疑进行了概括,并且在修复性司法学者相关观点的基础上进一步对这些问题作出回应。与社区问题相关的是社会不公正问题,由于这个问题超出了社区的范围与更大范围的结构性过程相连。所以,本文从两个方面对此做出回应:一方面,修复性司法为那些与具体犯罪相关的社会不公正问题在社区内提出讨论提供了机会,这就可能推动社区层面的努力来部分地改变结构性过程;另一方面,作为公共空间,修复性司法对社会不公正的讨论能够和来自其他公共空间的声音汇合起来形成公共舆论,如果公共舆论足够强大就可能影响国家的政治决策,甚至引起国家制度层面的变革,而这对众多行动者参与的结构性过程所造成的社会不公正问题的解决是最重要的。
As a different way to understand and deal with crime from the state’s formal justice system, restorative justice now has much influence in the whole world since 1970th when it was firstly put forward. There are a lot of researches and practices on restorative justice in many countries including China and it is an active academic sphere at present. In this paper, I would like to critically reflect on the existing theory and practice of restorative justice on the basis of other studies, so my study will be both normative and empirical.
Different from retributive justice, restorative justice holds that the crime is a violation of a particular person and the relationship between people, so the most important thing is to restore the harm suffered from the crime instead of punishing the offender, and the victim, offender and the community has the right to take part in the judicial process. The restorative justice absorbed the criticism to the formal judicial system from victim’s movement, feminist movement, postmodern theory and native people’s movement and their proposition. It criticized the simple picture that the replacement of community justice by state justice is a progress in the western history and holds that we should find an alternative to the formal justice from the community justice in the history. The proponent of restorative justice puts forward a republican theory of criminal justice on the basis of criticizing the theories which legitimize the power of the state to punish. This republican theory of criminal justice asserts the purpose of the criminal justice is to promote the dominion which requires the criminal justice activity should be reduced as least as necessary and emphasizes the factor of conscience established in the socialization process to prevent crimes. It also pays much attention to the role of“reintegrative shaming”employed by the community. However, the community justice and“reintegrative shaming”are both challenged by the reality.
In the practical aspect, I critically analyze the major models of restorative justice according to the core values and principles of it and estimate their effects on the basis of existing data. As an indicator, the reduction in recidivism is not supported strongly by the data. But it is not an important indicator comparing with the victim and offender’s satisfaction with the process and results of restorative justice, so it shouldn’t overturn the positive effects of restorative justice. The analysis in the practice can give us a deeper understanding of restorative justice itself. When the restoration and the ability to restore are understood as items of different degree, State’s formal judicial system also can be restorative. The reflection on the circle sentencing reminds us that the community is not an entity which is ready to supply the needed resources. It may be full of prejudice, discrimination and imbalance of power, so it needs to be changed in the process of restorative justice.
From the analyses of the theory and practice of restorative justice, I find that the“community”is the most important problem that the restorative justice proponents must face. I summarize the meanings of“community”in the restorative justice and the questions against it on the basis of the previous discussion. I respond to these questions in addition to the related opinions of the restorative justice proponents. Another problem related to the problem of“community”is social injustice, which goes beyond the sphere of community and connects to the broader structural process. I respond to this question from two aspects. In one aspect, the restorative justice provides an opportunity for the discussion of the social injustice related to the particular crime, which may promote the collective efforts in the community level to change the structural process partly. In the other aspect, as a public space, the restorative justice can combine its discussion on social injustice with the voice from other public spaces to form public opinion. If the public opinion is strong enough, it may influence the political decision of the state, and it may induce the institutional change in the state, which is the most important for the solution of the social injustice,because the problem of social injustice is caused by the structural process joined by many actors.
引文
[1] Albert W. Dzur and Susan M. Olson,“The Value of Community Participation in Restorative Justice”, Journal of Social Philosophy, Vol.35, No.1, Spring 2004, p.92.
[2]在中国期刊全文数据库中以“恢复性司法”和“修复性司法”为篇名进行的搜索中,该文是最早发表的论文。有学者认为该文标志着是国内对“修复性司法”研究的出现,参见孙光妍,庞洋:“‘恢复性司法’视角下‘中国特色’的刑事调解”,《学术交流》2010年第1期,第46页。
[10] Don John O. Omale,“Justice in History: An Examination of‘African Restorative Tradition’and The Emerging‘Restorative Justice’Paradigm,”African Journal of Criminology & Justice Studies: AJCJS; Volume 2, No.2, (November 2006), p.36.
[11]关于埃尔迈拉案的较为详细的叙述参见Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses(,Scottdale: Herald Press,2005), p.159.
[12]狄小华、李志刚编著:《刑事司法前沿问题——恢复性司法研究》,群众出版社2005年版,第11页。
[13] Howard Zehr, The Little Book of Restorative Justice, (Intercourse, PA: Good Books.2002), p.36.
