桂西南地区上泥盆统锰矿沉积特征与成矿机理研究
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摘要
桂西南地区属于右江盆地，晚泥盆世受北东向和北西向断裂的共同作用，形成了两个成锰沉积盆地，即靖西—大新成锰盆地（下雷—龙邦成锰盆地）和广南—富宁成锰盆地。靖西—大新成锰盆地（下雷—龙邦成锰盆地）为本文研究的重点，是由北西向的广南—大新断裂与北东向的下雷—灵马断裂共同作用形成的断陷拉张盆地。
晚泥盆世是桂西南地区最重要的成锰时期，其地层可划分为非含锰岩系和含锰岩系。非含锰岩系为融县组，以大套的碳酸盐岩沉积为特征；含锰岩系包括榴江组和五指山组，以硅质岩、硅质灰岩及泥质岩沉积为主。榴江组与五指山组含锰性不同，榴江组含锰性低，未形成原生的工业性矿床，后期通过氧化淋滤作用形成了土湖次生氧化锰矿床。五指山组为原生碳酸锰-硅酸锰矿床，含锰性好。
桂西南地区晚泥盆世发育半局限台地、斜坡和台盆三种沉积相类型。半局限台地相包含了泻湖、台凹及台地边缘浅滩三个亚相，泻湖亚相属静水低能环境，水体较浅，以泥微晶灰岩、白云质灰岩、灰质白云岩沉积为主，生物较少；台凹水体相对较深，发育了泥质条带灰岩、扁豆状灰岩及少量硅质岩；台地边缘水体能量较高，发育了鲕粒滩、粒屑滩及生屑滩等沉积，生物类型以底栖生物为主，包括珊瑚、腕足、海百合、层孔虫、双壳类等。斜坡相包括上斜坡和下斜坡两个亚相，沉积物以泥质条带灰岩、扁豆状灰岩和微晶灰岩为主，生物稀少。台盆相水体深，能量低，沉积物以硅质、泥质沉积为主，发育含锰层。研究区发育了东西两个半局限台地，台地之间为台沟，台沟呈狭长形，形成了典型的台盆相间格局，台盆相是锰矿沉积的理想场所。
桂西南地区上泥盆统锰矿可以划分为几个锰矿区，不同的锰矿区的锰矿沉积具有相似特征。其五指山组一般发育了2~3个锰矿层，锰矿层厚度不一。锰矿石普遍具有块状、条带状、条纹状、结核状、气孔状、杏仁状等构造。以大类来分，可主要划分为鲕豆状锰矿石和条带状锰矿石两大类。锰矿石颜色较丰富，有紫红色、玫瑰色、粉红色、红黄色、灰白色、灰绿色、黄绿色、蓝灰色、灰黑色等。
对靖西—大新成锰盆地五指山组含锰岩系磁化率进行了详细的分析，表明锰矿层与围岩磁化率存在明显的区别。围岩磁化率值普遍偏低，以1~20（10~(-6)SI）占绝对优势；锰矿层的磁化率值则普遍达到数百（10~(-6)SI），甚至达到数万（10~(-6)SI）。相对来说，二三矿段的磁化率值比一矿段普遍偏高，表明二三矿段的含矿性更好。含锰岩系磁化率特征表明磁化率可以作为识别含锰岩系和非含锰岩系的判别标志，在进行深部锰矿勘探时可以将磁化率测量作为一个快捷的定性的指标。
鲕豆状结构是桂西南地区上泥盆统锰矿的重要结构特征。鲕豆粒类型多样。经显微结构、矿物及地球化学分析后认为，研究区锰矿石主要发育两种鲕豆粒类型：一种是鲕豆粒呈杂乱分布，鲕粒与基质之间呈渐变过渡关系，鲕粒之间无相连现象，基质为块状构造，无层理，这种鲕豆粒为热水成因。在海底热水活动区，由于热水喷流，沉积速率高，形成大量气孔，气孔被矿物沉淀充填而形成类似于鲕豆粒结构的特征，这种鲕豆粒通常都没有同心圈层结构；另一种鲕豆粒发育类似于同心圈层的结构，鲕豆粒可呈拉长状，发育拖尾，或鲕豆粒之间相连接成串珠状，串珠状鲕豆粒平行于层面分布，锰矿石的基质发育层理构造或无层理构造，这种鲕豆粒为胶体成因，发育的同心圈层结构式由不同的矿物胶体先后凝聚形成的，这种鲕豆状锰矿石为热水沉积和正常沉积混合成因。研究区锰矿锰质有热水和陆源两个来源，以热水来源为主。
研究区含锰岩系中普遍发育硅质岩、硅质灰岩及硅质泥岩，这些含硅岩类与锰矿的形成存在密切的关系。经显微结构、地球化学分析后认为，锰矿床中的硅质岩形成于大陆边缘环境，硅质有热水和陆源两个来源，生物对硅质岩的形成也起了一定的作用。硅质岩与锰矿的物质来源具有一致性。
研究区锰矿的沉积受沉积相、古地理及热水活动的共同控制。台盆相间的古地理格局是研究区碳酸锰矿沉积的古地理基础，在相对封闭的台沟相深水环境中形成碱性还原条件，为锰矿沉积提供良好的介质条件和沉积环境。而海底热水活动带来大量的锰质是锰矿沉积的物质基础。
The Southwestern Guangxi area is belonge to Youjiang Basin. There were twomanganese deposit basins formed because of the active of NE trending and NWtrending strike slip faulting in the Late Devonian. They are the Jingxi-DaxinManganese Deposit Basin (Xialei-Longbang Manganese Deposit Basin) and theGuangnan-Funing manganese deposit basin. This paper focuses on the Jingxi-DaxinManganese Deposit Basin (Xialei-Longbang Manganese Deposit Basin) which is a riftbasin formed because of combining effect of the NW trending Guangnan-Daxin riftand the NE trending Xialei-Lingma rift.
