新型钛系催化剂的合成及催化烯烃（共）聚合研究
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摘要
聚烯烃是目前合成树脂领域中产量最大、用途最广的高分子材料，而催化剂技术则是聚烯烃工业发展的关键核心所在。近年来，传统Ziegler-Natta催化剂得到飞速发展，其国产化率已达到90%，同时茂金属催化剂及后过渡金属催化剂所取得的重大突破，更加扩展了烯烃聚合的研究领域。进入到二十一世纪后，我国经济总量持续快速发展，在聚烯烃树脂领域早已变成了进口大国，并且国内的产品还多以中低档产品为主。针对国内聚烯烃的研发现状而言，无论是在技术还是产业化能力方面都远不及西方发达国家，特别是在专用、高性能商品牌号上，缺少拥有自主知识产权的生产技术工艺，这应该是我们下一步亟需解决的关键问题所在。
对于我国烯烃聚合催化剂领域而言，目前急需由最初的低活性，低立构选择性发展到能应用于现代聚烯烃工业上的高活性，高立构选择性的催化剂，以解决聚烯烃催化剂技术和高性能聚烯烃产品的需求与现状之间的突出矛盾。
综上所述，本论文首先合成相关新型钛系催化剂，之后将所合成的新型钛系催化剂用于烯烃（共）聚合，在聚合行为方面展开了研究工作，并得出相应结论。主要内容有如下几个方面：
1.通过在传统的Ziegler-Natta催化剂上引入具有吸电子性质的苯磺酸配体，成功制备出具有类阳离子金属活性中心的新型改性Ziegler-Natta负载催化剂，并将该催化剂应用于乙烯均聚合及乙烯与降冰片烯共聚合，通过元素分析、XPS、DSC、1H-NMR、FTIR、GPC、热失重分析等手段深入研究了改性后新型催化剂组成、催化活性及其相关所得聚合物的结构、相对分子质量、热稳定性等方面内容。实验结果表明，与传统的Ziegler-Natta负载催化剂相比，引入苯磺酸配体的新型催化剂在乙烯均聚合及乙烯与降冰片烯共聚合的催化活性上都有大幅度的提高；但改性后的新型钛系催化剂较之原始催化剂，在乙烯与降冰片烯的催化共聚能力方面未见有明显提高。
2.将含有双酚A、苯磺酸配体的茂钛系列催化剂用于乙烯均聚合及乙烯与降冰片烯共聚合反应，考察了不同比例双酚A、苯磺酸配体以及不同聚合条件对聚合行为的影响。通过DSC、~(13)C-NMR、GPC、热失重分析等手段深入研究了催化活性及其相关所得聚合物的结构、相对分子质量、热稳定性等方面内容。实验结果表明：含有不同比例的双酚A苯磺酸茂钛都可成功用于催化乙烯均聚合及乙烯与降冰片烯共聚合反应的发生，且催化活性都高于原始五甲基环戊二烯基三氯化钛催化剂，所得乙烯-降冰片烯共聚物的相对分子质量呈单峰分布，共聚物热稳定性高于聚乙烯；不过在乙烯与降冰片烯的催化共聚方面，即降冰片烯的插入率上仍未见有明显提升。
3.成功制备出新型苯膦基苯磺酸氯化钛催化剂，通过元素分析、~1H-NMR、~(31)P-NMR以及SEM等手段对其结构及微观形态进行印证表征，结果证明所得化合物结构与我们所要设计合成的催化剂相符合。随后，我们分别以MAO和TEA为助催化剂，将其应用于乙烯均聚合及乙烯与降冰片烯共聚合反应，所得乙烯-降冰片烯共聚物结构符合加成聚合反应机理，无需进行后期加氢处理；之后我们通过~(13)C-NMR、DSC以及GPC等对所得聚合物进行了测试与表征，考察了不同反应参数对聚合行为的影响。实验结果表明：相比TEA为助催化剂，以MAO为助催化剂时，苯膦基苯磺酸氯化钛无论是在均聚合还是共聚合方面都体现了更加优异的催化活性，且催化活性随着Al/Ti比的增加而大幅提高。同时，我们发现：改变反应温度、反应压力和降冰片烯单体加入量都会对所得共聚物的性能产生规律性变化，比如在聚合物的熔点、相对分子质量及其分布方面都随着聚合条件的改变而变化，所以我们可以通过改变反应条件从而定制得到不同性能的聚合物。
虽然苯膦基苯磺酸氯化钛催化剂可以成功实现乙烯-降冰片烯共聚合反应的发生，而且具有较高的催化活性，降冰片烯单元插入率也较前章催化剂有一定提高，但提高幅度有限，仍然需要进一步提高相关钛系催化剂的共聚能力。
4.成功制备出8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸氯化钛烯烃催化剂，并通过元素分析、~1H-NMR、~(13)C-NMR、H-H COSY、SEM以及MALDI-TOF MS等表征手段对催化剂结构及微观形态进行印证，结果证明所得化合物结构与我们所要设计合成的催化剂结构相符合。随后我们将所合成的催化剂应用于乙烯均聚合及乙烯与降冰片烯共聚合反应，通过13C-NMR、DSC和GPC等手段对所制备的聚合物进行了测试与表征，从而考察不同反应参数对聚合行为的影响。实验结果表明：所合成的8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸氯化钛/MAO体系表现出均匀的活性位点，有良好的热稳定性（90℃）；无论是针对均聚合还是共聚合来说，相比TEA为助催化剂，在以MAO为助催化剂条件下能更高活性的催化乙烯均聚合及乙烯与降冰片烯共聚合反应，并且催化活性随着Al/Ti比的增加而大幅提高。另外，8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸氯化钛催化共聚能力较好，在以MAO为助催化剂时降冰片烯单元插入率较之前有了明显提高(6.8mol-%)。另外，以MAO活化后的催化剂具有单活性中心性质，所制备的聚合物具有较窄的分子量分布和较低的相对分子质量；当用TEA作为助催化剂时，所得聚合物的MWD和Mw都较高。
同时我们发现，改变反应温度、反应压力、助催化剂种类和降冰片烯单体加入量都会对所得共聚物的性能产生规律性变化，无论是对聚合物熔点、相对分子质量还是聚合物中降冰片烯单元的摩尔含量方面都随着聚合条件的变化而变化，呈现一定的聚合可控性。由8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸氯化钛催化所得乙烯-降冰片烯共聚物结构符合加成聚合反应机理，无需进行后期加氢处理。