[14]对这一定义的相关阐释参见叶青、徐翀:“正义视角下的恢复性司法理念之检讨”,见周长军、于改之主编:《修复性司法:法理及其实践展开》,山东大学出版社2008年版,第1页～第2页,。
[15] Howard Zehr and Harry Mika,“Fundamental Concepts of Restorative Justice,”Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, eds. Eugene McLaughlin, Ross Fergusson, Gordon Hughes, Louise Westmarland, (Sage Publications in association with The Open University,2003), p.43.
[18] Howard Zehr, The Little Book of Restorative Justice, (Intercourse, PA: Good Books.2002), p.37.
[20]具体参见Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses,(Scottdale: Herald Press,2005), pp. 19～29.
[21]转引自Antony Pemberton, Frans-Willen Winkel and Marc S. Groenhuijsen,“Evaluating Victims Experiences in Restorative Justice,”British Journal of Community Justice, vol. 6, no. 2, Summer 2008, p. 100.
[22]转引自Gerry Johnstone, Restorative Justice: Ideas, Values, Debates, (Willan Publishing,2002), p.67.
[23] Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses,(Scottdale: Herald Press,2005), p. 31.
[24] Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses,(Scottdale: Herald Press,2005), p. 31.
[25]关于美国的受害人援助和服务项目以及欧洲的受害人权利具体参见Larry J. Siegel, Criminology, (Thomson Wadsworth, 2008), pp. 64～69.以及Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses(,Scottdale: Herald Press,2005), p. 31. Note 5提供的相关资料。
[26] Emillo C Viano, Restorative Justice for Victims offenders: A Return to American Tradition, Corrections Today, July 2000, p. 133.
[32]关于自由女性主义和激进女性主义在堕胎问题上的争论,详见Andrew Altman, Arguing About Law: An Introduction to Legal Philosophy, (Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2001), pp. 208～215.
[33] Patricia Smith,“Introduction: Feminist Jurisprudence and the Nature of Law,”in Feminist Jurisprudence, eds. Patricia Smith,(Oxford University Press,1993), p.4.
[34]关于这个问题的详细讨论,参见Andrew Altman, Arguing About Law: An Introduction to Legal Philosophy, (Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2001), pp.215～220.
[35] Betty Sichel A.,“Gender, thinking and moral development”, ISDA Journal4(1), 1991, pp. 3～4,转引自David E. Cooper, Ethics For Professionals In a Multicultural World,(Pearson Education, Inc., 2004), p.140.
[36] Betty Sichel A.,“Gender, thinking and moral development”, ISDA Journal4(1), 1991, pp. 7-10,转引自David E. Cooper, Ethics For Professionals In a Multicultural World,(Pearson Education, Inc., 2004), p.142.
[38] M﹒Kay Harris,“Moving into the New Millennium: Toward a Feminist Vision of Justice”, Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, eds. Eugene McLaughlin, Ross Fergusson, Gordon Hughes, Louise Westmarland, (Sage Publications in association with The Open University,2003), p.32.
[41] David E. Cooper, Ethics For Professionals In a Multicultural World,(Pearson Education, Inc., 2004), p.179.
[42] Juan Tauri, Allison Morris,“Re-forming Justice: The Potential of Maori Process”, Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, eds. Eugene McLaughlin, Ross Fergusson, Gordon Hughes, Louise Westmarland, (Sage Publications in association with The Open University,2003),p.45.
[43] Michael Walzer, Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, p.67,转引自David E. Cooper, Ethics For Professionals In a Multicultural World,(Pearson Education, Inc., 2004), p.180.
[48] Kathlee Daly,“Restorative Justice : the Real Story”, Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, eds. Eugene McLaughlin, Ross Fergusson, Gordon Hughes, Louise Westmarland, (Sage Publications in association with The Open University,2003),p.201.
[49]在上引达利文中作者引用了马克斯韦尔(Maxwell)和莫里斯(Morris)在重建前欧洲时代原著民模式的体系与具有文化适宜性的司法体系之间所做的区分。参见上引文,pp. 201～202.
[55] J. W. Mohr,“Criminal Justice and Christian Responsibility: the Secularization of Criminal Law,”unpublished paper presented to the Mennonite Central Committee Canada Annual Meeting, Abbotsfold, British Columbia, January 22, 1981, see Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses,(Scottdale: Herald Press,2005), p.100.
[56]这一部分主要参考Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses,(Scottdale: Herald Press,2005), pp. 101～104.
[60]Michael R. Weisser, Crime & Punishment in Early Modern Europe, (Humanities Press,1979), pp.51～67.
[61]具体参见Emillo C Viano,“Restorative Justice for Victims offenders: A Return to American Tradition”, Corrections Today, July 2000, p. 132.