The Late Devonian is the most important period in manganese deposition to theSouthwestern Guangxi area. The upper Devonian can be devided into non-Manganese-bearing Sequences and Manganese-bearing Sequences. Thenon-Manganese-bearing Sequences named Rongxian Formation is characterized bythe massive carbonatite. The Manganese-bearing Sequences include the LiujiangFormation and Wuzhishan Formation, which are characterized by siliceous rocks,cherty limestone and argillaceous rock. The manganese contents are different to theLiujiang Formation and Wuzhishan Formation. The Liujiang Formation is low inmanganese without primary manganese deposit with industrial value, and the Tuhusupergene Manganese Ore Deposits formed during the process of oxidation andinfiltration. And the Wuzhishan Formation is rich in primary Carbonate-SilicateManganese Ore Deposit.
The sedimentary facies type of the Late Devonian in Southwestern Guangxi areaconsists of semi-restricted platform, slope and platforms basin facies. Thesemi-restricted platform consist subfacies of lagoon, depressional platform andplatform-margin shoal. The lagoon have standing water circumstances and shallowwater body, developed rocks main in muddy limestone and dolomicrite, lime dolostone.The water body of depressional platform wae deep relatively, and developed rocks ofargillaceous limestone, nodular limestones and siliceous rocks. The water body inplatform-margin shoal is high in energy relatiively. Ooid shoal and bioclastic shoaldeveloped on the platform-margin shoal. The sediments are rich in benthos of corals, brachiopods, crinoids, stromatoporoids and shells. The slope consist subfacies of theupper slope and the lower slope. Its sediments are argillaceous limestone, nodularlimestones and micrite with few fossils. The platforms basin facie was beep in seawater, and low in water energy. Its sediments are mainly in siliceous and argillaceous,and primary Mn ore layer developed. There wer two semi-restricted platform developin study area on the left and right. Between the semi-restricted platforms was the trenchelongated. And stage of alternate platform-basin developed in the study area. Theplatforms basin facie was an ideal location to deposition of manganese.
The upper Devonian Manganese Ore Deposit in Southwestern Guangxi area canbe devided into some Manganese Ore zones. Different Manganese Ore zones havesimilar characteristics. The Wuzhishan Formation developed2~3manganese ore bedsof different hickness. The Manganese Ore is fairly common in massive, banded, cored,fumarolic, amygdaloidal structures. The Manganese Ore fall into two categories:pisolitic or oolitic structure and banded Manganese Ore. The colour of the ManganeseOre is rich which contains amaranth, rosiness, rose hermosa, off-white, sage green,yellowgreen, blue grey, gray black and so on.
