城市河岸带氮阻控能力和机制及其工程应用研究
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摘要
近三十年来,我国沿海地区经济发展和城市化进程突飞猛进,然而由于环境设施不完善等问题,导致城市水体的严重污染。河岸带由于其独特位置和环境功能,已成为一个研究热点区域,同时在城市河岸带的建设上有向生态型绿地河岸带发展的趋势。研究城市绿地河岸带对分散点源和面源污染中氮(N)的阻控能力,探讨城市河岸带土壤中N的转化,以及建设城市河岸带脱N工程应用使其在极其有限的空间范围内最大限度地消减陆源N,已经成为一个重要研究方向和研究热点。
在本研究中,主要开展了以下4方面的工作。1、在上海市城市绿地河岸带建立了微区径流场,采用现场实际降雨径流观测与模拟径流漫灌实验,系统研究和探讨了城市绿地河岸带对面源N的阻控效率；2、在上海市的典型城市河岸带,对城市河岸带土壤N转化过程开展了系统的研究和探讨；3、在上海市城市绿地河岸带径流场微区采用静态箱法测定了河岸带阻控不同浓度硝酸盐后的环境负效应-温室气体排放通量的变化；4、采用土壤、锯末、煤渣、沸石和麦饭石等渗滤介质,在温州市鹿城区的实验基地内自主设计建设了城市河岸带土壤脱N工程应用的中试模型,并采用模拟径流漫灌方式探讨了其对面源N的削减效率和净化能力。取得了以下主要结论：
(1)城市绿地河岸带对降雨下渗流和模拟地表径流下渗流中N具有一定的去除作用。对雨水中NH3-N和NO3-N的净化分别集中于0-60cm和60-90cm深度,降雨强度对绿地岸带的N去除效果影响显著,在暴雨事件中0-90cm深度对NH3-N和NO3--N的去除率分别在12.9%和0.64%以上,而两次小雨事件中0-90cm深度对NH3-N和NO3--N的平均去除率可达43.8%和49%以上。对具有较高N浓度地表径流的净化集中于0-30cm深度,对TN、NH3-N和NO3--N+NO2--N去除率分别可达39.9%、39.8%和10.0%以上,但随淹水时间延长去除率降低；在径流场中下渗径流N浓度空间变化显著,随径流流动距离的增加N浓度先升后降；地表径流中N浓度不是影响绿地岸带对N的去除率的主要因素。
(2)上海市城市河岸带0-35cm深度土壤净氨化、净硝化、净矿化速率均较低(净氨化速率为-0.115～0.154mg·kg-1·d-1,平均值为0.004mg·kg-1·d-1;净硝化速率为-0.093～0.100mg·kg-1·d-1,平均值为0.010mg·kg-1·d-1;净矿化速率为-0.127～0.233mg·kg-1·d-1,平均值为0.019mg·kg-1·d-1)且具有显著的时空差异,多表现为有效N的积累；上海市城市河岸带0-35cm深度土壤反硝化速率在0.002-33.915ng·g-1·h-1之间,平均值为3.08ng·g-1·h-1。
(3)土壤理化性质(SOC、NO3--N和NH4+-N)是区域因素中影响净氨化、净硝化和净矿化速率的主要因子,NO3--N和NH4+-N含量增加促进净氨化和净硝化速率,而SOC会降低三者速率；受多种因素影响,城市河岸带土壤理化性质对反硝化速率影响不显著,但在初始土壤基质较为一致的小区域内,反硝化速率随土壤中SOC、NO3--N和NH4+-N含量的升高而升高；温度是季节因素中影响N转化速率的主要因子,随温度升高转化速率显著上升。
(4)含水率和植被也是影响土壤净氨化、净矿化和净硝化速率的重要因子；在含水率低于20%时,不同植被下土壤净氨化、净矿化和净硝化速率具有显著差异,高于20%则不存在显著差异；各植被下土壤净氨化、净矿化和净硝化速率随土壤含水率的增加多呈上升趋势。
(5)不同时间间隔的干湿交替下土壤的净矿化、净氨化和净硝化速率以及反硝化速率均较初始土壤有显著的增加,但是随着干湿交替间隔时间的加长,速率会明显逐步下降,但在长期干旱条件下反硝化速率低于初始土壤,而净矿化、净氨化和净硝化速率则高于初始土壤。
(6)NO3--N的阻控,改变了短期内河岸带土壤温室气体的排放通量,随阻控NO3--N量的增加,显著增加了春夏秋季N2O的排放通量,而在冬季表现为促进吸收；阻控NO3--N后,短时间后(夏季3d,春秋季4-5d)温室气体的日均排放通量即可有显著降低,使各阻控N量下的排放通量不具有显著差异。
(7)季节(温度和光强)是影响N2O、CO2和CH4排放通量的重要环境因子,除CO2排放通量受光照强度影响显著(光照越强排放通量越低)外,N2O、 CO2和CH4均受到不同深度土壤温度的显著影响,温度升高排放通量增加。
(8)模型可对入水中NH3-N、NO2--N、TN、TP和CODCr均可起到一定的净化作用,其中对NH3-N和TP的净化效果较好,出水浓度可达国家水质V类标准阈值,模型的去除率分别为65.6%和54.9%,对NO2--N、TN和CODCr的去除效果较差,去除率分别为38.8%、21.1%和32.9%；而对NO3--N表现为明显的析出,平均去除率为-1150.0%。
(9)在实验进程中,模型对NH3-N、TN、TP和CODCr的净化能力不断提升,在第六次实验中,模型对以上这四种污染指标的去除负荷为1483.33mg·m-2·h-1、84.28mg·m-2·h-1、128.93mg·m-2·h-1和2220.84mg·m-2·h-1;模型去除能力与入水中NH3-N、TP浓度呈显著正相关关系,入水中浓度是影响模型去除能力的重要因素；而对于TN、NO3--N和NO2-N来说,入水浓度不是模型去除能力的主要影响因素。
With the rapid development of economy and urbanization process in the coastal area of China over the past three decades, the water bodis in the urban area were contaminated seriously due to lack and incomplete of environmental facilities. Riparian zone has drawn widespread concern for its special geographic location and environmental function. To study the removal capability of riparian zone for nitrogen in scattered point sources and non-point sources, and to discuss nitrogen transformation in soil of riparian zone as well as to construct engineering application to abate terrigenous nitrogen into urban water bodies at the most extent in relatively limited space of urban riparian zone has become not only an important direction but also a hot area of research.
