基于生命周期理论的畜禽养殖跨介质污染防治技术评估
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摘要
畜禽养殖污染已经成为我国面源污染的主要贡献者之一,目前主要的污染防治技术大都着重于单一环境介质的污染治理,忽略了畜禽养殖过程中产生的跨介质污染问题,缺乏系统和全过程性的综合防治思想。而在欧盟、美国等发达国家针对跨介质污染已开展了大量研究并形成最佳可行技术参考等法律性文件。本论文针对畜禽养殖跨介质污染问题,结合国内目前法律法规及污染防治现状,通过对40多家不同技术类型、规模、区域特点的典型畜禽养殖企业的调研,开展对畜禽养殖跨介质污染防治技术评估的研究,建立了畜禽养殖跨介质污染生命周期价模型,并系统的评价了禽畜养殖的生态环境问题。主要取得以下研究成果。
以EDIP2003生命周期评价理论为基础,结合我国畜禽养殖跨介质污染的特征,通过文献研究、现场调研、专家打分、公众调查等研究方法,构建了畜禽养殖跨介质污染生命周期评价模型。并通过对沼气工程型和生物发酵床型畜禽养殖企业进行深入调研和现场实测,利用层次分析法对畜禽养殖不同阶段所产生的污染物总量进行核算,针对不同工艺的跨介质污染现状,对其环境影响、经济效益等进行了对比分析研究。
根据构建的评估模型和跨介质污染的特征,将畜禽养殖分为原料系统、养殖系统和废物处置系统三个不同阶段,采用定量和定型相结合的方法,从环境酸化、全球暖化、不可再生能源消耗和富营养化四个要素对两种不同工艺进行跨介质污染评估。从四个要素的特征化、归一化角度,对其环境影响程度进行量化计算,采用沼气工程工艺的四个要素的影响潜势计算结果分别为：ED5.15×10-3、GWP1.73×10-2、AP4.30×10-2和EP1.38×10-3；采用生物发酵床工艺的计算结果为：ED7.25×10-3、GWP1.35×10-2、AP3.22×10-2和EP4.55×10-3。两种工艺可能造成的四种环境影响潜势按其大小依次均为：环境酸化、全球暖化、不可再生能源消耗和富营养化。
两种工艺的环境影响潜势对比分析结果表明,原料生产环节由于耗能大、生产链长,对生命周期内的环境影响贡献最为突出；生猪饲养环节对环影响主要影响为温室气体排放；废物处理环节带来的影响主要表现为环境酸化和全球暖化。生物发酵床因废物处理环节工艺简单,生产链短,而且同样产能下所消耗的饲料相对较少,所以产生的环境影响小于沼气工程。
Livestock and poultry breeding pollution has become one of the main reasons for non-point source pollution. Currently, major pollution control technologies focus on pollution control of single environmental medium, but ignore the cross-medium pollution in the process of livestock and poultry breeding and lack systematic and comprehensive prevention thought, while in developed countries such as European Union, the United States, a large number of cross-medium researches have carried out and best feasible legal documents such as technical reference have formed. This thesis, in allusion of cross-medium pollution of livestock and poultry breeding and combining China's laws and regulations and the current situation of pollution prevention and control, investigated more than40typical livestock and poultry breeding enterprises of different types of technology, scale and regional characteristics, carried out the evaluation research of cross-medium pollution prevention technology of livestock and poultry breeding, established life cycle assessment model of cross-medium pollution of livestock and poultry breeding, systematically evaluated the ecological environment problem of livestock and poultry breeding. The main achievements of research are as follows:
Based on the life cycle assessment theory of EDIP2003and combining the characteristics of China's cross-medium pollution of livestock and poultry breeding, research methods such as literature research, field research, expert scoring and public survey were used and life cycle assessment model of cross-medium pollution of livestock and poultry breeding was established. Besides, through the deep investigation and field testing of livestock and poultry breeding enterprises of two types including biogas engineering type and biological fermentation bed type, analytic hierarchy process was used to calculate the total amount of pollution in the different stages of livestock and poultry breeding and a comparison analysis of current situation of cross-medium pollution, its impact on the environment and economic benefit between two types was carried out.
According to the established evaluation model and characteristics of cross-medium pollution, livestock and poultry breeding is divided into three different systems including raw material system, breeding system and waste treatment system. By using both quantitative and qualitative method, the cross-medium pollution of two types from four perspectives of environmental acidification, greenhouse effect, consumption of non-renewable energy and eutrophication is evaluated. Through the characteristics and normalization of four elements, the degree of impact on the environment was quantified. The results of impact potential of four elements of biogas engineering type are:ED:5.15×10-3; GWP:1.73×10-2;AP:4.30×10-2and EP:1.38×10-3; and results of biological fermentation bed type are:ED:7.25×10-3;GWP:1.35×10-2;AP:3.22×10-2和EP:4.55×10-3. The rating of potential impact of four elements caused by two techniques rank on environment is environmental acidification, greenhouse effect, consumption of non-renewable energy and eutrophication in turn.