[66] John Braithwaite and Philip Pettit, Not Just Deserts: A Republican Theory of Criminal Justice, (Oxford University Press, 1990), p.3.
[67] David A. Reidy, On The Philosophy of Law, (Thomson Wadsworth, 2007), p.162.
[68] David A. Reidy, On The Philosophy of Law, (Thomson Wadsworth, 2007), p.178.
[70] John Braithwaite and Philip Pettit, Not Just Deserts: A Republican Theory of Criminal Justice, (Oxford University Press 1990).
[72]具体可以参见Eliza Ahmed, Nathan Harris, John Braithwaite and Valerie Braithwaite, Shame Management Through Reintegration,(Cambridge University Press), 2001.
[73] John Braithwaite, Crime, Shame and Reintegration, (Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp.85～86.
[74] Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses,(Scottdale: Herald Press,2005), pp. 232～236.
[75] Van Ness, Daniel W., New Wine And Old Wineskins: Four Challenges Of Restorative Justice, Criminal Law Forum,Vol. 4, No.2, 1993 Winter, p.272.
[76]Gerry Johnstone, Restorative Justice: Ideas, Values, Debates, (Willan Publishing, 2002), p.11.
[77] John Braithwaite, Restorative Justice & Responsive Regulation, (Oxford University Press, 2002), pp.12～16.
[79] Howard Zehr, The Little Book of Restorative Justice, (Intercourse, PA: Good Books.2002), pp.35～36.
[80] Kurki, L. (2000),“Restorative and Community Justice in the United States”, Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, edited by Michael Tonry, The University of Chicago Press,转引自陈晓明著:《修复性司法的理论与实践》,法律出版社2006年版,第117页。
[81] Gordon Bazemore and Curt Taylor Griffiths,“Conferences, Circles, Bords, and Mediations: The‘New Wave’of Community Justice Decisionmaking”, Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, eds. Eugene McLaughlin, Ross Fergusson, Gordon Hughes, Louise Westmarland, (Sage Publications in association with The Open University,2003), p.82.
[82] Pate, K., Victim-Young Offender Reconciliation As Alternative Measures Programs in Canada, (New York, Criminal Justice Press 1990), pp. 117～118,转引自陈晓明著:《修复性司法的理论与实践》,法律出版社2006年版,第119页。
[83]刘东根:“恢复性司法及其借鉴意义”,《环球法律评论》2006年第2期,第238页。
[84]具体案例参见石先广:“司法新动向:恢复性司法在上海悄然兴起”,《中国司法》2006年第1期,第34页～第36页。
[85]具体案例参见刘德安,司恩平:“宽严相济促和谐——云南省马龙县检察院‘恢复性司法’的实践与成效”,《致富天地》,2010年第1期。
[86]有关协议驱动型的具体特征参见陈晓明著:《修复性司法的理论与实践》,法律出版社2006年版,第123页。
[87]参见上引书,第132页。
[88]有关家庭团体会议在澳大利亚的发展,具体参见吴宗宪:“修复性司法述评”,《江苏公安专科学校学报》,第16卷,第3期,2002年5月,第74页。
[90] David R. Karp and Lynne Walther,“Community Reparative Boards in Vermont: Theory and Practice”, Restorative Community Justice: Repairing Harms and Transforming Communities, eds. Gordon Bazemore, Mara Schiff, (Anderson Publishing Co.2001), p.211.
[92] William Bradshaw and David Roseborough,“Restorative Justice Dialogue: The Impact of Mediation and Conferencing on Juvenile Recidivism”, Federal Probation, No.2 (December, 2005), p.16.
[94]有关昆士兰试点项目的具体情况,参见Gerard Palk, Hennessey Hayes and Timothy Prenzler,“Restorative Justice and Community Conferencing: Summary of Findings from a Pilot Study”, Current Issues In Criminal Justice, November 1998, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 138～155.
[95]有关伯利恒试验结果的具体分析参见Paul McCold,“An Experiment In Police-Based Restorative Justice: The Bethlehem (PA) Project”, Police Practice and Research, 2003, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp.379～390.
[97]具体案例参见石先广:“司法新动向:恢复性司法在上海悄然兴起”,《中国司法》2006年第1期,第34页～第36页。
[98] Kay Pranis,“The Practice and Efficacy of Restorative Justice”, Criminal Justice: Retribution vs. Restoration (ed: Eleanor Hannon Judah, and Rev. Michael Bryant) The Haworth Social Work Practice Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc., 2004, p.148.
[101]具体参见肖灵:“未成年人恢复性司法理念的中国实践”,《四川理工学院学报》(社会科学版),第26卷第1期,2011年2月,第50页。
[102] Howard Zehr, The Little Book of Restorative Justice, (Intercourse, PA: Good Books.2002), p.55.