In this study, four parts of the work were carried out. The first one, a micro catchment area was constructed at Changfeng green belt of Suzhou River riparian in Shanghai city to study nitrogen removal efficiencies in vertical infiltration by using field investigation of rain and simulated rainfall-runoff. The second one, nitrogen transformable rates were systematically measured and studied by buried bags method in situ and acetylene inhibition method in lab at six typical urban riparian zones of Shanghai city. The third one, greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, which was an important negative environmental effect after different concentrations of nitrate were retained were measured using static closed chamber/GC technique in micro catchment area. The last part, one pilot-scale apparatus of engineering application was structured by coal cinder, sawdust, zeolite, medical stone and local soil, as well as Cynodon dactylon cultivated on the surface. Capability of the multiple-composing apparatus to removal the nitrogen in simulated urban rainfall runoff was studied. The main conclusions in this paper were as follows:
(1) Nitrogen in vertical infiltration, which formed either by rain or by stimulative rainfall-runoff, was partly removed by artificial green riparian belt. NH3-N was mainly removed at0-60cm layer, but it was at60-90cm layer for NO3--N. The removal rate was significantly influenced by rainfall intensity. Removal rates for NH3-N and NO3--N were respectively over12.9%and0.64%at0-90cm layer in heavy rainfall event. But the removal rates were over43.8%and49%in two light rains. As for the stimulative rainfall-runoff containing relatively high nitrogen concentration, the removal of nitrogen mainly occurred in0-30cm layer. Removal rates of TN, NH3-N and NO3--N+NO2--N by soil at0-30cm layer were over39.9%,39.8%and10.0%respectively. However nitrogen removal rate decreased with the waterlogging time increasing. There was conspicuous spatial variation of nitrogen concentrations in vertical infiltration at different sites in catchment area. With the increase of flow distance of surface runoff, concentrations of nitrogen in vertical infiltration first increased and then decreased. Nitrogen concentration partly influenced treatment load of green belt on stimulative rainfall-runoff, but it was not the main influencing factor.
