基于光参量振荡和受激拉曼散射的新型固体激光器研究

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英文题名：The Studies of Novel Solid-state Lasers Based on Optical Parametric Oscillation and Stimulated Raman Scattering 作者：白芬 论文级别：博士 学科专业名称：光学工程 中文关键词：光参量振荡器 ; 热透镜焦距 ; KTiOAsO_4晶体 ; 速率方程 ; 内腔OPO理论 ; 拉曼泵浦OPO ; BaWO_4晶体 ; 人眼安全 ; 全固态拉曼激光器 ; 键合晶体 ; BaTeMo_2O_9晶体 ; 中红外 英文关键词：Optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) ; Intracavity OPO theory ; Solid-state Raman lasers ; Thermal focal lens ; Raman pumping OPO ; Diffusion 英文关键词：bonded crystal ; KTiOAsO_4crystal ; BaWO_4crystal ; BaTeMo_2O_9crystal ; Rate 英文关键词：equation ; Eye-safe laser ; mid-infrared laser 学位年度：2013 导师：王青圃 学科代码：0803 学位授予单位：山东大学 论文提交日期：2013-03-20

摘要

非线性光学变频技术是获得新的、满足实际应用需求的激光波长的一种可靠方法,是目前光学领域的重要研究内容。在过去的几十年时间中,研究者们对多种非线性效应进行了深入广泛的研究,例如,二阶非线性过程如倍频、和频、差频、光参量振荡等,以及三阶非线性过程如四波混频、受激拉曼散射、受激布里渊散射等。在这诸多的非线性光学效应中,光参量振荡和受激拉曼散射是两种高效的非线性光学过程,都可以获得高功率激光输出,也是目前非线性光学领域的研究热点。然而有时这众多的非线性效应也不能满足人们的需求,因此研究者们将两种甚至多种非线性效应相结合,灵活多变地产生所需波长,极大地拓宽了现有光谱。例如,将受激拉曼散射技术与倍频技术结合,能够产生黄橙波段的光,将受激拉曼散射与和频技术结合,可以得到黄绿波段的光等等。本论文将目光集中在光参量振荡和受激拉曼散射两种非线性过程以及将这两种技术相结合的新手段上。
     本论文对信号光振荡和闲频光振荡的两种内腔式单谐振KTiOAsO4(KTA)光参量振荡器(Optical Parametric Oscillator,OPO)进行实验研究,并通过速率方程模型的理论模拟和分析,对实验结果进行了合理解释；测试了新型BaTeMo2O9(BTM)拉曼晶体的自发拉曼谱和相对拉曼散射截面,并获得了输出波长分别为1179nm和1531nm的内腔式BTM拉曼激光器的稳定运转；采用拉曼泵浦OPO的方式,将拉曼技术和OPO技术成功结合,得到了一种新型非线性频率变换激光器件；为了提高非线性光学过程的转换效率,以侧面泵浦Nd:YAG激光器为例,研究了热透镜效应对基频光输出特性的影响。本文研究的具体内容为：
     1.实现了信号光(1535nm)振荡的内腔式单谐振KTA光参量振荡器。用激光二极管端面泵浦方式,键合YVO4/Nd:YVO4作为激光晶体,KTA作为非线性晶体,声光调Q方式,在泵浦功率为25.9W的情况下,获得信号光和闲频光(3467nm)的平均输出功率分别为3.77W和1.18W。发现在此信号光谐振的单谐振OPO中,信号光脉冲宽度大于闲频光脉冲宽度。在最大输出功率处两者的脉冲宽度分别为3.8ns和2.9ns。光束质量因子(M2)在两个垂直方向上分别为2.1±0.1和2.0+0.1以及9.5+0.5和8.8+0.5。2.推导并建立了新的速率方程模型,使之能够同时处理内腔式单谐振OPO中信号光和闲频光的输出特性。并将该模型应用到上述信号光振荡的Nd:YVO4/KTA内腔式单谐振光参量振荡器中,同时描述了其信号光及闲频光的输出特性。理论处理结果和实验结果吻合较好,也显示出,信号光谐振的单谐振OPO中信号光脉冲宽度要大于闲频光脉冲宽度。3.为了改善闲频光的光束质量,同时也为了更加深入的研究单谐振OPO中两个参量光的时间特性,设计了一个闲频光振荡的单谐振OPO系统。采用激光二极管端面泵浦方式,声光调Q, Nd:YAG晶体为激光介质,KTA为OPO晶体,通过设计腔镜镀膜,使闲频光发生振荡并输出,信号光不振荡直接输出。在泵浦功率为15.4W的情况下,获得了720mW的信号光和107mW的闲频光。闲频光的光束质量因子为1.1±0.1和1.2±0.1,可见闲频光的光束质量得到了极大改善。该实验也显示出在此闲频光谐振的单谐振OPO中闲频光脉冲宽度要大于信号光脉冲宽度。最大功率处,信号光和闲频光的脉冲宽度分别为3.1ns和7.2ns。结合两个实验,对于单谐振OPO的时间特性,我们可以总结为哪个光发生振荡,哪个光的脉冲宽度就偏大。
     4.测试了新型拉曼晶体BaTeMo2O9(BTM)沿X、Y,、Z三个方向的自发拉曼散射谱。发现当入射光沿BTM的X和Y方向传播时,拉曼峰值在915cm-1处,沿Z方向传播时,拉曼峰值在921cm-1处。以YVO4为参考晶体,测量了Z方向切割的BTM晶体的相对拉曼散射增益截面。