[104]具体参见肖灵:“未成年人恢复性司法理念的中国实践”,《四川理工学院学报》(社会科学版),第26卷第1期,2011年2月,第50页。
[105] Steven Luper, Social Ideals and Politics, (Mayfield Publishing Company, 1999), pp.401～403.
[106] Robert Weisberg,“Restorative Justice and the Danger of‘Community’”, Utah Law Review, 2003, No.1, pp.343～349.
[107] Howard Zehr and Harry Mika,“Fundamental Concepts of Restorative Justice,”Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, eds. Eugene McLaughlin, Ross Fergusson, Gordon Hughes, Louise Westmarland, (Sage Publications in association with The Open University,2003), p.40.
[108] John Braithwaite, Crime, Shame and Reintegration, (Cambridge University Press, 1989),p.86.
[109]【德】费迪南·滕尼斯著,林荣远译:《共同体与社会——纯粹社会学的基本概念》,北京大学出版社2010年版,第43页～第114页。
[110] John Braithwaite,“Restorative Justice and a Better Future”, Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, eds. Eugene McLaughlin, Ross Fergusson, Gordon Hughes, Louise Westmarland, (Sage Publications in association with The Open University,2003), p.59.
[112] Gerry Johnstone, Restorative Justice: Ideas, Values, Debates, (Willan Publishing, 2002), p.52.
[113]John Braithwaite, Crime, Shame and Reintegration, (Cambridge University Press,1989), p.95.
[114] Nils Christie,“Conflicts as Property”, Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, eds. Eugene McLaughlin, Ross Fergusson, Gordon Hughes, Louise Westmarland, (Sage Publications in association with The Open University, 2003), p.23.
[116] Adam Crawford and Todd R. Clear,“Community Justice: Transforming Community Through Restorative Justice?”, Restorative Community Justice: Repairing Harms and Transforming Communities, eds. Gordon Bazemore, Mara Schiff, (Anderson Publishing Co.2001), p.132.
[117] Albert W. Dzur and Susan M. Olson,“The Value of Community Participation in Restorative Justice”, Journal of Social Philosophy, Vol.35, No.1, Spring 2004, p.97.
[121] Albert W. Dzur and Susan M. Olson,“The Value of Community Participation in Restorative Justice”, Journal of Social Philosophy, Vol.35, No.1, Spring 2004, pp.93～98.
[125] John Braithwaite,“Restorative Justice and Social Justice”, Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, eds. Eugene McLaughlin, Ross Fergusson, Gordon Hughes, Louise Westmarland, (Sage Publications in association with The Open University,2003), pp.157～163.
[126] John Braithwaite,“Restorative Justice and Better Future,”Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, eds. Eugene McLaughlin, Ross Fergusson, Gordon Hughes, Louise Westmarland, (Sage Publications in association with The Open University,2003), p.57.
[127]【德】哈贝马斯著,童世骏译:《在事实与规范之间》,生活·读书·新知三联书店2003年8月版。
[128]郑永流主编:《商谈的再思——哈贝马斯〈在事实与规范之间〉导读》,法律出版社2010年版,第229页。标题为笔者所加,特此说明。
1. Findings,“An Evaluation of the Implementation and Effectiveness of an Initiative in Restorative Cautioning”, from http://www.iirp.org/pdf/thamesvalley.pdf,最后访问时间:2011年1月30日。
2. Beven, Jaimie p., Hall, Guy, Froyland, Irene, Steels, Brian & Goulding, Dorothy (2005)“Restoration or Renovation: Evaluating Restorative Justice Outcomes”, Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, Vol. 12, No. 1.
3.陈苇:“我国农村家庭暴力调查研究——以对农村妇女的家庭暴力为主要分析对象”,《法商研究》2007年第6期。
4. Dzur,Albert W. & Olson, Susan M. (Spring 2004)“The Value of Community Participation in Restorative Justice”, Journal of Social Philosophy, Vol.35, No.1.
5.杜宇:“司法观的‘交战’:传统刑事司法VS恢复性司法”,《中外法学》2009年第2期。
6. Hopkins, C Quince, & Koss, Mary P (May 2005)“Incorporating Feminist Theory and Insights Into a Restorative Justice Response to Sex Offenses”, Violence Against Women.
7.康均心,胡春莉:“恢复性司法的价值取向探析”,《山东大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2007年第4期。
8. Lilles, Heino“Circle Sentencing: Part of the Restorative Justice Continuum”, from http://www.iirp.org/article_detail.php?article_id=NDQ3,最后访问时间:2011年2月19日。
9.刘德安,司恩平:“宽严相济促和谐——云南省马龙县检察院‘恢复性司法’的实践与成效”,《致富天地》,2010年第1期。
10.刘东根:“恢复性司法及其借鉴意义”,《环球法律评论》2006年第2期。
11. McCold, Paul (2003)“An Experiment In Police-Based Restorative Justice: The Bethlehem (PA) Project”, Police Practice and Research, Vol. 4, No. 4.