(2) The net ammoniation rates, net nitrification rates and net mineralization rates were generally low and showed significant spatial-temporal difference at0-35cm layer in urban riparian zone of Shanghai city. The net ammoniation rates were from-0.115to0.154mg·kg-1·d-1with an average of0.004mg·kg-1·d-1.The net nitrification rates varied between-0.093and0.100mg·kg-1·d-1with an average of0.010mg·kg-1·d-1, and the net mineralization rates ranged from-0.127to0.233mg·kg-1·d-1with an average of0.019mg·kg-1·d-1. The soil in riparian zone of Shanghai city tended to accumulate available nitrogen. The denitrification rates were from0.002to33.915ng·g-1·h-1with an average of3.08ng·g-1·h-1at0-35cm layer in urban riparian zone of Shanghai city.
(3) Physico-chemical properties of soil (SOC, NO3--N and NH4+-N) were main influencing factors in regional difference of net ammoniation rates, net nitrification rates and net mineralization rates. High concentrations of NO3--N and NH4+-N in soil could increase net ammoniation rates and net nitrification rates, but it turned out to be the opposite for SOC.The denitrification rates were not significantly influenced by physico-chemical properties of soil. But in small areas where the soil properties were homogeneous, the denitrification rates increased with the concentrations of SOC, NO3--N and NH4+-N in soil. Temperature was the main influencing factor in seasonal change for nitrogen transformable rates. Generally, nitrogen transformable rates increased with temperature.
(4) Moisture content and vegetation type were also main influencing factors for nitrogen transformable rates. When moisture content was lower than20%, there was significant difference for net ammoniation rate, net nitrification rate and net mineralization rate in soil under different vegetation type. It was on the contrary when moisture content was above20%. Generally, net ammoniation rates, net nitrification rates and net mineralization rates in soil under different vegetation type increased with moisture content.
(5) Net ammoniation rate, net nitrification rate, net mineralization rate and denitrification rate in soil with the treatment of wetting and drying in different time interval all significantly increased compared with the initial values. But with the increase of the time interval of wetting and drying, the rates reduced. Especially, under the long-term drought condition denitrification rates were lower than the initial values of fresh soil, but it is the opposite for net ammoniation rate, net nitrification rate and net mineralization rate.
(6) Due to the input of NO3--N, GHG fluxes in short time were changed, which showed significant seasonal difference. N2O fluxes in spring, summer and autumn increased significantly, while the GHG fluxes reduced accordingly in other seasons suggesting that the input of NO3--N promoted the soil to absorb GHG. After the input and retention of NO3--N, daily fluxes of N2O, CH4and CO2significantly reduced in a short time, ie.3days in summer,4-5days in spring and autumn, which might be the reason that the GHG fluxes in soils treated with input of different NO3--N concentrations presented no significant difference.
(7) Temperature and light intensity accounted for the seasonal change of GHG fluxes. There were significant correlations between GHG fluxes and temperature and light intensity. Specifically, CO2discharge fluxes significantly reduced with the increase of light intensity, while N2O, CO2and CH4fluxes correlated significantly with the soil temperature at different depths, and the fluxes all increased with the temperature.
(8) The constructed pilot scale apparatus could partly purify NO2--N, NH3-N, TN, TP and CODCr, in which the purification effect of NH3-N and TP was best. The concentrations of NH3-N and TP in effluent flowing through the apparatus were generally lower than the type V standard values of GB3838-2002National Environmental Standards for Surface Water and the average removal rates were65.6%and54.9%for NH3-N and TP respectively. The purification effect for NO2--N, TN and CODCr was not as good as that for NH3-N and TP, and the removal rates were38.8%for NO2--N,21.1%for TN and32.9%for CODCr. The apparatus did not purify NO3--N in influent, furthermore, the NO3--N concentrations in effluent flowing through the apparatus increased significantly resulting in the average removal rate of-1150.0%.
