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南海磁静区成因探讨及地质意义
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摘要
南海磁静区位于南海北部的洋陆结合带上,在磁异常图上位于陆架高值正磁异常带以南,海盆磁异常条带区以北。论文介绍了全球磁静区的分布和成因类型,收集了南海北部现有的地质和地球物理相关资料,总结了南海北部磁静区的研究现状。对南海北部Δ T磁异常数据进行了低纬度化极处理,从南海北部Δ T磁异常和化极磁异常资料出发,考虑到磁静区周围的自由空间重力异常分布,结合前人的研究认识和磁静区周围的构造背景,划分了南海磁静区准确的分布范围。并结合小波多尺度分解方法讨论了南海北部磁静区及周围区域的重磁场特征。
     参考前人研究成果,通过小波多尺度断裂分析、解析信号振幅和均值归一总水平导数法等为位场资料边界识别方法对南海北部的重磁资料进行了边界增强和识别,得到主要断裂的空间展布,然后结合区域内的地震剖面解释成果,进一步识别出区域内断裂共23条,其中主要的岩石圈或者地壳断裂10条,主要呈NE—SW走向和NW—SE走向。
     采用功率谱法、欧拉齐次方程法和Tilt-angle导数法反演得到磁静区不同尺度的重磁资料的场源位置和深度信息。并对化极后的磁异常资料进行小波多尺度分解,分别拾取了磁性层顶底界面的磁异常,采用Parker法分别进行了磁性基底深度反演和居里等温面深度反演,得到了南海北部的磁极基底深度、居里等温面深度和磁性层厚度结果。并对布格重力异常通过多尺度分解得到了区域场异常后进行了莫霍面深度反演,得到了南海北部的莫霍面深度结果。指出磁静区内存在磁性基底深度增加、居里等温面隆升、磁性层厚度减薄和莫霍面抬升的现象。
     分析了界面反演结果,并结合相关研究进展及成果,总结了南海磁静区的成因。认为南海磁静区形成的直接原因是区域内磁性层厚度的减薄,包括以下三个方面的原因:(1)在中生代末期,由于古太平洋俯冲发生转向,俯冲带后撤,华南大陆边缘开始张裂。磁静区位于早期陆缘地壳拉张减薄的地方,早期的拉张减薄形成了一系列NE—SW向的区域性大型正断层和一组地堑半地堑盆地,盆地内发育了较厚的中生代沉积层,沉积的中生代和新生代地层的磁化率极小,磁异常微弱。地壳的拉张使区域老地层断陷,磁性基底深度增加,磁异常减弱。(2)华南陆缘地壳早期水平向的拉张减薄由于重力均衡促使深部地幔热物质垂向上运移填充,莫霍面抬升,区域内磁性层受深部高热物质作用发生热退磁,磁静区居里等温面抬升,磁性层厚度减薄,磁异常明显减弱。(3)南海扩张期间扩张中心向南迁移以后,南海北部残余热活动加剧。南海扩张以后南海北部仍属于强拉张性区域,热活动强烈,深部高温物质底侵,形成高速层。高温物质进一步抬升居里等温面,热退磁作用加强。底侵的高温物质在局部区域降温冷却,受当时的地磁场磁化,产生了与上覆地层早期磁化方向不一致的磁异常,在原来偏正值磁异常的基础上,叠加了负的磁异常,磁化方向的反向降低了在地表观测到的磁异常。
     讨论了南海北部的特提斯缝合带遗迹分布,推测识别出的L3断裂带可能是特提斯洋在南海北部的缝合带。并结合磁静区的成因,讨论了对南海形成演化的认识。
     磁静区发育大面积的中生代沉积层,沉积层厚度巨大。南海磁静区的存在证实了南海北部存在特提斯洋遗迹,磁静区是特提斯洋遗迹的一部分,磁静区为南海深水油气勘探指明了方向,是一个非常有利的勘探靶区。
Marine magnetic anomalies have two kinds of distribution forms: the magneticlineation and the magnetic quiet zone (MQZ), where magnetic anomalies are greatlysubdued in amplitude with long wavelength, also probably contains information oftectonic activities and evolutions from continental margin rifting to sea floor. TheMQZs show large-area magnetic anomalies with low value in magnetic anomaly maps.The MQZ in the northern South China Sea is located in the continent–oceanboundary (COB), and is located on the south of high positive magnetic anomaly beltand on the north of the magnetic lineation in the sea basin. This article introduces thedistributions and the causes of the global MQZs. We collect the geological andgeophysical data in the Northern South China Sea and discuss the current situation ofthe study on the MQZ there.