12.马婷婷,罗鹏:“恢复性司法相关理论问题的探析”,《政法学刊》2007年第5期。
13. Ness, Van & W., Daniel (1993 Winter)“New Wine And Old Wineskins: Four Challenges Of Restorative Justice”, Criminal Law Forum,Vol. 4, No.2.
14. Omale, Don John O. (November 2006)“Justice in History: An Examination of‘African Restorative Tradition’and The Emerging‘Restorative Justice’Paradigm,”African Journal of Criminology & Justice Studies: AJCJS; Volume 2, No.2.
15. Palk, Gerard, Hayes, Hennessey & Prenzler, Timothy (November 1998)“Restorative Justice and Community Conferencing: Summary of Findings from a Pilot Study”, Current Issues In Criminal Justice, Vol. 10, No.2.
16. Pemberton, Antony, Winkel, Frans-Willen, & Groenhuijsen, Marc S. (Summer 2008)“Evaluating Victims Experiences in Restorative Justice,”British Journal of Community Justice, vol. 6, no. 2.
17.彭海清:“论恢复性司法”,《中国刑事法杂志》,2004年第3期。
18. Pranis, Kay (2004)“The Practice and Efficacy of Restorative Justice”, Criminal Justice: Retribution vs. Restoration (ed: Eleanor Hannon Judah, and Rev. Michael Bryant) The Haworth Social Work Practice Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc.
19. Sims, Brenda & Cunningham, Clark D. (Autumn 2004)“Taking the Punishment Out of the Process: From Substantive Criminal Justice Through Procedural Justice to Restorative Justice”, Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol.67.
20.石先广:“司法新动向:恢复性司法在上海悄然兴起”,《中国司法》2006年第1期。
21.孙光妍,庞洋:“‘恢复性司法’视角下‘中国特色’的刑事调解”,《学术交流》2010年第1期。
22. Viano, Emillo C (July 2000) Restorative Justice for Victims offenders: A Return to American Tradition, Corrections Today.
23. Weisberg, Robert (2003)“Restorative Justice and the Danger of‘Community’”, Utah Law Review, No.1.
24. Wilcox, Aidan, Young, Richard, & Hoyle, Carolyn“An Evaluation of the Impact of Restorative Cautioning: Findings From a Reconviction Study”, from http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs04/r255.pdf,最后访问时间:2011年2月2日。
25.吴丽萍:“多元视角下恢复性司法的理论基础”,《山东大学学报》2009年第4期。
26.吴立志:“恢复性司法基本理念研究”,吉林大学2008年博士论文。
27.吴宗宪:“修复性司法述评”,《江苏公安专科学校学报》,第16卷,第3期,2002年5月。
28.许建,崔楠:“论突破传统刑事司法局限的恢复性司法”,《大连海事大学学报》(社会科学版),2010年第6期。
29.杨斌:“库恩的‘范式’概念及借用中的误区”,《东北大学学报》(社会科学版),第12卷,第6期,2010年11月。
30. Young, Iris Marion (May 5, 2003)“Political Responsibility and Structural Injustice”, presented as the Lindley Lecture, Philosophy Department, University of Kansas, from http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/sociology/meta-elements/pdf/Political Responsibility.pdf,最后访问时间2011年3月19日。
31.赵星:“论引入恢复性司法的合理性——以加强被害人保护为视角”,《政法论丛》2008年第6期。
1. Ahmed, Eliza, Harris, Nathan, Braithwaite, John & Braithwaite, Valerie (2001) Shame Management Through Reintegration, Cambridge University Press.
2. Altman, Andrew, (2001) Arguing About Law: An Introduction to Legal Philosophy, Wadsworth Publishing Company.
3. Bazemore, Gordon, & Schiff, Mara, (eds.) (2001) Restorative Community Justice: Repairing Harms and Transforming Communities, Anderson Publishing Co.
4.【意】贝卡利亚著,黄风译:《论犯罪与刑罚》,中国法制出版社2002年版。
5. Braithwaite, John (1989) Crime, Shame and Reintegration, Cambridge University Press.
6. Braithwaite, John, & Pettit, Philip (1990) Not Just Deserts: A Republican Theory of Criminal Justice, Oxford University Press.
7. Braithwaite, John, (2002) Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation, Oxford University Press.
8.陈晓明著:《修复性司法的理论与实践》,法律出版社2006年版。
9. Colvin,Mark, (1997) Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs: SocialTheory and the History of Punishment in Nineteenth-Century America, New York: St. Martin’s Press.