(9) The treatment capability of apparatus improved with the increasing experiments, and the treatment loads of NH3-N, TN, TP and CODcr in the last experiment (the sixth experiment) were1483.33mg·m-2·h-1,84.28mg·m-2·h-1,28.93mg·m-2·h-1and2220.84mg·m-2·h-1, respectively. Significantly positive correlations were found between removal capability and concentrations of NH3-N and TP in influent indicating that the concentrations of NH3-N and TP in influent might be the main factors influencing the purification effect, but it is not the same with TN, NO3--N and NO2--N.
在本研究中,主要开展了以下4方面的工作。1、在上海市城市绿地河岸带建立了微区径流场,采用现场实际降雨径流观测与模拟径流漫灌实验,系统研究和探讨了城市绿地河岸带对面源N的阻控效率；2、在上海市的典型城市河岸带,对城市河岸带土壤N转化过程开展了系统的研究和探讨；3、在上海市城市绿地河岸带径流场微区采用静态箱法测定了河岸带阻控不同浓度硝酸盐后的环境负效应-温室气体排放通量的变化；4、采用土壤、锯末、煤渣、沸石和麦饭石等渗滤介质,在温州市鹿城区的实验基地内自主设计建设了城市河岸带土壤脱N工程应用的中试模型,并采用模拟径流漫灌方式探讨了其对面源N的削减效率和净化能力。取得了以下主要结论：
(1)城市绿地河岸带对降雨下渗流和模拟地表径流下渗流中N具有一定的去除作用。对雨水中NH3-N和NO3-N的净化分别集中于0-60cm和60-90cm深度,降雨强度对绿地岸带的N去除效果影响显著,在暴雨事件中0-90cm深度对NH3-N和NO3--N的去除率分别在12.9%和0.64%以上,而两次小雨事件中0-90cm深度对NH3-N和NO3--N的平均去除率可达43.8%和49%以上。对具有较高N浓度地表径流的净化集中于0-30cm深度,对TN、NH3-N和NO3--N+NO2--N去除率分别可达39.9%、39.8%和10.0%以上,但随淹水时间延长去除率降低；在径流场中下渗径流N浓度空间变化显著,随径流流动距离的增加N浓度先升后降；地表径流中N浓度不是影响绿地岸带对N的去除率的主要因素。
(2)上海市城市河岸带0-35cm深度土壤净氨化、净硝化、净矿化速率均较低(净氨化速率为-0.115～0.154mg·kg-1·d-1,平均值为0.004mg·kg-1·d-1;净硝化速率为-0.093～0.100mg·kg-1·d-1,平均值为0.010mg·kg-1·d-1;净矿化速率为-0.127～0.233mg·kg-1·d-1,平均值为0.019mg·kg-1·d-1)且具有显著的时空差异,多表现为有效N的积累；上海市城市河岸带0-35cm深度土壤反硝化速率在0.002-33.915ng·g-1·h-1之间,平均值为3.08ng·g-1·h-1。
(3)土壤理化性质(SOC、NO3--N和NH4+-N)是区域因素中影响净氨化、净硝化和净矿化速率的主要因子,NO3--N和NH4+-N含量增加促进净氨化和净硝化速率,而SOC会降低三者速率；受多种因素影响,城市河岸带土壤理化性质对反硝化速率影响不显著,但在初始土壤基质较为一致的小区域内,反硝化速率随土壤中SOC、NO3--N和NH4+-N含量的升高而升高；温度是季节因素中影响N转化速率的主要因子,随温度升高转化速率显著上升。
(4)含水率和植被也是影响土壤净氨化、净矿化和净硝化速率的重要因子；在含水率低于20%时,不同植被下土壤净氨化、净矿化和净硝化速率具有显著差异,高于20%则不存在显著差异；各植被下土壤净氨化、净矿化和净硝化速率随土壤含水率的增加多呈上升趋势。
(5)不同时间间隔的干湿交替下土壤的净矿化、净氨化和净硝化速率以及反硝化速率均较初始土壤有显著的增加,但是随着干湿交替间隔时间的加长,速率会明显逐步下降,但在长期干旱条件下反硝化速率低于初始土壤,而净矿化、净氨化和净硝化速率则高于初始土壤。
(6)NO3--N的阻控,改变了短期内河岸带土壤温室气体的排放通量,随阻控NO3--N量的增加,显著增加了春夏秋季N2O的排放通量,而在冬季表现为促进吸收；阻控NO3--N后,短时间后(夏季3d,春秋季4-5d)温室气体的日均排放通量即可有显著降低,使各阻控N量下的排放通量不具有显著差异。
(7)季节(温度和光强)是影响N2O、CO2和CH4排放通量的重要环境因子,除CO2排放通量受光照强度影响显著(光照越强排放通量越低)外,N2O、 CO2和CH4均受到不同深度土壤温度的显著影响,温度升高排放通量增加。
(8)模型可对入水中NH3-N、NO2--N、TN、TP和CODCr均可起到一定的净化作用,其中对NH3-N和TP的净化效果较好,出水浓度可达国家水质V类标准阈值,模型的去除率分别为65.6%和54.9%,对NO2--N、TN和CODCr的去除效果较差,去除率分别为38.8%、21.1%和32.9%；而对NO3--N表现为明显的析出,平均去除率为-1150.0%。
(9)在实验进程中,模型对NH3-N、TN、TP和CODCr的净化能力不断提升,在第六次实验中,模型对以上这四种污染指标的去除负荷为1483.33mg·m-2·h-1、84.28mg·m-2·h-1、128.93mg·m-2·h-1和2220.84mg·m-2·h-1;模型去除能力与入水中NH3-N、TP浓度呈显著正相关关系,入水中浓度是影响模型去除能力的重要因素；而对于TN、NO3--N和NO2-N来说,入水浓度不是模型去除能力的主要影响因素。