The results of comparison analysis of impact potential of two techniques on environment reveal that production of raw material has the largest impact on the environment in the life cycle due to large consumption and long production chain; in the link of pig breeding, greenhouse gas emission is the main factor of influence the environment; in the link of waste disposal, the impact on environment mainly embodies in environmental acidification and greenhouse effect. Biological fermentation bed technology, as the result of its simple waste disposal, short production chain and relatively less feedstuff consumption under the same productivity, has smaller impact on environment than biogas engineering.
以EDIP2003生命周期评价理论为基础,结合我国畜禽养殖跨介质污染的特征,通过文献研究、现场调研、专家打分、公众调查等研究方法,构建了畜禽养殖跨介质污染生命周期评价模型。并通过对沼气工程型和生物发酵床型畜禽养殖企业进行深入调研和现场实测,利用层次分析法对畜禽养殖不同阶段所产生的污染物总量进行核算,针对不同工艺的跨介质污染现状,对其环境影响、经济效益等进行了对比分析研究。
根据构建的评估模型和跨介质污染的特征,将畜禽养殖分为原料系统、养殖系统和废物处置系统三个不同阶段,采用定量和定型相结合的方法,从环境酸化、全球暖化、不可再生能源消耗和富营养化四个要素对两种不同工艺进行跨介质污染评估。从四个要素的特征化、归一化角度,对其环境影响程度进行量化计算,采用沼气工程工艺的四个要素的影响潜势计算结果分别为：ED5.15×10-3、GWP1.73×10-2、AP4.30×10-2和EP1.38×10-3；采用生物发酵床工艺的计算结果为：ED7.25×10-3、GWP1.35×10-2、AP3.22×10-2和EP4.55×10-3。两种工艺可能造成的四种环境影响潜势按其大小依次均为：环境酸化、全球暖化、不可再生能源消耗和富营养化。
两种工艺的环境影响潜势对比分析结果表明,原料生产环节由于耗能大、生产链长,对生命周期内的环境影响贡献最为突出；生猪饲养环节对环影响主要影响为温室气体排放；废物处理环节带来的影响主要表现为环境酸化和全球暖化。生物发酵床因废物处理环节工艺简单,生产链短,而且同样产能下所消耗的饲料相对较少,所以产生的环境影响小于沼气工程。
Livestock and poultry breeding pollution has become one of the main reasons for non-point source pollution. Currently, major pollution control technologies focus on pollution control of single environmental medium, but ignore the cross-medium pollution in the process of livestock and poultry breeding and lack systematic and comprehensive prevention thought, while in developed countries such as European Union, the United States, a large number of cross-medium researches have carried out and best feasible legal documents such as technical reference have formed. This thesis, in allusion of cross-medium pollution of livestock and poultry breeding and combining China's laws and regulations and the current situation of pollution prevention and control, investigated more than40typical livestock and poultry breeding enterprises of different types of technology, scale and regional characteristics, carried out the evaluation research of cross-medium pollution prevention technology of livestock and poultry breeding, established life cycle assessment model of cross-medium pollution of livestock and poultry breeding, systematically evaluated the ecological environment problem of livestock and poultry breeding. The main achievements of research are as follows:
Based on the life cycle assessment theory of EDIP2003and combining the characteristics of China's cross-medium pollution of livestock and poultry breeding, research methods such as literature research, field research, expert scoring and public survey were used and life cycle assessment model of cross-medium pollution of livestock and poultry breeding was established. Besides, through the deep investigation and field testing of livestock and poultry breeding enterprises of two types including biogas engineering type and biological fermentation bed type, analytic hierarchy process was used to calculate the total amount of pollution in the different stages of livestock and poultry breeding and a comparison analysis of current situation of cross-medium pollution, its impact on the environment and economic benefit between two types was carried out.
According to the established evaluation model and characteristics of cross-medium pollution, livestock and poultry breeding is divided into three different systems including raw material system, breeding system and waste treatment system. By using both quantitative and qualitative method, the cross-medium pollution of two types from four perspectives of environmental acidification, greenhouse effect, consumption of non-renewable energy and eutrophication is evaluated. Through the characteristics and normalization of four elements, the degree of impact on the environment was quantified. The results of impact potential of four elements of biogas engineering type are:ED:5.15×10-3; GWP:1.73×10-2;AP:4.30×10-2and EP:1.38×10-3; and results of biological fermentation bed type are:ED:7.25×10-3;GWP:1.35×10-2;AP:3.22×10-2和EP:4.55×10-3. The rating of potential impact of four elements caused by two techniques rank on environment is environmental acidification, greenhouse effect, consumption of non-renewable energy and eutrophication in turn.
The results of comparison analysis of impact potential of two techniques on environment reveal that production of raw material has the largest impact on the environment in the life cycle due to large consumption and long production chain; in the link of pig breeding, greenhouse gas emission is the main factor of influence the environment; in the link of waste disposal, the impact on environment mainly embodies in environmental acidification and greenhouse effect. Biological fermentation bed technology, as the result of its simple waste disposal, short production chain and relatively less feedstuff consumption under the same productivity, has smaller impact on environment than biogas engineering.
引文
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