中国大陆东部和近海卷云—晴空大气过渡带的光学特征
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摘要
近年来众多研究发现,被气溶胶粒子包围的云周围有光学性质急剧变化的过渡区。云粒子的形成和消亡与气溶胶粒子的水合、脱水使得云和气溶胶的数量、相态、形状、尺度等都发生着剧烈变化,并改变着大气的热力结构和光学性质。卷云侧边界面对水汽不饱和的晴空大气,二者之间也应有过渡带存在。卷云过渡带的宏微观性质、过渡的物理机制以及由此产生的辐射和降水变化等问题尚未得到充分研究。
激光雷达能够提供高分辨率探测廓线,卫星平台帮助我们获得了全球范围长时间持续观测能力。二者结合成为气溶胶、薄卷云、云边界和过渡带精细结构研究的有力手段。本文利用星载激光雷达CALIOP分析了一次秸秆焚烧排放气溶胶事件,然后使用此观测资料对卷云进行了重点研究,即从探测得到的后向散射系数、双波长比和退偏振率等光学性质入手,对中国大陆东部上空卷云-晴空大气过渡带的光学特征进行了分析,并以之与东部、南部海区作比较。本文还选取过渡带宽度为过渡带性质的指标,使用GMAO模式同化资料和NCEP-CFSR再分析资料分析了大气环境参数特征,以探讨过渡的物理机制。本文得到的主要研究结论如下：
1)卷云侧边界附近光学性质的水平廓线和散射粒子的变化
大气光学性质的水平廓线在卷云侧边界附近都明确表现出阶梯状过渡,反映了从云内强烈的后向散射到晴空大气内很弱的后向散射,从云内较大的粒子尺度到晴空大气内较小的粒子尺度,从云内显著不规则形状到晴空大气内近球形的变化特征。
后向散射系数和退偏振率,在对数空间和线性空间内,可表示为水平位置的函数,在卷云内部和过渡带、晴空大气内部能够分别与二次拟合和线性拟合很好地吻合。气层可以分为卷云-过渡带-晴空大气三段结构,过渡区又可以进一步细分为云内缓变区、线性剧变区和云外缓变区。过渡带大致在-12kmm至8km间,过渡现象局限于此。线性剧变区大致在-4km至lkm间,此处光学性质变化最剧烈。
在卷云内部、过渡带和晴空大气内部,光学性质之间的相关性不同。过渡带位置的概率密度分布也呈现出了不同于光学性质水平廓线的结构特征。这表明光学性质的变化主要产生于散射粒子物理性质及其光学特征的内在变化,而并非来源于卷云冰晶和云外粒子的简单混合。
具有云内冰晶典型特征的散射粒子表现为双波长比0.55至1.25、退偏振率大于0.12。具有这一特征的粒子比例也显示出阶梯状过渡的水平廓线,但其与光学性质水平廓线的对应关系在三个区域内各不相同,反映了散射粒子从云到气溶胶的内在变化,再次表明这一变化并非仅仅由粒子数量变化引起。
2)不同区域上空卷云-晴空大气过渡带光学性质的异同
本文选择气溶胶含量和成分不同的相邻三个区域——中国大陆东部和东部、南部海区进行比较。大陆东部经济发达人口稠密,气溶胶含量高且包含大量大陆性和人工源气溶胶,处于西风带下游的东部海区也受其影响,南部海区较洁净,在沙尘暴平静期和夏季风控制下以海洋性气溶胶为主。
光学性质的水平廓线在三个区域内都表现出阶梯状过渡,呈水平均匀的晴空背景大气、光学性质急剧变化的过渡带和水平均匀的卷云这三段式结构。过渡带也都可细分为云内缓变区、线性剧变区和云外缓变区。在卷云内部、过渡带和晴空大气内部,双波长比和退偏振率的概率密度分布大体一致。典型粒子特征和典型粒子比例也相当。
晴空大气内的光学性质显示了气溶胶含量差异。卷云内部后向散射系数及其过渡梯度的大小关系,均为大陆东部强于东部海区强于南部海区。卷云内部退偏振率及其过渡梯度的大小关系,正好相反。卷云内部粒子尺寸以南部海区为最大。
3)温湿条件、大尺度运动和气溶胶含量、成分对过渡的影响
在不同的温湿条件和大尺度动力条件下,过渡带宽度的分布跨度都很大。这意味着单方面因素对过渡现象的决定性都不强,过渡应是多方面因素共同作用的结果。
过渡带宽度呈现出随温度升高、相对湿度降低而收窄的变化趋势,意味着温度和饱和度控制升华速率、继而影响过渡的作用机制。过渡带宽度随垂直速度和水平风速增大而变宽,这一趋势与垂直速度和水平风速的方向无关。气流运动会加强卷云侧边界附近的物质交换,有利于冰晶的水平扩散,使得过渡带宽度变大。
在低于-30℃条件下,过渡带宽度随温度降低有较一致的规律：大值区的样本量增多,小值区的样本量减少,分布跨度增大,最大概率密度向较大宽度移动。这是由于较低温度(较高高度)下升华较困难,增强的水平风也会加剧冰粒子的水平扩散,把过渡带“拉”宽。不同于-30℃以下,过渡带宽度的分布跨度和平均值在-30℃以上时都较小,这可能与混杂在卷云中的过冷液态水滴有关。
温度也影响散射粒子的微物理性质,过渡带内退偏振率随温度降低而增大。退偏振率及其变化梯度的区域差异可归结为温度影响。退偏振率随后向散射系数、相对湿度和大尺度运动的变化幅度并不明显。
后向散射系数变化梯度的区域差异,与温度和相对湿度的区域差异有关,升华为其中可能的物理机制。卷云后向散射系数和双波长比的区域差异可能与气溶胶有关。大陆性和海洋性气溶胶通过异质核化和同质核化、并藉由温度、相对湿度等成云条件,对卷云的宏微观性质产生影响。气溶胶成分也影响冰晶升华、卷云消亡以及卷云冰晶尺寸。这使得大陆上空冰核较丰沛,冰晶较细小,卷云更浓密,过渡更剧烈。气溶胶含量和卷云后向散射的关系也体现了]Twomey效应。