10. Cooper, David E. (2004) Ethics For Professionals In a Multicultural World, Pearson Education, Inc.
11.狄小华、李志刚编著:《刑事司法前沿问题——恢复性司法研究》,群众出版社2005年版。
12.【德】费迪南·滕尼斯著,林荣远译:《共同体与社会——纯粹社会学的基本概念》,北京大学出版社2010年版。
13.【德】哈贝马斯著,童世骏译:《在事实与规范之间》,生活·读书·新知三联书店2003年版。
14. Hadley, Michael L. (ed.) (2001) The Spiritual Roots of Restorative Justice, State University of New York Press.
15. Johnstone, Gerry, (2002) Restorative Justice: Ideas, Values, Debates, Willan Publishing.
16.【法】雷蒙·阿隆著,葛志强、胡秉诚、王沪宁译:《社会学主要思潮》,上海译文出版社2005年版。
17. Luper, Steven (1999) Social Ideals and Politics, Mayfield Publishing Company.
18. McConnell, Michael W., Cochran, Robert F. Jr., &Carmella, Angela C. (eds.) (2001) Christian Perspectives on Legal Thought, Yale University Press.
19. McLaughlin, Eugene, Fergusson, Ross, Hughes, Gordon, & Westmarland, Louise (eds.) (2003) Restorative Justice: Critical Issues. Sage Publications in association with The Open University.
20.【法】米歇尔·福柯著,刘北成、杨远婴译:《规训与惩罚》,生活·读书·新知三联书店1995年版。
21.【德】诺贝特·艾利亚斯著,斯蒂芬·门内尔、约翰·古德斯布罗姆编,刘佳林译:《论文明、权力与知识——诺贝特·艾利亚斯文选》,南京大学出版社2005年版。
22. Reidy, David A. (2007) On The Philosophy of Law, Thomson Wadsworth.
23. Siegel, Larry J. (2008) Criminology, Thomson Wadsworth.
24. Smith, Patricia, (1993) Feminist Jurisprudence, Oxford University Press.
25.王平主编:《恢复性司法论坛》(2006年卷),群众出版社2006年版。
26. Weisser, Michael R. (1979) Crime & Punishment in Early Modern Europe,Humanities Press.
27. Zehr, Howard, (2002) The Little Book of Restorative Justice, Intercourse, PA: Good Books.
28.郑永流主编,《商谈的再思——哈贝马斯〈在事实与规范之间〉导读》,法律出版社2010年版。
29.周长军、于改之主编:《修复性司法:法理及其实践展开》,山东大学出版社2008年版。
[2]在中国期刊全文数据库中以“恢复性司法”和“修复性司法”为篇名进行的搜索中,该文是最早发表的论文。有学者认为该文标志着是国内对“修复性司法”研究的出现,参见孙光妍,庞洋:“‘恢复性司法’视角下‘中国特色’的刑事调解”,《学术交流》2010年第1期,第46页。
[10] Don John O. Omale,“Justice in History: An Examination of‘African Restorative Tradition’and The Emerging‘Restorative Justice’Paradigm,”African Journal of Criminology & Justice Studies: AJCJS; Volume 2, No.2, (November 2006), p.36.
[11]关于埃尔迈拉案的较为详细的叙述参见Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses(,Scottdale: Herald Press,2005), p.159.
[12]狄小华、李志刚编著:《刑事司法前沿问题——恢复性司法研究》,群众出版社2005年版,第11页。
[13] Howard Zehr, The Little Book of Restorative Justice, (Intercourse, PA: Good Books.2002), p.36.
[14]对这一定义的相关阐释参见叶青、徐翀:“正义视角下的恢复性司法理念之检讨”,见周长军、于改之主编:《修复性司法:法理及其实践展开》,山东大学出版社2008年版,第1页～第2页,。
[15] Howard Zehr and Harry Mika,“Fundamental Concepts of Restorative Justice,”Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, eds. Eugene McLaughlin, Ross Fergusson, Gordon Hughes, Louise Westmarland, (Sage Publications in association with The Open University,2003), p.43.
[18] Howard Zehr, The Little Book of Restorative Justice, (Intercourse, PA: Good Books.2002), p.37.
[20]具体参见Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses,(Scottdale: Herald Press,2005), pp. 19～29.
[21]转引自Antony Pemberton, Frans-Willen Winkel and Marc S. Groenhuijsen,“Evaluating Victims Experiences in Restorative Justice,”British Journal of Community Justice, vol. 6, no. 2, Summer 2008, p. 100.
[22]转引自Gerry Johnstone, Restorative Justice: Ideas, Values, Debates, (Willan Publishing,2002), p.67.
[23] Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses,(Scottdale: Herald Press,2005), p. 31.
[24] Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses,(Scottdale: Herald Press,2005), p. 31.