Study on the Manganese-bearing Sequences of Wuzhishan Formation inJingxi-Daxin manganese deposit basin show that the susceptibility of manganese orebeds are different to the surrounding rocks. The susceptibility of the surrounding rocksis low in common, absolute superiority in1~20(10~(-6)SI). But the susceptibility of themanganese ore beds is very high to several hundreds1~20(10~(-6)SI), even high tohundreds of thousands (10~(-6)SI). And in respectively, the susceptibility of the secondand third manganese ore beds is clearly higher than the first manganese ore bed, whichshows that the second and third manganese ore beds are higher in manganese than thefirst manganese ore bed. The susceptibilities of the Manganese-bearing Sequencesindicate that susceptibility can be as an effective index in discriminate non-Manganese-bearing Sequences and Manganese-bearing Sequences, and can be used indeep exploration.
Pisolitic-oolitic structure is the important structural feature to the manganese orein Southwestern Guangxi area. There many types of pisolite and oolite. ThePisolitic-oolitic manganese ore can be devided in two types after the microstructure,mineralogical and geochemistry analysis. The first type is the manganese ore in whichpisolite and oolite incoherent; the boundary between the pisolite, oolite and thesubstrate show gradual transition; and the oolites do not connected with each other; thesubstrate is massive structure and lack of bedding structure. This type of manganeseore may be of hydrothermal origin. The second type is the manganese ore in which thepisolite and oolite show concentric laminar; and the oolites often connected with eachother; the substrate developed bedding structure. This kind of manganese ore may beformed from colloidal coagulation. There are two origin of manganese in study area:hydrothermal origin and terrestrial sources.
There are siliceous rocks, cherty limestone and siliceous mudstones. thesesiliceous rocks have close relationship with the manganese ore. After microstructuraland geochemistry analysis, the siliceous rocks formed in continental margin. Theorigin of siliceous rocks contains hydrothermal origin and terrestrial sources. And thereare also biological forces. Results show that the origins of siliceous rocks andmanganese are in common.
The deposition of manganese in study area was controled jointly by sedimentaryfacies, palaeogeography and hydrothermal system. Palaeogeographical stage ofalternate platform-basin was the base to the deposition of manganese carbonate. Therelatively closed and alkaline environment in trench was a good medium condition forthe enrichment of manganese. And the abundant of manganese from the hydrothermalsystem on the sea floor was the material basis to the manganese ore deposition.