In our world today, polyolefin is the largest product of syntheticresin and the most widely used polymer materials, while the catalyst isthe key and heart of the polyolefin industrial development. In recent years,traditional Ziegler-Natta catalyst gets flying development and thehomemade-percentage reached90%. In the same time, the breakthroughin metallocene catalysts and late transition metal catalysts extended theresearch field of olefin polymerization. As the sustainable development ofthe national economy, the demand for polyolefin resin grows rapidly andthe domestic production (Most of products are low-added-value) can onlymeet about half of the domestic demand. In addition, R&D andindustrialization of Chinese polyolefin field started very late, about10years after the USA, Europe and Japan. And our technical basis stillappears very fragile, then, the development of high-performance productis fairly weak. The core polyolefin technologies with self-ownedintellectual property are a serious short, therefore, urgently need toconduct an in-depth research and development.
Currently, in order to overcome the shortage of low-add-value ofcatalyst and the short supply of high-performance product, our country’s polyolefin catalyst research concentrated on produce higher catalystactivity and higher stereoselective catalyst.
After consult a lot of references, this paper synthesized a noveltitanium-based catalyst, and the olefin (co-)polymerization behaviors ofthe obtained catalyst were studied in detail. This thesis sections asfollowing:
1. A novel Ziegler-Natta catalyst has been prepared throughintroducing electron withdrawing ligand to traditional Ziegler-Nattacatalyst. Polymerization behaviors of the novel catalyst have beeninvestigated for ethylene polymerization ethylene and ethylene-norborenecopolymerization. The catalyst and polymer composition, polymermolecular weight and thermal properties were investigated by elementanalysis, XPS, DSC,~1H-NMR, FTIR, GPC, TGA and so on. It has beenfound that the catalytic activity of novel catalyst is much higher than thatof the corresponding traditional Ziegler-Natta catalyst toward ethylenepolymerization and ethylene-norborene copolymerization. Regarding toethylene-norborene copolymerization, the incorporation ability of novelcatalyst is similar to traditional Ziegler-Natta catalyst.
2. The ethylene polymerization and ethylene-norborenecopolymerization was carried out by using bisphenol-A or PhSO-3ligandmodified Cp*TiCl3catalyst. The effect of ligand feed ratio,polymerization conditions on polymerization behaviors were studied. Thepolymer composition, polymer molecular weight and thermal propertieswere investigated by DSC,~(13)C-NMR, GPC, TGA and so on. It was foundthat the catalytic activity of bisphenol-A or PhSO-3ligand modifiedCpTiCl3catalyst is higher than that of the Cp*TiCl3catalyst towardethylene polymerization and ethylene-norborene copolymerization. TheGPC curve of obtained ethylene-norborene copolymer is unimodal andthe thermal properties of the copolymer is higher than polyethylene. However, with regard to the ethylene-norborene copolymerization, theincorporation ability of novel catalyst was less changed.