     5.实现了激光二极管端面泵浦的BTM晶体1179nm内腔式拉曼激光器运转。采用Nd:YAG作为激光晶体,声光调Q方式,X方向切割的BTM晶体为拉曼增益介质,在泵浦功率为8.6W,脉冲重复频率为10kHz的情况下,获得了输出功率为625mW的1179nm一阶斯托克斯光输出。脉冲宽度为9.9ns,峰值功率为6.3kW。
     6.基于BTM晶体,实现了人眼安全拉曼激光器运转。采用激光二极管端面泵浦方式,Nd:YVO4作为激光晶体,声光调Q,Z方向切割的BTM晶体为拉曼增益介质,在泵浦功率为10.8W,脉冲重复频率为25kHz的情况下,获得了0.83W的1531nm拉曼激光输出。相应的脉冲宽度为11ns,峰值功率为3.0kW。
     7.提出了利用拉曼激光器作为泵浦源来泵浦光参量振荡器的新构想,并且采用Nd:YAG/BaWO4/KTP的架构,成功实现了拉曼泵浦OPO系统的稳定运转。Nd:YAG产生的1064nm激光通过BaWO4拉曼晶体被频移到1180nm。1180nm斯托克斯光又作为KTP-OPO的泵浦源,通过参量转换,输出波长为1810nm的信号光。最终在泵浦功率为7.2W,重复频率为15kHz的条件下,获得的信号光平均功率为490mW,对应的半导体激光到信号光的转换效率为6.8%。
     8.对上述实验进行了理论模拟和分析。推导并建立了新的速率方程模型,使之能够描述内腔式拉曼泵浦OPO系统的所有参量,包括基频光、拉曼光和信号光的输出特性。实验结果与理论结果吻合较好,同时讨论了激光晶体、拉曼晶体和OPO晶体的热透镜效应。
     9.研究了晶体热效应对基频光运转特性的影响。以侧面泵浦Nd:YAG棒为例,测试了该激光器输出1123nm激光时,径向和切向这两个不同方向的等效热透镜焦距随泵浦功率的变化情况。并且与该激光器输出1064nm激光时的情况作了比较。讨论了具有双焦点特性的等效热透镜对激光输出功率、稳定性及光束质量的影响。
     本论文主要创新点如下：
     1.首次将端面泵浦KTA光参量振荡器的3.5μm中红外闲频光输出功率提升到瓦级。通过选用合适的介质以及合理的腔型设计,在泵浦功率为25.9W,脉冲重复率为50kHz的情况下,获得了平均功率高达1.18W的中红外闲频光。
     2.首次将闲频光的运转特性加入到单谐振OPO的速率方程组中,建立了新的速率方程模型,使之能够同时描述内腔式单谐振OPO的信号光和闲频光的运转特性。
     3.首次实现了3.5μm闲频光振荡的单谐振KTA-OPO,且输出闲频光的光束质量得到极大改善。并采用此实验验证了单谐振OPO中信号光的脉冲宽度与闲频光的脉冲宽度并不相等的结论,而是哪个光发生振荡,哪个光的脉冲宽度就较大。
     4.首次提出了利用拉曼激光器作为泵浦源来泵浦光参量振荡器的新构想,并且采用Nd:YAG/BaWO4/KTP的架构,成功实现了拉曼泵浦OPO系统的稳定运转。Nd:YAG产生的1064nm激光通过BaWO4晶体被频移到1180nm。1180nm一阶斯托克斯光又作为KTP-OPO的泵浦源,通过参量转换,最终得到波长为1810nm的信号光输出。
     5.首次采用BTM晶体实现了人眼安全波段拉曼光的输出。采用激光二极管端面泵浦方式,声光调Q,Nd：YV04作为激光晶体,基于Z方向BTM晶体的921cm-1频移,得到了从1342nm基频光到1531nm一阶斯托克斯光的转换。。
     6.首次测量了侧面泵浦Nd:YAG晶体在1123nm激光处运行时径向和切向两个等效热透镜焦距。
Nonlinear frequency conversion technology has established itself as a reliable and efficient way to obtain diverse and versatile laser sources with novel and valuable wavelengths. It has been one important aspect and one of the focus topics in optics. In the past several decades, all kinds of nonlinear optical effects have been researched deeply and widely. For example, the second order nonlinear optical effects such as second harmonic generation, sum frequency generation, differential frequency generation, and optical parametric oscillation, etc, and the third order nonlinear optical effects such as four wave mixing, stimulated Raman scattering, and stimulated Brillouin scattering, etc. In all kinds of nonlinear optical effects, we focus on optical parametric oscillation and stimulated Raman scattering. Both of them all efficient nonlinear optical processes and from them high output power can be generated. Sometimes, all these nonlinear conversion methods can't satisfy people's need. Hence the researchers combined two or even three of them together.