With the rapid development of economy and urbanization process in the coastal area of China over the past three decades, the water bodis in the urban area were contaminated seriously due to lack and incomplete of environmental facilities. Riparian zone has drawn widespread concern for its special geographic location and environmental function. To study the removal capability of riparian zone for nitrogen in scattered point sources and non-point sources, and to discuss nitrogen transformation in soil of riparian zone as well as to construct engineering application to abate terrigenous nitrogen into urban water bodies at the most extent in relatively limited space of urban riparian zone has become not only an important direction but also a hot area of research.
In this study, four parts of the work were carried out. The first one, a micro catchment area was constructed at Changfeng green belt of Suzhou River riparian in Shanghai city to study nitrogen removal efficiencies in vertical infiltration by using field investigation of rain and simulated rainfall-runoff. The second one, nitrogen transformable rates were systematically measured and studied by buried bags method in situ and acetylene inhibition method in lab at six typical urban riparian zones of Shanghai city. The third one, greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, which was an important negative environmental effect after different concentrations of nitrate were retained were measured using static closed chamber/GC technique in micro catchment area. The last part, one pilot-scale apparatus of engineering application was structured by coal cinder, sawdust, zeolite, medical stone and local soil, as well as Cynodon dactylon cultivated on the surface. Capability of the multiple-composing apparatus to removal the nitrogen in simulated urban rainfall runoff was studied. The main conclusions in this paper were as follows:
(1) Nitrogen in vertical infiltration, which formed either by rain or by stimulative rainfall-runoff, was partly removed by artificial green riparian belt. NH3-N was mainly removed at0-60cm layer, but it was at60-90cm layer for NO3--N. The removal rate was significantly influenced by rainfall intensity. Removal rates for NH3-N and NO3--N were respectively over12.9%and0.64%at0-90cm layer in heavy rainfall event. But the removal rates were over43.8%and49%in two light rains. As for the stimulative rainfall-runoff containing relatively high nitrogen concentration, the removal of nitrogen mainly occurred in0-30cm layer. Removal rates of TN, NH3-N and NO3--N+NO2--N by soil at0-30cm layer were over39.9%,39.8%and10.0%respectively. However nitrogen removal rate decreased with the waterlogging time increasing. There was conspicuous spatial variation of nitrogen concentrations in vertical infiltration at different sites in catchment area. With the increase of flow distance of surface runoff, concentrations of nitrogen in vertical infiltration first increased and then decreased. Nitrogen concentration partly influenced treatment load of green belt on stimulative rainfall-runoff, but it was not the main influencing factor.