3. A novel TiCl4complex ligated by diphenylphosphinobenzenesulfonic acid was synthesized and the structure was confirmed by elementanalysis,~~1H-NMR,31P-NMR and SEM. After that, the ethylenepolymerization and ethylene-norborene copolymerization was carried outby using the obtained catalyst in conjunction with MAO or TEA ascocatalyst. The ethylene-norborene copolymerization is additionpolymerization. The effect of polymerization conditions onpolymerization behaviors and polymer properties were characterized by~(13)C-NMR, DSC, GPC. It was found that the catalyst with MAO ascocatalyst performed with a higher activity toward ethylene(co)polymerization than that with TEA as cocatalyst. The catalyticactivity increased with increasing Al/Ti ratio. In the same time, thepolymer properties (e.g. melting temperature, molecular weight and itsdistribution) was influenced by polymerization temperature, pressure andcomonomer feed ratio. Therefore, the polymer properties could becontrolled through changing polymerization parameters.
Although the catalyst activity, norborene incorporation rate wasimproved, compared with the before mentioned catalyst, but, the catalystperformance are still fairly low and the incorporation ability need futuredevelopment.
4. A novel titanium complex bearing8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid was synthesized and the structurewas confirmed by element analysis,~~1H-NMR,~(13)C-NMR, H-H COSY,SEM and MALDI-TOF MS. The ethylene polymerization andethylene-norborene copolymerization was carried out by using theobtained catalyst in conjunction with MAO or TEA as cocatalyst. Theeffect of reaction parameters on polymerization behaviors and polymer properties was studied by~(13)C-NMR, DSC and GPC. It was found that thesynthesized titanium complex/MAO catalyst system showed a uniformactive site and was very stable at high polymerization temperature. Thetitanium complex with MAO as cocatalyst performed with a highercatalyst activity toward ethylene polymerization and ethylene-norborenecopolymerization than that with TEA as cocatalyst and the catalyticactivity increased gradually with the Al/Ti ratio increased. Additionally,the novel catalyst shows very good copolymerization ability, theincorporation rate significantly improved compared with the catalyst usedin before. Narrow MWD and low Mw were observed with MAO ascocatalyst, but broad MWD and high Mw were observed with TEA ascocatalyst.
In the same time, the polymer properties (e.g. melting temperature,molecular weight and norborene content) was influenced bypolymerization temperature, pressure, cocatalyst type and comonomerfeed ratio. Therefore, the polymer properties could be controlled throughchanging polymerization parameters. The ethylene-norborenecopolymerization is addition polymerization.
对于我国烯烃聚合催化剂领域而言，目前急需由最初的低活性，低立构选择性发展到能应用于现代聚烯烃工业上的高活性，高立构选择性的催化剂，以解决聚烯烃催化剂技术和高性能聚烯烃产品的需求与现状之间的突出矛盾。
综上所述，本论文首先合成相关新型钛系催化剂，之后将所合成的新型钛系催化剂用于烯烃（共）聚合，在聚合行为方面展开了研究工作，并得出相应结论。主要内容有如下几个方面：