     In this dissertation, we studied both the signal-resonant and idler resonate intracavity KTiOAsO4(KTA) optical parametric oscillator (OPO), and through theoretical simulations and analyses based on rate-equation model, we made reasonable explanations to the experimental results. Based on novel Raman crystal BaTeMo2O9(BTM), we studied its spontaneous Raman spectra and studied its relative Rman scattering cross section. And we also realize the1179nm and1531nm intracavity Raman laser. We realized a novel frequency conversion system that using Raman laser to pump OPO. In order to improve the conversion efficiencies of the nonlinear optical processes, the properties of the fundamental laser was investigated by taking an side-pumped Nd:YAG laser as an example. The main contents of this dissertation are as follows:
     1. A diode-end pumped actively Q-switched YVO4/Nd:YVO4KTA OPO has been studied experimentally. The signal wave was resonate while the idler wave not. With an incident diode power of25.9W, up to1.18W output of3.47μn idler wave was obtained. The signal power was obtained to be3.77W at1535.0nm simultaneously. We found the signal pulse width was wider than that of the idler. At the highest output power, the result was3.8ns and2.9ns for the signal and idler, respectively. The beam quality factors were2.1±0.1and2.0±0.1for the signal, while9.5±0.5and8.8±0.5for the idler.
     2. Novel theoretical model based on rate equations was set up in order to simultaneously deal with the output characteristics of both the signal and idler waves in intracavity singly resonated OPO. This model has been used to analyze the performance of the above KTA-OPO. The average output power and the pulse width were simulated for both signal and idler waves. The results agreed with the experiment ones. Both the theory and experiment have shown a phenomenon:In a signal-resonate singly resonant OPO, the idler pulse width is shorter than the signal pulse width under a same incident diode power.