晚泥盆世是桂西南地区最重要的成锰时期，其地层可划分为非含锰岩系和含锰岩系。非含锰岩系为融县组，以大套的碳酸盐岩沉积为特征；含锰岩系包括榴江组和五指山组，以硅质岩、硅质灰岩及泥质岩沉积为主。榴江组与五指山组含锰性不同，榴江组含锰性低，未形成原生的工业性矿床，后期通过氧化淋滤作用形成了土湖次生氧化锰矿床。五指山组为原生碳酸锰-硅酸锰矿床，含锰性好。
桂西南地区晚泥盆世发育半局限台地、斜坡和台盆三种沉积相类型。半局限台地相包含了泻湖、台凹及台地边缘浅滩三个亚相，泻湖亚相属静水低能环境，水体较浅，以泥微晶灰岩、白云质灰岩、灰质白云岩沉积为主，生物较少；台凹水体相对较深，发育了泥质条带灰岩、扁豆状灰岩及少量硅质岩；台地边缘水体能量较高，发育了鲕粒滩、粒屑滩及生屑滩等沉积，生物类型以底栖生物为主，包括珊瑚、腕足、海百合、层孔虫、双壳类等。斜坡相包括上斜坡和下斜坡两个亚相，沉积物以泥质条带灰岩、扁豆状灰岩和微晶灰岩为主，生物稀少。台盆相水体深，能量低，沉积物以硅质、泥质沉积为主，发育含锰层。研究区发育了东西两个半局限台地，台地之间为台沟，台沟呈狭长形，形成了典型的台盆相间格局，台盆相是锰矿沉积的理想场所。
桂西南地区上泥盆统锰矿可以划分为几个锰矿区，不同的锰矿区的锰矿沉积具有相似特征。其五指山组一般发育了2~3个锰矿层，锰矿层厚度不一。锰矿石普遍具有块状、条带状、条纹状、结核状、气孔状、杏仁状等构造。以大类来分，可主要划分为鲕豆状锰矿石和条带状锰矿石两大类。锰矿石颜色较丰富，有紫红色、玫瑰色、粉红色、红黄色、灰白色、灰绿色、黄绿色、蓝灰色、灰黑色等。
对靖西—大新成锰盆地五指山组含锰岩系磁化率进行了详细的分析，表明锰矿层与围岩磁化率存在明显的区别。围岩磁化率值普遍偏低，以1~20（10~(-6)SI）占绝对优势；锰矿层的磁化率值则普遍达到数百（10~(-6)SI），甚至达到数万（10~(-6)SI）。相对来说，二三矿段的磁化率值比一矿段普遍偏高，表明二三矿段的含矿性更好。含锰岩系磁化率特征表明磁化率可以作为识别含锰岩系和非含锰岩系的判别标志，在进行深部锰矿勘探时可以将磁化率测量作为一个快捷的定性的指标。
鲕豆状结构是桂西南地区上泥盆统锰矿的重要结构特征。鲕豆粒类型多样。经显微结构、矿物及地球化学分析后认为，研究区锰矿石主要发育两种鲕豆粒类型：一种是鲕豆粒呈杂乱分布，鲕粒与基质之间呈渐变过渡关系，鲕粒之间无相连现象，基质为块状构造，无层理，这种鲕豆粒为热水成因。在海底热水活动区，由于热水喷流，沉积速率高，形成大量气孔，气孔被矿物沉淀充填而形成类似于鲕豆粒结构的特征，这种鲕豆粒通常都没有同心圈层结构；另一种鲕豆粒发育类似于同心圈层的结构，鲕豆粒可呈拉长状，发育拖尾，或鲕豆粒之间相连接成串珠状，串珠状鲕豆粒平行于层面分布，锰矿石的基质发育层理构造或无层理构造，这种鲕豆粒为胶体成因，发育的同心圈层结构式由不同的矿物胶体先后凝聚形成的，这种鲕豆状锰矿石为热水沉积和正常沉积混合成因。研究区锰矿锰质有热水和陆源两个来源，以热水来源为主。
研究区含锰岩系中普遍发育硅质岩、硅质灰岩及硅质泥岩，这些含硅岩类与锰矿的形成存在密切的关系。经显微结构、地球化学分析后认为，锰矿床中的硅质岩形成于大陆边缘环境，硅质有热水和陆源两个来源，生物对硅质岩的形成也起了一定的作用。硅质岩与锰矿的物质来源具有一致性。
研究区锰矿的沉积受沉积相、古地理及热水活动的共同控制。台盆相间的古地理格局是研究区碳酸锰矿沉积的古地理基础，在相对封闭的台沟相深水环境中形成碱性还原条件，为锰矿沉积提供良好的介质条件和沉积环境。而海底热水活动带来大量的锰质是锰矿沉积的物质基础。
The Southwestern Guangxi area is belonge to Youjiang Basin. There were twomanganese deposit basins formed because of the active of NE trending and NWtrending strike slip faulting in the Late Devonian. They are the Jingxi-DaxinManganese Deposit Basin (Xialei-Longbang Manganese Deposit Basin) and theGuangnan-Funing manganese deposit basin. This paper focuses on the Jingxi-DaxinManganese Deposit Basin (Xialei-Longbang Manganese Deposit Basin) which is a riftbasin formed because of combining effect of the NW trending Guangnan-Daxin riftand the NE trending Xialei-Lingma rift.
The Late Devonian is the most important period in manganese deposition to theSouthwestern Guangxi area. The upper Devonian can be devided into non-Manganese-bearing Sequences and Manganese-bearing Sequences. Thenon-Manganese-bearing Sequences named Rongxian Formation is characterized bythe massive carbonatite. The Manganese-bearing Sequences include the LiujiangFormation and Wuzhishan Formation, which are characterized by siliceous rocks,cherty limestone and argillaceous rock. The manganese contents are different to theLiujiang Formation and Wuzhishan Formation. The Liujiang Formation is low inmanganese without primary manganese deposit with industrial value, and the Tuhusupergene Manganese Ore Deposits formed during the process of oxidation andinfiltration. And the Wuzhishan Formation is rich in primary Carbonate-SilicateManganese Ore Deposit.