1.通过在传统的Ziegler-Natta催化剂上引入具有吸电子性质的苯磺酸配体，成功制备出具有类阳离子金属活性中心的新型改性Ziegler-Natta负载催化剂，并将该催化剂应用于乙烯均聚合及乙烯与降冰片烯共聚合，通过元素分析、XPS、DSC、1H-NMR、FTIR、GPC、热失重分析等手段深入研究了改性后新型催化剂组成、催化活性及其相关所得聚合物的结构、相对分子质量、热稳定性等方面内容。实验结果表明，与传统的Ziegler-Natta负载催化剂相比，引入苯磺酸配体的新型催化剂在乙烯均聚合及乙烯与降冰片烯共聚合的催化活性上都有大幅度的提高；但改性后的新型钛系催化剂较之原始催化剂，在乙烯与降冰片烯的催化共聚能力方面未见有明显提高。
2.将含有双酚A、苯磺酸配体的茂钛系列催化剂用于乙烯均聚合及乙烯与降冰片烯共聚合反应，考察了不同比例双酚A、苯磺酸配体以及不同聚合条件对聚合行为的影响。通过DSC、~(13)C-NMR、GPC、热失重分析等手段深入研究了催化活性及其相关所得聚合物的结构、相对分子质量、热稳定性等方面内容。实验结果表明：含有不同比例的双酚A苯磺酸茂钛都可成功用于催化乙烯均聚合及乙烯与降冰片烯共聚合反应的发生，且催化活性都高于原始五甲基环戊二烯基三氯化钛催化剂，所得乙烯-降冰片烯共聚物的相对分子质量呈单峰分布，共聚物热稳定性高于聚乙烯；不过在乙烯与降冰片烯的催化共聚方面，即降冰片烯的插入率上仍未见有明显提升。
3.成功制备出新型苯膦基苯磺酸氯化钛催化剂，通过元素分析、~1H-NMR、~(31)P-NMR以及SEM等手段对其结构及微观形态进行印证表征，结果证明所得化合物结构与我们所要设计合成的催化剂相符合。随后，我们分别以MAO和TEA为助催化剂，将其应用于乙烯均聚合及乙烯与降冰片烯共聚合反应，所得乙烯-降冰片烯共聚物结构符合加成聚合反应机理，无需进行后期加氢处理；之后我们通过~(13)C-NMR、DSC以及GPC等对所得聚合物进行了测试与表征，考察了不同反应参数对聚合行为的影响。实验结果表明：相比TEA为助催化剂，以MAO为助催化剂时，苯膦基苯磺酸氯化钛无论是在均聚合还是共聚合方面都体现了更加优异的催化活性，且催化活性随着Al/Ti比的增加而大幅提高。同时，我们发现：改变反应温度、反应压力和降冰片烯单体加入量都会对所得共聚物的性能产生规律性变化，比如在聚合物的熔点、相对分子质量及其分布方面都随着聚合条件的改变而变化，所以我们可以通过改变反应条件从而定制得到不同性能的聚合物。
虽然苯膦基苯磺酸氯化钛催化剂可以成功实现乙烯-降冰片烯共聚合反应的发生，而且具有较高的催化活性，降冰片烯单元插入率也较前章催化剂有一定提高，但提高幅度有限，仍然需要进一步提高相关钛系催化剂的共聚能力。
4.成功制备出8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸氯化钛烯烃催化剂，并通过元素分析、~1H-NMR、~(13)C-NMR、H-H COSY、SEM以及MALDI-TOF MS等表征手段对催化剂结构及微观形态进行印证，结果证明所得化合物结构与我们所要设计合成的催化剂结构相符合。随后我们将所合成的催化剂应用于乙烯均聚合及乙烯与降冰片烯共聚合反应，通过13C-NMR、DSC和GPC等手段对所制备的聚合物进行了测试与表征，从而考察不同反应参数对聚合行为的影响。实验结果表明：所合成的8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸氯化钛/MAO体系表现出均匀的活性位点，有良好的热稳定性（90℃）；无论是针对均聚合还是共聚合来说，相比TEA为助催化剂，在以MAO为助催化剂条件下能更高活性的催化乙烯均聚合及乙烯与降冰片烯共聚合反应，并且催化活性随着Al/Ti比的增加而大幅提高。另外，8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸氯化钛催化共聚能力较好，在以MAO为助催化剂时降冰片烯单元插入率较之前有了明显提高(6.8mol-%)。另外，以MAO活化后的催化剂具有单活性中心性质，所制备的聚合物具有较窄的分子量分布和较低的相对分子质量；当用TEA作为助催化剂时，所得聚合物的MWD和Mw都较高。
同时我们发现，改变反应温度、反应压力、助催化剂种类和降冰片烯单体加入量都会对所得共聚物的性能产生规律性变化，无论是对聚合物熔点、相对分子质量还是聚合物中降冰片烯单元的摩尔含量方面都随着聚合条件的变化而变化，呈现一定的聚合可控性。由8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸氯化钛催化所得乙烯-降冰片烯共聚物结构符合加成聚合反应机理，无需进行后期加氢处理。
In our world today, polyolefin is the largest product of syntheticresin and the most widely used polymer materials, while the catalyst isthe key and heart of the polyolefin industrial development. In recent years,traditional Ziegler-Natta catalyst gets flying development and thehomemade-percentage reached90%. In the same time, the breakthroughin metallocene catalysts and late transition metal catalysts extended theresearch field of olefin polymerization. As the sustainable development ofthe national economy, the demand for polyolefin resin grows rapidly andthe domestic production (Most of products are low-added-value) can onlymeet about half of the domestic demand. In addition, R&D andindustrialization of Chinese polyolefin field started very late, about10years after the USA, Europe and Japan. And our technical basis stillappears very fragile, then, the development of high-performance productis fairly weak. The core polyolefin technologies with self-ownedintellectual property are a serious short, therefore, urgently need toconduct an in-depth research and development.