Several recent studies have found that clouds are surrounded by a transition zone of rapidly changing optical properties. The cloud particles'formation and elimination and aerosol particles'hydration and dehydration could change their concentration, phase, shape, size, and change the thermal structure and optical feature of atmosphere consequently. A transition zone should exist near cirrus lateral boundary facing unsaturated sky. The problems, such as macro-and micro-characteristics of cirrus transition zone, and its physic mechanism, the resulting radiation and precipitation, have not been solved adequately.
Lidar could provide high resolution profiles, and satellite could gain continuous global detection. A combination of both has become powerful means for analyzing fine structures of aerosol, thin cirrus, cloud boundary and transition zone. In this paper the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization(CALIOP) was applied for detecting a crop burning case, and then mainly used on the research on the properties of cirrus. Backscatter coefficient, color ratio and depolarization ratio computed from CALIOP dataset were used on analysis of the optical features of cirrus-sky transition zone over China eastern land, which were consequently compared with eastern sea and southern sea. Transition zone width was selected as indicator of transition zone characteristics, analyzed its dependence on meteorological conditions using GMAO and NCEP-CFSR data to understand the physic mechanism.
The main conclusions of this study are listed as following:
1) Horizontal profiles of optical properties and changing particles in cirrus-sky layer
The horizontal profiles of optical properties all clearly shown stair-step shape, reflects the change of concentration, size and shape。
The horizontal profiles of backscatter coefficient and depolarization ratio, respectively in log-space and linear-space, could be expressed as functions of distance. The quadratic-fitting in cirrus and linear fitting in transition zone and clear sky can be in good agreement with the statistics. The layer shown the three sections of cirrus body, transition zone and clear sky, and the transition zone could be further subdivided into an intra-cloud gently-changing area, a linear abruptly-changing area and an external- cloud gently-changing area. The transition zone was located between-12km and8km, and the linear abruptly-changing area lied between-4km and lkm, where optical characteristics changed most radically.