[25]关于美国的受害人援助和服务项目以及欧洲的受害人权利具体参见Larry J. Siegel, Criminology, (Thomson Wadsworth, 2008), pp. 64～69.以及Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses(,Scottdale: Herald Press,2005), p. 31. Note 5提供的相关资料。
[26] Emillo C Viano, Restorative Justice for Victims offenders: A Return to American Tradition, Corrections Today, July 2000, p. 133.
[32]关于自由女性主义和激进女性主义在堕胎问题上的争论,详见Andrew Altman, Arguing About Law: An Introduction to Legal Philosophy, (Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2001), pp. 208～215.
[33] Patricia Smith,“Introduction: Feminist Jurisprudence and the Nature of Law,”in Feminist Jurisprudence, eds. Patricia Smith,(Oxford University Press,1993), p.4.
[34]关于这个问题的详细讨论,参见Andrew Altman, Arguing About Law: An Introduction to Legal Philosophy, (Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2001), pp.215～220.
[35] Betty Sichel A.,“Gender, thinking and moral development”, ISDA Journal4(1), 1991, pp. 3～4,转引自David E. Cooper, Ethics For Professionals In a Multicultural World,(Pearson Education, Inc., 2004), p.140.
[36] Betty Sichel A.,“Gender, thinking and moral development”, ISDA Journal4(1), 1991, pp. 7-10,转引自David E. Cooper, Ethics For Professionals In a Multicultural World,(Pearson Education, Inc., 2004), p.142.
[38] M﹒Kay Harris,“Moving into the New Millennium: Toward a Feminist Vision of Justice”, Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, eds. Eugene McLaughlin, Ross Fergusson, Gordon Hughes, Louise Westmarland, (Sage Publications in association with The Open University,2003), p.32.
[41] David E. Cooper, Ethics For Professionals In a Multicultural World,(Pearson Education, Inc., 2004), p.179.
[42] Juan Tauri, Allison Morris,“Re-forming Justice: The Potential of Maori Process”, Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, eds. Eugene McLaughlin, Ross Fergusson, Gordon Hughes, Louise Westmarland, (Sage Publications in association with The Open University,2003),p.45.
[43] Michael Walzer, Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, p.67,转引自David E. Cooper, Ethics For Professionals In a Multicultural World,(Pearson Education, Inc., 2004), p.180.
[48] Kathlee Daly,“Restorative Justice : the Real Story”, Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, eds. Eugene McLaughlin, Ross Fergusson, Gordon Hughes, Louise Westmarland, (Sage Publications in association with The Open University,2003),p.201.
[49]在上引达利文中作者引用了马克斯韦尔(Maxwell)和莫里斯(Morris)在重建前欧洲时代原著民模式的体系与具有文化适宜性的司法体系之间所做的区分。参见上引文,pp. 201～202.
[55] J. W. Mohr,“Criminal Justice and Christian Responsibility: the Secularization of Criminal Law,”unpublished paper presented to the Mennonite Central Committee Canada Annual Meeting, Abbotsfold, British Columbia, January 22, 1981, see Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses,(Scottdale: Herald Press,2005), p.100.
[56]这一部分主要参考Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses,(Scottdale: Herald Press,2005), pp. 101～104.
[60]Michael R. Weisser, Crime & Punishment in Early Modern Europe, (Humanities Press,1979), pp.51～67.
[61]具体参见Emillo C Viano,“Restorative Justice for Victims offenders: A Return to American Tradition”, Corrections Today, July 2000, p. 132.
[66] John Braithwaite and Philip Pettit, Not Just Deserts: A Republican Theory of Criminal Justice, (Oxford University Press, 1990), p.3.
[67] David A. Reidy, On The Philosophy of Law, (Thomson Wadsworth, 2007), p.162.
[68] David A. Reidy, On The Philosophy of Law, (Thomson Wadsworth, 2007), p.178.
[70] John Braithwaite and Philip Pettit, Not Just Deserts: A Republican Theory of Criminal Justice, (Oxford University Press 1990).
[72]具体可以参见Eliza Ahmed, Nathan Harris, John Braithwaite and Valerie Braithwaite, Shame Management Through Reintegration,(Cambridge University Press), 2001.
[73] John Braithwaite, Crime, Shame and Reintegration, (Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp.85～86.
[74] Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses,(Scottdale: Herald Press,2005), pp. 232～236.
[75] Van Ness, Daniel W., New Wine And Old Wineskins: Four Challenges Of Restorative Justice, Criminal Law Forum,Vol. 4, No.2, 1993 Winter, p.272.
[76]Gerry Johnstone, Restorative Justice: Ideas, Values, Debates, (Willan Publishing, 2002), p.11.
[77] John Braithwaite, Restorative Justice & Responsive Regulation, (Oxford University Press, 2002), pp.12～16.
[79] Howard Zehr, The Little Book of Restorative Justice, (Intercourse, PA: Good Books.2002), pp.35～36.