Currently, in order to overcome the shortage of low-add-value ofcatalyst and the short supply of high-performance product, our country’s polyolefin catalyst research concentrated on produce higher catalystactivity and higher stereoselective catalyst.
After consult a lot of references, this paper synthesized a noveltitanium-based catalyst, and the olefin (co-)polymerization behaviors ofthe obtained catalyst were studied in detail. This thesis sections asfollowing:
1. A novel Ziegler-Natta catalyst has been prepared throughintroducing electron withdrawing ligand to traditional Ziegler-Nattacatalyst. Polymerization behaviors of the novel catalyst have beeninvestigated for ethylene polymerization ethylene and ethylene-norborenecopolymerization. The catalyst and polymer composition, polymermolecular weight and thermal properties were investigated by elementanalysis, XPS, DSC,~1H-NMR, FTIR, GPC, TGA and so on. It has beenfound that the catalytic activity of novel catalyst is much higher than thatof the corresponding traditional Ziegler-Natta catalyst toward ethylenepolymerization and ethylene-norborene copolymerization. Regarding toethylene-norborene copolymerization, the incorporation ability of novelcatalyst is similar to traditional Ziegler-Natta catalyst.
2. The ethylene polymerization and ethylene-norborenecopolymerization was carried out by using bisphenol-A or PhSO-3ligandmodified Cp*TiCl3catalyst. The effect of ligand feed ratio,polymerization conditions on polymerization behaviors were studied. Thepolymer composition, polymer molecular weight and thermal propertieswere investigated by DSC,~(13)C-NMR, GPC, TGA and so on. It was foundthat the catalytic activity of bisphenol-A or PhSO-3ligand modifiedCpTiCl3catalyst is higher than that of the Cp*TiCl3catalyst towardethylene polymerization and ethylene-norborene copolymerization. TheGPC curve of obtained ethylene-norborene copolymer is unimodal andthe thermal properties of the copolymer is higher than polyethylene. However, with regard to the ethylene-norborene copolymerization, theincorporation ability of novel catalyst was less changed.
3. A novel TiCl4complex ligated by diphenylphosphinobenzenesulfonic acid was synthesized and the structure was confirmed by elementanalysis,~~1H-NMR,31P-NMR and SEM. After that, the ethylenepolymerization and ethylene-norborene copolymerization was carried outby using the obtained catalyst in conjunction with MAO or TEA ascocatalyst. The ethylene-norborene copolymerization is additionpolymerization. The effect of polymerization conditions onpolymerization behaviors and polymer properties were characterized by~(13)C-NMR, DSC, GPC. It was found that the catalyst with MAO ascocatalyst performed with a higher activity toward ethylene(co)polymerization than that with TEA as cocatalyst. The catalyticactivity increased with increasing Al/Ti ratio. In the same time, thepolymer properties (e.g. melting temperature, molecular weight and itsdistribution) was influenced by polymerization temperature, pressure andcomonomer feed ratio. Therefore, the polymer properties could becontrolled through changing polymerization parameters.
Although the catalyst activity, norborene incorporation rate wasimproved, compared with the before mentioned catalyst, but, the catalystperformance are still fairly low and the incorporation ability need futuredevelopment.
4. A novel titanium complex bearing8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid was synthesized and the structurewas confirmed by element analysis,~~1H-NMR,~(13)C-NMR, H-H COSY,SEM and MALDI-TOF MS. The ethylene polymerization andethylene-norborene copolymerization was carried out by using theobtained catalyst in conjunction with MAO or TEA as cocatalyst. Theeffect of reaction parameters on polymerization behaviors and polymer properties was studied by~(13)C-NMR, DSC and GPC. It was found that thesynthesized titanium complex/MAO catalyst system showed a uniformactive site and was very stable at high polymerization temperature. Thetitanium complex with MAO as cocatalyst performed with a highercatalyst activity toward ethylene polymerization and ethylene-norborenecopolymerization than that with TEA as cocatalyst and the catalyticactivity increased gradually with the Al/Ti ratio increased. Additionally,the novel catalyst shows very good copolymerization ability, theincorporation rate significantly improved compared with the catalyst usedin before. Narrow MWD and low Mw were observed with MAO ascocatalyst, but broad MWD and high Mw were observed with TEA ascocatalyst.
In the same time, the polymer properties (e.g. melting temperature,molecular weight and norborene content) was influenced bypolymerization temperature, pressure, cocatalyst type and comonomerfeed ratio. Therefore, the polymer properties could be controlled throughchanging polymerization parameters. The ethylene-norborenecopolymerization is addition polymerization.
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