Optical properties shown different relationship in cirrus, transition zone and clear sky,.and the probability density distribution (PDF) of transition zone position presented a structure different from the horizontal profiles of optical properties. It implies that the transition took place within the internal change of micro-physical and optical features, but not the mixing of different particles.
Typical features of ice particles presented0.55-1.25of color ratio and>0.12of depolarization ratio. The proportion of typical-feature particles also demonstrated stepped horizontal profile, its relationship with the optical-property profiles was different in the three sections, which reflected the internal change of scattering particles. The transition was not solely caused by the concentration changes of particle.
2) The similarities and differences of optical features in transition zone over different regions
This study compared three adjacent regions, China eastern land (Land), eastern sea (SeaE) and southern sea (SeaS), which take on different aerosol content and composition. High-loading aerosols over China eastern land contain a large number of continental and anthropological aerosols, and affected the eastern sea in the westerly downstream. The atmosphere over southern sea is clearer, and the predominated aerosols are from ocean in sand storm quiescence and under summer monsoon control.
The horizontal profiles of backscatter coefficient, color ratio and depolarization ratio, all presented stair-step shape, showing horizontal-homogeneous clear sky, changing transition zone and horizontal-homogeneous cirrus. Transition zone could also be subdivided into an intra-cloud gently-changing area, a linear abruptly-changing area and an external-cloud gently-changing area. The PDF of depolarization ratio and color ratio were largely consistent across the three regions, so as the typical ice feature and its proportion.
The mean values of backscatter coefficient and depolarization ratio in clear sky has demonstrated the different aerosol content. The relative order of cirrus backscatter coefficient is Land>SeaE>SeaS, so as the gradient of backscatter. But the relative orders of cirrus depolarization ratio and its gradient are just the reverse from backscatter. Cirrus over southern sea showed larger size.
3) The influence of temperature, relative humidity, large-scale dynamics and aerosols on transition
Large span of transition zone width on different temperature, relative humidity and large scale dynamics conditions implies that the determinism of any unilateral factors was not strong. Transition should be the result of the combined action of a number of factors together.
Transition zone width presented a decreasing tendency with increasing temperature and decreasing relative humidity, which implies the mechanism that temperature and saturation ratio control sublimation rate and then transition zone width afterwards。Transition zone width increases with the increase of vertical velocity and horizontal wind speed, but has nothing to do with airflow direction. Atmospheric motion improving material exchange near cirrus lateral boundary is benefit to horizontal diffusion of ice and stretches out transition zone width.
Below-30℃, transition zone width variation showed a regular pattern that with the decrease of temperature sample size in high (low) value region increases (decreases), the span of transition zone width increases and maximum probability density increases. It is because sublimation occurs difficultly on lower temperature (higher altitude), and strengthen wind intensifies horizontal diffusion of cloud particles to stretch transition zone out. Different from that below-30℃, the span and average of transition zone width appeared narrow above-30℃, which could be involved in super-cooled liquid water mixed in cirrus.
Temperature also affects the micro-physical properties of the scattering particles. Depolarization ratio reduces along with temperature increases in transition zone. The regional difference of depolarization ratio and its gradient could be attributed to temperature. The amplitude of depolarization ratio change with backscatter coefficient, relative humidity and large scale dynamics, were not distinct.
Regional difference of the backscatter coefficient gradient, is relevant to the regional differences of temperature and relative humidity, sublimation would be potential physic mechanism. Regional difference of cirrus backscatter coefficient and color ratio may be related to aerosol. Continental aerosols and marine aerosols participating in heterogeneous nucleation and homogeneous nucleation, with the aid of temperature and relative humidity, could affect the macro-and micro-features of cirrus. Aerosol composition could also affect ice shape and sublimation. The content and composition of aerosols could make more ice nuclei, small ice crystal, more dense cirrus and more dramatic transition over China eastern land. The relationship of aerosol content and cirrus backscatter also presented Twomey effect.