     We define the distribution range of the MQZ clearly according to the△Tmagnetic anomaly data, the free air gravity anomaly data and tectonic backgroundinformation. We obtain the reduction to pole magnetic anomaly using a low magneticlatitude method. We discuss the characteristics of gravity and magnetic field in theNorthern South China Sea by the wavelet multi-scale decomposition method. Wepoint out that the gravity field characteristics of the MQZ in the northern SCS isdifferent with the gravity field characteristics of the MQZ around the Reed Bank, andinfer that their causes may be different.
     We obtain the distribution of fractures around the MQZ from the magnetic andgravity data using several boundary identification methods such as wavelet fractureanalysis method, Analytic Signal Amplitude method, Normalization Total HorizontalDerivative method and so on. By comparing with the seismic interpretation profiles, we identify23fractures including10lithosphere or crust fractures which strike nearNE or NW direction.
     We obtain the locations and depth information of gravity and magnetic fieldsource by the power spectrum method, Tilt-angle derivative method and Eulerhomogeneous equation method. We pick up the magnetic anomalies caused by the topand bottom boundary of the magnetic layer by wavelet multi-scale decomposing ofthe reducing to pole magnetic anomaly result. We obtain the depth of the magneticbasement, the depth of the Curie isothermal interface and the thickness of themagnetic layer by the Parker inversion method. We obtain the depth of Mohointerface from the Buge gravity anomaly in the north South China Sea in the sameway as above. The inversion result of the depth of Curie isothermal interface showsthat the depth of Curie isothermal interface in the MQZ is shallow. The simulationresult of temperature field in the MQZ shows that the temperature is higher thanaround areas, the heat flow value is high, and the thermal Curie isothermal interface isshallower than around areas. The computing result also shows the depth of Moho isshallow.
     We analyze the inversion results and the related research progress, andsummarize the genesis of the MQZ in the South China Sea. We consider that thedirect reason of the formation of the MQZ is the thinning of the magnetic layer whichhas three causes. First, the paleo-pacific plate subduction turned direction and thesubduction zone withdrew, so the South China continental margin at late Mesozoicbegan to break apart. The MQZ located in the earlier continental margin thinning andextensional faulting area. The earlier thinning and extensional faulting formatted aseries of NE directional positive huge regional fractures and a series of graben orhalf-graben basins. The basins developed thick Mesozoic era sedimentary stratum.The Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary strata had teeny magnetic susceptibility andthe magnetic anomaly is very weak. The crust extension led to the old strata faulted,and the depth of the magnetic basement is increased, and the magnetic anomalyattenuated. Second, the crust extension led to the deep mantle mass rose and filled bythe gravity equilibrium effect. The Moho interface and Curie isothermal interface rose by the thermal demagnetization of the magnetic layer caused by the high temperaturematerial from the deep mantle. The thickness of the magnetic layer thinned. Third, thethermal activities aggravated in the northern South China Sea after the spreadingcenter migrated southward during the seafloor spreading period. After the seafloorspreading period, mantle materials went up and formed the high velocity layer by thestrong thermal activities. So the Curie isothermal interface rose again. The upliftedhigh temperature materials cooled and magnetized by modern geomagnetic field.Usually the magnetization direction of the high velocity layer is different with abovemagnetic layer which is magnetized earlier. Negative magnetic anomaly is added intothe earlier positive magnetic anomaly, and the difference of magnetization directionbetween the earlier magnetic layer and the magnetic layer formed by the high velocitylayer.
     Last we discuss the distribution of the Tethys suture zone ruins in the northernSouth China Sea and infer that the L3fracture belt may be the Tethys suture zoneruins in the northern South China Sea. Then we discuss some understanding on theformation and evolution of the South China Sea based on the reason of the MQZ.
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