保护性耕作下黑土有机碳固定机制研究
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摘要
增加土壤有机碳（Soil organic carbon, SOC）固定不仅可以促进土壤肥力提高和农业持续发展，而且有利于降低土壤CO_2释放，进而减缓温室效应。随着国际社会对农业土壤固定大气CO_2的日益关注，不同耕作方式对SOC固定的影响以及SOC的固定机制问题成为该领域的研究重点。本论文以我国东北中层黑土上进行的保护性耕作定位试验（11年）土壤和加拿大安大略省西南部长期（29年）不同耕作方式定位试验土壤（与我国东北黑土类似的土壤和作物类型）为对象，研究了不同耕作方式下SOC储量的动态变化及其结构稳定性，探讨了各粒级团聚体在SOC固定中的作用，以期寻求促进我国东北黑土SOC固定的最佳耕作方式，为农业土壤固碳机理研究提供参考。
研究结果说明，保护性耕作促进了供试黑土稳定土壤结构体的形成和大团聚体结合碳的增加，有利于土壤结构的改善，而且垄作（Ridge tillage, RT）的效果比免耕（No-tillage,NT）更明显。RT促进了农田黑土SOC的增加，通过保护大团聚体内颗粒态有机碳（Particulate organic carbon, POC）和促进微团聚体形成而促进了土壤SOC的增加。在质地粘重排水不良的黑土上RT较NT更有利于土壤肥力的改善，是使农田黑土由CO_2“源”变为“汇”的有效农艺措施。
传统耕作下胡敏酸含量及胡敏酸含碳百分比显著高于长期免耕。随耕作强度的增加，土壤胡敏酸的芳香度增加，脂化度降低，微生物分解产物有向木质素转化的趋势。
中红外光谱技术可以作为研究土壤颗粒SOC官能团和结构特征的良好手段。曲线拟合技术为进一步解译和提取各个官能团信息提供了可能。在各土壤颗粒组分中，砂粒级组分SOC对耕作方式的响应最为明显。长期免耕下其脂肪碳含量和脂肪碳与芳香碳的比例均显著低于长期传统耕作土壤。
好氧培养条件下NT土壤CO_2释放较传统耕作强烈，尤其是0.25-0.053mm团聚体。各团聚体结合碳矿化量随团聚体粒级增大而增加；由4-1mm及1-0.25mm团聚体压碎过0.25mm筛后得到的破碎团聚体（0.25-0.053mm）碳矿化量超过4-1mm团聚体，充分说明了大团聚体结构破坏之后SOC因失去保护而矿化损失加剧。
团聚体结构的核心和表面部分SOC的含量和结构稳定性均有较大差异，尤其在发育良好的森林和草地团聚体体中这种差异比农田团聚体更为明显。好气培养条件下团聚体表面部分SOC矿化量显著高于核心SOC，表面部分的碳库半生命周期也远远低于核心。也就是说，与其核心SOC相比，团聚体表面的SOC活性更强，容易分解矿化。团聚体表面脂肪碳含量显著高于团聚体核心，而芳香碳含量则是核心部分高于表面，这进一步验证了团聚体核心的SOC结构稳定性和腐殖化程度高于其表面。上述结果从团聚体内部结构的角度说明了团聚体对SOC的保护作用机制。
The improvement of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration not only helps maintain soilfertility and sustainable development of agriculture, but also contributes to the reduction ofCO_2release from soil, which in turn retards the greenhouse effect. As the sequestration of CO_2in farmland soil becoming a hot research spot, the effects of different tillage managements onSOC sequestration and the sequestration mechanisms is the focus of research in this field. Inthis study, we mainly determined the storage and structure stability of SOC fractions indifferent tillage systems and analyzed the roles aggregates played in SOC sequestration, basedon a short-term tillage trial in black soils in northeast China and a long-term trial in blacksoils in southwest Ontario, Canada. The results are helpful in selecting a suitable tillagesystem in favor of SOC sequestration and in understanding the mechanisms.
Conservation tillage favors the formation of stable aggregates, improves soil structure,and increases SOC contents in macro-aggregates. The effects of ridge tillage (RT) is moreobvious than no-tillage (NT). RT improves SOC sequestration in black soils of northeastChina in the form of particulate organic carbon (POC) and micro-aggregates occluded inmacro-aggregates. Compared with NT, RT is more favorable to the improvement of soilfertility and turning farmland soil from C “source” into C “sink” in the poorly-drained clayloam soil of northeast China.
The concentration of humic acid in soil and C concentration in humic acid aresignificantly higher in soil under conventional tillage (CT) than under long-term NT. With theincrease of tillage intensity, the humic acid becomes more humified, and showes a trend oftransformation from microbial decomposition product towards lignin.
The mid-infrared spectroscopy combined with curve-fitting technique is a good approachto study SOC structure features in soil fractions. The curve-fitting technique makes it possibleto further interpret peak and functional group information in mid-infrared spectra. Comparedto smaller-sized fractions, the SOC in sand-sized fraction responds faster to tillagemanagements. Concentration of aliphatic-C and aliphatic-to aromatic-C ratio are significantly higher in long-term NT soils than in CT soils.
More CO_2release is observed from NT soil aggregates than CT in aerobic incubation,indicating that the SOC associated with aggregates in NT soil is more easily mineralizable,especially with0.25-0.053mm aggregates. Carbon mineralization from aggregates increaseswith aggregates size. The CO_2release from crushed aggregates (from4-1mm and1-0.25mmto below0.25mm) is higher than from the4-1mm. These results show that C mineralizationincreases when it loses the protection from macro-aggregates structure.