激光雷达能够提供高分辨率探测廓线,卫星平台帮助我们获得了全球范围长时间持续观测能力。二者结合成为气溶胶、薄卷云、云边界和过渡带精细结构研究的有力手段。本文利用星载激光雷达CALIOP分析了一次秸秆焚烧排放气溶胶事件,然后使用此观测资料对卷云进行了重点研究,即从探测得到的后向散射系数、双波长比和退偏振率等光学性质入手,对中国大陆东部上空卷云-晴空大气过渡带的光学特征进行了分析,并以之与东部、南部海区作比较。本文还选取过渡带宽度为过渡带性质的指标,使用GMAO模式同化资料和NCEP-CFSR再分析资料分析了大气环境参数特征,以探讨过渡的物理机制。本文得到的主要研究结论如下：
1)卷云侧边界附近光学性质的水平廓线和散射粒子的变化
大气光学性质的水平廓线在卷云侧边界附近都明确表现出阶梯状过渡,反映了从云内强烈的后向散射到晴空大气内很弱的后向散射,从云内较大的粒子尺度到晴空大气内较小的粒子尺度,从云内显著不规则形状到晴空大气内近球形的变化特征。
后向散射系数和退偏振率,在对数空间和线性空间内,可表示为水平位置的函数,在卷云内部和过渡带、晴空大气内部能够分别与二次拟合和线性拟合很好地吻合。气层可以分为卷云-过渡带-晴空大气三段结构,过渡区又可以进一步细分为云内缓变区、线性剧变区和云外缓变区。过渡带大致在-12kmm至8km间,过渡现象局限于此。线性剧变区大致在-4km至lkm间,此处光学性质变化最剧烈。
在卷云内部、过渡带和晴空大气内部,光学性质之间的相关性不同。过渡带位置的概率密度分布也呈现出了不同于光学性质水平廓线的结构特征。这表明光学性质的变化主要产生于散射粒子物理性质及其光学特征的内在变化,而并非来源于卷云冰晶和云外粒子的简单混合。
具有云内冰晶典型特征的散射粒子表现为双波长比0.55至1.25、退偏振率大于0.12。具有这一特征的粒子比例也显示出阶梯状过渡的水平廓线,但其与光学性质水平廓线的对应关系在三个区域内各不相同,反映了散射粒子从云到气溶胶的内在变化,再次表明这一变化并非仅仅由粒子数量变化引起。
2)不同区域上空卷云-晴空大气过渡带光学性质的异同
本文选择气溶胶含量和成分不同的相邻三个区域——中国大陆东部和东部、南部海区进行比较。大陆东部经济发达人口稠密,气溶胶含量高且包含大量大陆性和人工源气溶胶,处于西风带下游的东部海区也受其影响,南部海区较洁净,在沙尘暴平静期和夏季风控制下以海洋性气溶胶为主。
光学性质的水平廓线在三个区域内都表现出阶梯状过渡,呈水平均匀的晴空背景大气、光学性质急剧变化的过渡带和水平均匀的卷云这三段式结构。过渡带也都可细分为云内缓变区、线性剧变区和云外缓变区。在卷云内部、过渡带和晴空大气内部,双波长比和退偏振率的概率密度分布大体一致。典型粒子特征和典型粒子比例也相当。
晴空大气内的光学性质显示了气溶胶含量差异。卷云内部后向散射系数及其过渡梯度的大小关系,均为大陆东部强于东部海区强于南部海区。卷云内部退偏振率及其过渡梯度的大小关系,正好相反。卷云内部粒子尺寸以南部海区为最大。
3)温湿条件、大尺度运动和气溶胶含量、成分对过渡的影响
在不同的温湿条件和大尺度动力条件下,过渡带宽度的分布跨度都很大。这意味着单方面因素对过渡现象的决定性都不强,过渡应是多方面因素共同作用的结果。
过渡带宽度呈现出随温度升高、相对湿度降低而收窄的变化趋势,意味着温度和饱和度控制升华速率、继而影响过渡的作用机制。过渡带宽度随垂直速度和水平风速增大而变宽,这一趋势与垂直速度和水平风速的方向无关。气流运动会加强卷云侧边界附近的物质交换,有利于冰晶的水平扩散,使得过渡带宽度变大。
在低于-30℃条件下,过渡带宽度随温度降低有较一致的规律：大值区的样本量增多,小值区的样本量减少,分布跨度增大,最大概率密度向较大宽度移动。这是由于较低温度(较高高度)下升华较困难,增强的水平风也会加剧冰粒子的水平扩散,把过渡带“拉”宽。不同于-30℃以下,过渡带宽度的分布跨度和平均值在-30℃以上时都较小,这可能与混杂在卷云中的过冷液态水滴有关。
温度也影响散射粒子的微物理性质,过渡带内退偏振率随温度降低而增大。退偏振率及其变化梯度的区域差异可归结为温度影响。退偏振率随后向散射系数、相对湿度和大尺度运动的变化幅度并不明显。
后向散射系数变化梯度的区域差异,与温度和相对湿度的区域差异有关,升华为其中可能的物理机制。卷云后向散射系数和双波长比的区域差异可能与气溶胶有关。大陆性和海洋性气溶胶通过异质核化和同质核化、并藉由温度、相对湿度等成云条件,对卷云的宏微观性质产生影响。气溶胶成分也影响冰晶升华、卷云消亡以及卷云冰晶尺寸。这使得大陆上空冰核较丰沛,冰晶较细小,卷云更浓密,过渡更剧烈。气溶胶含量和卷云后向散射的关系也体现了]Twomey效应。