     3. We have realized what are to our knowledge the first experimental results of idler-resonant KTA-OPO. With a diode pump power of15.4W, the idler output power was obtained to be105mW at3467nm and the signal output power was obtained to be720mW at1535nm. The conversion efficiency from diode to total OPO output power was5.4%. During the experiment we found the pulse widths of the idler laser were wider than that of the signal laser. Moreover, a significant improvement of the beam quality was observed for the idler wave.
     4. The spontaneous Raman scattering spectra of new crystal BaTeMoaO9(BTM) was given in detail. And the relative Raman scattering cross section for BTM with respect to YVO4was measured.
     5. A diode end-pumped actively Q-switched Nd:YAG/BaTeMo2O9laser at1179nm has been demonstrated with a intracavity configuration for the first time. The maximum output power of625mW was achieved at a repetition rate of10kHz and a pump power of8.6W, corresponding to optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of7.3%. The pulse width was9.9ns and the peak power was6.3kW.
     6. A diode-end-pumped acousto-optically Q-switched NdiYVO4/BTM intracavity Raman laser has been demonstrated. A19mm-long Z-cut BTM crystal successfully shifted the1342-nm fundamental laser to1531-nm first-Stokes laser. With a pump power of10.8W, a first-Stokes power of0.83W was obtained at a pulse repetition rate of25kHz. The pulse width was11ns and the peak power was3.0kW.
     7. We realized an intracavity KTP-OPO pumped by an acousto-optically Q-switched Nd:YAG/BaWO4Raman laser. The device has realized three steps of conversion:from a laser diode wavelength of808nm to the fundamental wavelength of1064nm; next, to the Stokes wavelength of1180nm; and finally to the OPO signal wavelength of1810nm. With a pump power of7.2W and a pulse repetition rate of15kHz, we obtained690mW of1810nm laser. The corresponding optical-to-optical (diode-to-signal laser) conversion efficiency was6.8%.
     8. Theoretical model based on rate equations was set up to analyze the performance of the Raman pumping OPO system. The results agreed with the experiment ones.
     9. Laser properties of diode-side-pumped Nd:YAG laser operating at1123nm were demonstrated. Both radial and tangential thermal focal lengths of this side-pumped Nd:YAG rod are determined under the1123nm and1064nm lasing condition. Laser output performances in terms of stability, output power and beam quality influenced by pump power were also discussed.
     The main innovations of this dissertation are as follows:
     1. For the first time, the output power of the3.5μm laser from diode-end pumped KTA OPO was scaled up to watt level. By selecting the Diffusion bonded crystal as the laser medium and optimizing the cavity design, the output power of idler wave was up to1.18W at the condition of25.9W-pumping power and50kHz-pulse repetition rate.
     2. For the first time, the idler-resonate KTA-OPO was demonstrated. The beam quality of the3.5μm laser was improved. Moreover, this experiment verified that the pulse width of the signal and the idler were not the same. The resonant one had the wider pulse width.
     3. Novel theoretical model based on rate equations was set up for singly resonant OPOs by adding the expression of the idler photon density. Then the rate equation model can simultaneously deal with the output characteristics of both the signal and idler waves in intracavity singly resonated OPO.
     4. For the first time, we proposed and realized a novel nonlinear frequency conversion system that using a Raman laser to pump an OPO. By emplying the NdiYAG/BaWO4/KTP scheme, we realized three steps of conversion:from a laser diode wavelength of808nm to the fundamental wavelength of1064nm; next, to the Stokes wavelength of1180nm; and finally to the OPO signal wavelength of1810nm.
     5. We realized the first BTM Raman laser emitting at the eye-safe wavelength. By employing Nd:YVO4as the laser medium and the using acousto-optically Q switch, the1342nm fundamental laser successfully shifted to1531nm eye-safe laser.
     6. For the first time, we measured both the radial and tangential thermal focal lengths of the diode side-pumped Nd:YAG rod under the1123nm lasing condition.

引文

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