The SOC concentration and stability differ greatly from the inner cores to the externallayers of aggregates, especially in the well-developed woodlot and grassland soil aggregates.The CO_2released during aerobic incubation was significantly greater from aggregate externallayers than from the cores. The SOC in the cores was associated with a longer half-life and anotably greater stable C (aromatic-C) pool than that in aggregate external layers, whichsuggests that the SOC was more decomposable in the external layers than the cores. Theseresults illustrated the mechanisms of SOC sequestration from an internal aggregate structurepoint of view.
研究结果说明，保护性耕作促进了供试黑土稳定土壤结构体的形成和大团聚体结合碳的增加，有利于土壤结构的改善，而且垄作（Ridge tillage, RT）的效果比免耕（No-tillage,NT）更明显。RT促进了农田黑土SOC的增加，通过保护大团聚体内颗粒态有机碳（Particulate organic carbon, POC）和促进微团聚体形成而促进了土壤SOC的增加。在质地粘重排水不良的黑土上RT较NT更有利于土壤肥力的改善，是使农田黑土由CO_2“源”变为“汇”的有效农艺措施。
传统耕作下胡敏酸含量及胡敏酸含碳百分比显著高于长期免耕。随耕作强度的增加，土壤胡敏酸的芳香度增加，脂化度降低，微生物分解产物有向木质素转化的趋势。
中红外光谱技术可以作为研究土壤颗粒SOC官能团和结构特征的良好手段。曲线拟合技术为进一步解译和提取各个官能团信息提供了可能。在各土壤颗粒组分中，砂粒级组分SOC对耕作方式的响应最为明显。长期免耕下其脂肪碳含量和脂肪碳与芳香碳的比例均显著低于长期传统耕作土壤。
好氧培养条件下NT土壤CO_2释放较传统耕作强烈，尤其是0.25-0.053mm团聚体。各团聚体结合碳矿化量随团聚体粒级增大而增加；由4-1mm及1-0.25mm团聚体压碎过0.25mm筛后得到的破碎团聚体（0.25-0.053mm）碳矿化量超过4-1mm团聚体，充分说明了大团聚体结构破坏之后SOC因失去保护而矿化损失加剧。
团聚体结构的核心和表面部分SOC的含量和结构稳定性均有较大差异，尤其在发育良好的森林和草地团聚体体中这种差异比农田团聚体更为明显。好气培养条件下团聚体表面部分SOC矿化量显著高于核心SOC，表面部分的碳库半生命周期也远远低于核心。也就是说，与其核心SOC相比，团聚体表面的SOC活性更强，容易分解矿化。团聚体表面脂肪碳含量显著高于团聚体核心，而芳香碳含量则是核心部分高于表面，这进一步验证了团聚体核心的SOC结构稳定性和腐殖化程度高于其表面。上述结果从团聚体内部结构的角度说明了团聚体对SOC的保护作用机制。
The improvement of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration not only helps maintain soilfertility and sustainable development of agriculture, but also contributes to the reduction ofCO_2release from soil, which in turn retards the greenhouse effect. As the sequestration of CO_2in farmland soil becoming a hot research spot, the effects of different tillage managements onSOC sequestration and the sequestration mechanisms is the focus of research in this field. Inthis study, we mainly determined the storage and structure stability of SOC fractions indifferent tillage systems and analyzed the roles aggregates played in SOC sequestration, basedon a short-term tillage trial in black soils in northeast China and a long-term trial in blacksoils in southwest Ontario, Canada. The results are helpful in selecting a suitable tillagesystem in favor of SOC sequestration and in understanding the mechanisms.
Conservation tillage favors the formation of stable aggregates, improves soil structure,and increases SOC contents in macro-aggregates. The effects of ridge tillage (RT) is moreobvious than no-tillage (NT). RT improves SOC sequestration in black soils of northeastChina in the form of particulate organic carbon (POC) and micro-aggregates occluded inmacro-aggregates. Compared with NT, RT is more favorable to the improvement of soilfertility and turning farmland soil from C “source” into C “sink” in the poorly-drained clayloam soil of northeast China.
The concentration of humic acid in soil and C concentration in humic acid aresignificantly higher in soil under conventional tillage (CT) than under long-term NT. With theincrease of tillage intensity, the humic acid becomes more humified, and showes a trend oftransformation from microbial decomposition product towards lignin.
The mid-infrared spectroscopy combined with curve-fitting technique is a good approachto study SOC structure features in soil fractions. The curve-fitting technique makes it possibleto further interpret peak and functional group information in mid-infrared spectra. Comparedto smaller-sized fractions, the SOC in sand-sized fraction responds faster to tillagemanagements. Concentration of aliphatic-C and aliphatic-to aromatic-C ratio are significantly higher in long-term NT soils than in CT soils.
More CO_2release is observed from NT soil aggregates than CT in aerobic incubation,indicating that the SOC associated with aggregates in NT soil is more easily mineralizable,especially with0.25-0.053mm aggregates. Carbon mineralization from aggregates increaseswith aggregates size. The CO_2release from crushed aggregates (from4-1mm and1-0.25mmto below0.25mm) is higher than from the4-1mm. These results show that C mineralizationincreases when it loses the protection from macro-aggregates structure.
The SOC concentration and stability differ greatly from the inner cores to the externallayers of aggregates, especially in the well-developed woodlot and grassland soil aggregates.The CO_2released during aerobic incubation was significantly greater from aggregate externallayers than from the cores. The SOC in the cores was associated with a longer half-life and anotably greater stable C (aromatic-C) pool than that in aggregate external layers, whichsuggests that the SOC was more decomposable in the external layers than the cores. Theseresults illustrated the mechanisms of SOC sequestration from an internal aggregate structurepoint of view.
引文
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