Several recent studies have found that clouds are surrounded by a transition zone of rapidly changing optical properties. The cloud particles'formation and elimination and aerosol particles'hydration and dehydration could change their concentration, phase, shape, size, and change the thermal structure and optical feature of atmosphere consequently. A transition zone should exist near cirrus lateral boundary facing unsaturated sky. The problems, such as macro-and micro-characteristics of cirrus transition zone, and its physic mechanism, the resulting radiation and precipitation, have not been solved adequately.
Lidar could provide high resolution profiles, and satellite could gain continuous global detection. A combination of both has become powerful means for analyzing fine structures of aerosol, thin cirrus, cloud boundary and transition zone. In this paper the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization(CALIOP) was applied for detecting a crop burning case, and then mainly used on the research on the properties of cirrus. Backscatter coefficient, color ratio and depolarization ratio computed from CALIOP dataset were used on analysis of the optical features of cirrus-sky transition zone over China eastern land, which were consequently compared with eastern sea and southern sea. Transition zone width was selected as indicator of transition zone characteristics, analyzed its dependence on meteorological conditions using GMAO and NCEP-CFSR data to understand the physic mechanism.
The main conclusions of this study are listed as following:
1) Horizontal profiles of optical properties and changing particles in cirrus-sky layer
The horizontal profiles of optical properties all clearly shown stair-step shape, reflects the change of concentration, size and shape。
The horizontal profiles of backscatter coefficient and depolarization ratio, respectively in log-space and linear-space, could be expressed as functions of distance. The quadratic-fitting in cirrus and linear fitting in transition zone and clear sky can be in good agreement with the statistics. The layer shown the three sections of cirrus body, transition zone and clear sky, and the transition zone could be further subdivided into an intra-cloud gently-changing area, a linear abruptly-changing area and an external- cloud gently-changing area. The transition zone was located between-12km and8km, and the linear abruptly-changing area lied between-4km and lkm, where optical characteristics changed most radically.