(2) The net ammoniation rates, net nitrification rates and net mineralization rates were generally low and showed significant spatial-temporal difference at0-35cm layer in urban riparian zone of Shanghai city. The net ammoniation rates were from-0.115to0.154mg·kg-1·d-1with an average of0.004mg·kg-1·d-1.The net nitrification rates varied between-0.093and0.100mg·kg-1·d-1with an average of0.010mg·kg-1·d-1, and the net mineralization rates ranged from-0.127to0.233mg·kg-1·d-1with an average of0.019mg·kg-1·d-1. The soil in riparian zone of Shanghai city tended to accumulate available nitrogen. The denitrification rates were from0.002to33.915ng·g-1·h-1with an average of3.08ng·g-1·h-1at0-35cm layer in urban riparian zone of Shanghai city.
(3) Physico-chemical properties of soil (SOC, NO3--N and NH4+-N) were main influencing factors in regional difference of net ammoniation rates, net nitrification rates and net mineralization rates. High concentrations of NO3--N and NH4+-N in soil could increase net ammoniation rates and net nitrification rates, but it turned out to be the opposite for SOC.The denitrification rates were not significantly influenced by physico-chemical properties of soil. But in small areas where the soil properties were homogeneous, the denitrification rates increased with the concentrations of SOC, NO3--N and NH4+-N in soil. Temperature was the main influencing factor in seasonal change for nitrogen transformable rates. Generally, nitrogen transformable rates increased with temperature.
(4) Moisture content and vegetation type were also main influencing factors for nitrogen transformable rates. When moisture content was lower than20%, there was significant difference for net ammoniation rate, net nitrification rate and net mineralization rate in soil under different vegetation type. It was on the contrary when moisture content was above20%. Generally, net ammoniation rates, net nitrification rates and net mineralization rates in soil under different vegetation type increased with moisture content.
(5) Net ammoniation rate, net nitrification rate, net mineralization rate and denitrification rate in soil with the treatment of wetting and drying in different time interval all significantly increased compared with the initial values. But with the increase of the time interval of wetting and drying, the rates reduced. Especially, under the long-term drought condition denitrification rates were lower than the initial values of fresh soil, but it is the opposite for net ammoniation rate, net nitrification rate and net mineralization rate.
(6) Due to the input of NO3--N, GHG fluxes in short time were changed, which showed significant seasonal difference. N2O fluxes in spring, summer and autumn increased significantly, while the GHG fluxes reduced accordingly in other seasons suggesting that the input of NO3--N promoted the soil to absorb GHG. After the input and retention of NO3--N, daily fluxes of N2O, CH4and CO2significantly reduced in a short time, ie.3days in summer,4-5days in spring and autumn, which might be the reason that the GHG fluxes in soils treated with input of different NO3--N concentrations presented no significant difference.
(7) Temperature and light intensity accounted for the seasonal change of GHG fluxes. There were significant correlations between GHG fluxes and temperature and light intensity. Specifically, CO2discharge fluxes significantly reduced with the increase of light intensity, while N2O, CO2and CH4fluxes correlated significantly with the soil temperature at different depths, and the fluxes all increased with the temperature.
(8) The constructed pilot scale apparatus could partly purify NO2--N, NH3-N, TN, TP and CODCr, in which the purification effect of NH3-N and TP was best. The concentrations of NH3-N and TP in effluent flowing through the apparatus were generally lower than the type V standard values of GB3838-2002National Environmental Standards for Surface Water and the average removal rates were65.6%and54.9%for NH3-N and TP respectively. The purification effect for NO2--N, TN and CODCr was not as good as that for NH3-N and TP, and the removal rates were38.8%for NO2--N,21.1%for TN and32.9%for CODCr. The apparatus did not purify NO3--N in influent, furthermore, the NO3--N concentrations in effluent flowing through the apparatus increased significantly resulting in the average removal rate of-1150.0%.
(9) The treatment capability of apparatus improved with the increasing experiments, and the treatment loads of NH3-N, TN, TP and CODcr in the last experiment (the sixth experiment) were1483.33mg·m-2·h-1,84.28mg·m-2·h-1,28.93mg·m-2·h-1and2220.84mg·m-2·h-1, respectively. Significantly positive correlations were found between removal capability and concentrations of NH3-N and TP in influent indicating that the concentrations of NH3-N and TP in influent might be the main factors influencing the purification effect, but it is not the same with TN, NO3--N and NO2--N.
引文
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