The sedimentary facies type of the Late Devonian in Southwestern Guangxi areaconsists of semi-restricted platform, slope and platforms basin facies. Thesemi-restricted platform consist subfacies of lagoon, depressional platform andplatform-margin shoal. The lagoon have standing water circumstances and shallowwater body, developed rocks main in muddy limestone and dolomicrite, lime dolostone.The water body of depressional platform wae deep relatively, and developed rocks ofargillaceous limestone, nodular limestones and siliceous rocks. The water body inplatform-margin shoal is high in energy relatiively. Ooid shoal and bioclastic shoaldeveloped on the platform-margin shoal. The sediments are rich in benthos of corals, brachiopods, crinoids, stromatoporoids and shells. The slope consist subfacies of theupper slope and the lower slope. Its sediments are argillaceous limestone, nodularlimestones and micrite with few fossils. The platforms basin facie was beep in seawater, and low in water energy. Its sediments are mainly in siliceous and argillaceous,and primary Mn ore layer developed. There wer two semi-restricted platform developin study area on the left and right. Between the semi-restricted platforms was the trenchelongated. And stage of alternate platform-basin developed in the study area. Theplatforms basin facie was an ideal location to deposition of manganese.
The upper Devonian Manganese Ore Deposit in Southwestern Guangxi area canbe devided into some Manganese Ore zones. Different Manganese Ore zones havesimilar characteristics. The Wuzhishan Formation developed2~3manganese ore bedsof different hickness. The Manganese Ore is fairly common in massive, banded, cored,fumarolic, amygdaloidal structures. The Manganese Ore fall into two categories:pisolitic or oolitic structure and banded Manganese Ore. The colour of the ManganeseOre is rich which contains amaranth, rosiness, rose hermosa, off-white, sage green,yellowgreen, blue grey, gray black and so on.
Study on the Manganese-bearing Sequences of Wuzhishan Formation inJingxi-Daxin manganese deposit basin show that the susceptibility of manganese orebeds are different to the surrounding rocks. The susceptibility of the surrounding rocksis low in common, absolute superiority in1~20(10~(-6)SI). But the susceptibility of themanganese ore beds is very high to several hundreds1~20(10~(-6)SI), even high tohundreds of thousands (10~(-6)SI). And in respectively, the susceptibility of the secondand third manganese ore beds is clearly higher than the first manganese ore bed, whichshows that the second and third manganese ore beds are higher in manganese than thefirst manganese ore bed. The susceptibilities of the Manganese-bearing Sequencesindicate that susceptibility can be as an effective index in discriminate non-Manganese-bearing Sequences and Manganese-bearing Sequences, and can be used indeep exploration.
Pisolitic-oolitic structure is the important structural feature to the manganese orein Southwestern Guangxi area. There many types of pisolite and oolite. ThePisolitic-oolitic manganese ore can be devided in two types after the microstructure,mineralogical and geochemistry analysis. The first type is the manganese ore in whichpisolite and oolite incoherent; the boundary between the pisolite, oolite and thesubstrate show gradual transition; and the oolites do not connected with each other; thesubstrate is massive structure and lack of bedding structure. This type of manganeseore may be of hydrothermal origin. The second type is the manganese ore in which thepisolite and oolite show concentric laminar; and the oolites often connected with eachother; the substrate developed bedding structure. This kind of manganese ore may beformed from colloidal coagulation. There are two origin of manganese in study area:hydrothermal origin and terrestrial sources.
There are siliceous rocks, cherty limestone and siliceous mudstones. thesesiliceous rocks have close relationship with the manganese ore. After microstructuraland geochemistry analysis, the siliceous rocks formed in continental margin. Theorigin of siliceous rocks contains hydrothermal origin and terrestrial sources. And thereare also biological forces. Results show that the origins of siliceous rocks andmanganese are in common.
The deposition of manganese in study area was controled jointly by sedimentaryfacies, palaeogeography and hydrothermal system. Palaeogeographical stage ofalternate platform-basin was the base to the deposition of manganese carbonate. Therelatively closed and alkaline environment in trench was a good medium condition forthe enrichment of manganese. And the abundant of manganese from the hydrothermalsystem on the sea floor was the material basis to the manganese ore deposition.
引文
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