[80] Kurki, L. (2000),“Restorative and Community Justice in the United States”, Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, edited by Michael Tonry, The University of Chicago Press,转引自陈晓明著:《修复性司法的理论与实践》,法律出版社2006年版,第117页。
[81] Gordon Bazemore and Curt Taylor Griffiths,“Conferences, Circles, Bords, and Mediations: The‘New Wave’of Community Justice Decisionmaking”, Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, eds. Eugene McLaughlin, Ross Fergusson, Gordon Hughes, Louise Westmarland, (Sage Publications in association with The Open University,2003), p.82.
[82] Pate, K., Victim-Young Offender Reconciliation As Alternative Measures Programs in Canada, (New York, Criminal Justice Press 1990), pp. 117～118,转引自陈晓明著:《修复性司法的理论与实践》,法律出版社2006年版,第119页。
[83]刘东根:“恢复性司法及其借鉴意义”,《环球法律评论》2006年第2期,第238页。
[84]具体案例参见石先广:“司法新动向:恢复性司法在上海悄然兴起”,《中国司法》2006年第1期,第34页～第36页。
[85]具体案例参见刘德安,司恩平:“宽严相济促和谐——云南省马龙县检察院‘恢复性司法’的实践与成效”,《致富天地》,2010年第1期。
[86]有关协议驱动型的具体特征参见陈晓明著:《修复性司法的理论与实践》,法律出版社2006年版,第123页。
[87]参见上引书,第132页。
[88]有关家庭团体会议在澳大利亚的发展,具体参见吴宗宪:“修复性司法述评”,《江苏公安专科学校学报》,第16卷,第3期,2002年5月,第74页。
[90] David R. Karp and Lynne Walther,“Community Reparative Boards in Vermont: Theory and Practice”, Restorative Community Justice: Repairing Harms and Transforming Communities, eds. Gordon Bazemore, Mara Schiff, (Anderson Publishing Co.2001), p.211.
[92] William Bradshaw and David Roseborough,“Restorative Justice Dialogue: The Impact of Mediation and Conferencing on Juvenile Recidivism”, Federal Probation, No.2 (December, 2005), p.16.
[94]有关昆士兰试点项目的具体情况,参见Gerard Palk, Hennessey Hayes and Timothy Prenzler,“Restorative Justice and Community Conferencing: Summary of Findings from a Pilot Study”, Current Issues In Criminal Justice, November 1998, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 138～155.
[95]有关伯利恒试验结果的具体分析参见Paul McCold,“An Experiment In Police-Based Restorative Justice: The Bethlehem (PA) Project”, Police Practice and Research, 2003, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp.379～390.
[97]具体案例参见石先广:“司法新动向:恢复性司法在上海悄然兴起”,《中国司法》2006年第1期,第34页～第36页。
[98] Kay Pranis,“The Practice and Efficacy of Restorative Justice”, Criminal Justice: Retribution vs. Restoration (ed: Eleanor Hannon Judah, and Rev. Michael Bryant) The Haworth Social Work Practice Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc., 2004, p.148.
[101]具体参见肖灵:“未成年人恢复性司法理念的中国实践”,《四川理工学院学报》(社会科学版),第26卷第1期,2011年2月,第50页。
[102] Howard Zehr, The Little Book of Restorative Justice, (Intercourse, PA: Good Books.2002), p.55.
[104]具体参见肖灵:“未成年人恢复性司法理念的中国实践”,《四川理工学院学报》(社会科学版),第26卷第1期,2011年2月,第50页。
[105] Steven Luper, Social Ideals and Politics, (Mayfield Publishing Company, 1999), pp.401～403.
[106] Robert Weisberg,“Restorative Justice and the Danger of‘Community’”, Utah Law Review, 2003, No.1, pp.343～349.
[107] Howard Zehr and Harry Mika,“Fundamental Concepts of Restorative Justice,”Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, eds. Eugene McLaughlin, Ross Fergusson, Gordon Hughes, Louise Westmarland, (Sage Publications in association with The Open University,2003), p.40.
[108] John Braithwaite, Crime, Shame and Reintegration, (Cambridge University Press, 1989),p.86.
[109]【德】费迪南·滕尼斯著,林荣远译:《共同体与社会——纯粹社会学的基本概念》,北京大学出版社2010年版,第43页～第114页。
[110] John Braithwaite,“Restorative Justice and a Better Future”, Restorative Justice: Critical Issues, eds. Eugene McLaughlin, Ross Fergusson, Gordon Hughes, Louise Westmarland, (Sage Publications in association with The Open University,2003), p.59.
[112] Gerry Johnstone, Restorative Justice: Ideas, Values, Debates, (Willan Publishing, 2002), p.52.
[113]John Braithwaite, Crime, Shame and Reintegration, (Cambridge University Press,1989), p.95.
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