Optical properties shown different relationship in cirrus, transition zone and clear sky,.and the probability density distribution (PDF) of transition zone position presented a structure different from the horizontal profiles of optical properties. It implies that the transition took place within the internal change of micro-physical and optical features, but not the mixing of different particles.
Typical features of ice particles presented0.55-1.25of color ratio and>0.12of depolarization ratio. The proportion of typical-feature particles also demonstrated stepped horizontal profile, its relationship with the optical-property profiles was different in the three sections, which reflected the internal change of scattering particles. The transition was not solely caused by the concentration changes of particle.
2) The similarities and differences of optical features in transition zone over different regions
This study compared three adjacent regions, China eastern land (Land), eastern sea (SeaE) and southern sea (SeaS), which take on different aerosol content and composition. High-loading aerosols over China eastern land contain a large number of continental and anthropological aerosols, and affected the eastern sea in the westerly downstream. The atmosphere over southern sea is clearer, and the predominated aerosols are from ocean in sand storm quiescence and under summer monsoon control.
The horizontal profiles of backscatter coefficient, color ratio and depolarization ratio, all presented stair-step shape, showing horizontal-homogeneous clear sky, changing transition zone and horizontal-homogeneous cirrus. Transition zone could also be subdivided into an intra-cloud gently-changing area, a linear abruptly-changing area and an external-cloud gently-changing area. The PDF of depolarization ratio and color ratio were largely consistent across the three regions, so as the typical ice feature and its proportion.
The mean values of backscatter coefficient and depolarization ratio in clear sky has demonstrated the different aerosol content. The relative order of cirrus backscatter coefficient is Land>SeaE>SeaS, so as the gradient of backscatter. But the relative orders of cirrus depolarization ratio and its gradient are just the reverse from backscatter. Cirrus over southern sea showed larger size.
3) The influence of temperature, relative humidity, large-scale dynamics and aerosols on transition
Large span of transition zone width on different temperature, relative humidity and large scale dynamics conditions implies that the determinism of any unilateral factors was not strong. Transition should be the result of the combined action of a number of factors together.
Transition zone width presented a decreasing tendency with increasing temperature and decreasing relative humidity, which implies the mechanism that temperature and saturation ratio control sublimation rate and then transition zone width afterwards。Transition zone width increases with the increase of vertical velocity and horizontal wind speed, but has nothing to do with airflow direction. Atmospheric motion improving material exchange near cirrus lateral boundary is benefit to horizontal diffusion of ice and stretches out transition zone width.
Below-30℃, transition zone width variation showed a regular pattern that with the decrease of temperature sample size in high (low) value region increases (decreases), the span of transition zone width increases and maximum probability density increases. It is because sublimation occurs difficultly on lower temperature (higher altitude), and strengthen wind intensifies horizontal diffusion of cloud particles to stretch transition zone out. Different from that below-30℃, the span and average of transition zone width appeared narrow above-30℃, which could be involved in super-cooled liquid water mixed in cirrus.
Temperature also affects the micro-physical properties of the scattering particles. Depolarization ratio reduces along with temperature increases in transition zone. The regional difference of depolarization ratio and its gradient could be attributed to temperature. The amplitude of depolarization ratio change with backscatter coefficient, relative humidity and large scale dynamics, were not distinct.
Regional difference of the backscatter coefficient gradient, is relevant to the regional differences of temperature and relative humidity, sublimation would be potential physic mechanism. Regional difference of cirrus backscatter coefficient and color ratio may be related to aerosol. Continental aerosols and marine aerosols participating in heterogeneous nucleation and homogeneous nucleation, with the aid of temperature and relative humidity, could affect the macro-and micro-features of cirrus. Aerosol composition could also affect ice shape and sublimation. The content and composition of aerosols could make more ice nuclei, small ice crystal, more dense cirrus and more dramatic transition over China eastern land. The relationship of aerosol content and cirrus backscatter also presented Twomey effect.
引文
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