人体行走过程中的滑摔倾向及其机制与防控研究
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摘要
打滑以及由打滑引起摔倒事故是一个普遍存在的社会现象，会对人们造成不同程度的身体和心理伤害。轮船、汽车、飞机等是人们出行常用的交通工具，在这些运动着地器件上行走时一旦发生打滑或摔倒，对人体造成的伤害更大。因此，研究人体在静止路面和运动路面上行走时发生打滑的倾向大小和机制具有很大的理论意义和实际意义。
本文研制了步进摩擦测试分析平台，并在该平台上进行了水平路面条件下的人体行走试验。结果表明：年龄、性别以及行走过程中所采用的步速和步长都对打滑倾向有影响。在所有试验组中，儿童的打滑倾向最大，青年的打滑倾向最小；男性发生侧向打滑的倾向较大，而女性发生前后方向打滑的倾向较大。打滑倾向随步长的增大而增大，随步速的增大而减小。
本文采用步进摩擦测试分析平台探讨了摩擦副材料及表面状况对打滑倾向的影响，结果表明摩擦副材料与其表面状态都对打滑倾向有影响。在所使用的具有不同花纹的鞋底试样中，折线纹的综合防滑性能最好，横条纹的前后向防滑性能最好，纵条纹的侧向防滑性能最好，菱形纹和小圆点纹也有较好的防滑性能。在所使用的三种地板中，瓷砖和花岗岩的防滑性能相当，钢板的防滑性能最好；地板表面上有小而多的凸起花纹时，防滑性能较好。
本文采用步进摩擦测试分析平台进行了坡道行走试验，结果表明：在坡道上行走时，发生侧向打滑的倾向几乎不受坡度角的影响，而前后方向的打滑倾向随坡度角的增大而增大；在所有试验组中，青年和中年组的打滑倾向大小相当且最小，儿童的打滑倾向最大。
本文采用步进摩擦测试分析平台进行了正弦波条件下的人体行走试验，结果表明：正弦波条件下行走时，发生侧向打滑的倾向基本不随试验条件的改变而改变，但前后方向的打滑倾向随波幅、波频和人体在波浪中的位置而有所不同。摇摆的角度越大、频率越高，越容易发生脚起步时的向后滑，因此，人们在乘船时，为了防止打滑，可使上体稍向后仰，使重力对身体中心产生一个顺时针力矩，以抵消脚地接触力所产生的逆时针力矩。
本文根据人体行走的特点并对其进行了合理简化，建立了人体行走过程中重心运动轨迹的物理模型和数学模型，以此模型为基础，分析了人体行走过程中发生滑摔的力学机制，结果表明：人体发生打滑的根本原因是各力对人体重心所产生的力矩不守恒。着地脚的侧向力矩大，则人体向起步脚侧倒；反之，起步脚的侧向力大，人体就会向着地脚侧倒。着地脚的前后向力或起步脚的垂向力产生的力矩越小，身体向后倾倒的打滑几率也越大，而起步脚的前后向力或着地脚的垂向力产生的力矩越小，身体向前倾倒的打滑几率也越大。根据滑摔的力学机制及其主要影响因素，提出了预防滑摔的主要措施，一是通过调整人体的行走姿态，以降低安全行走所需要的最低摩擦系数；二是通过改变脚、地接触界面的特性，以提高地面所能提供的最大摩擦系数。
Slips and falls are serious problems in many countries, which can hurt people in bodyand mind at different degrees. Ship, bus and plane are common vehicle for people. Onceslips and falls occurs in these moving devices, injury will be more severe to people.Therefore, study on probability mechanism and control measures of slip occurring onthese static and kinetic floors has great theoretic and actual meaning.
Walking experiments on a level way were carried out by the analysis and testplatform for gait friction (ATPGF) developed by Henan University of Science andTechnology. Results showed that age, sex, step length and walking speed affected slipprobability of people. In the four test groups, slip possibility of children was the highestwhile that of young adults was the lowest. Lateral slip tendency of male was higher thanthat of female but slip tendency in front to rear direction of female is higher than that ofmale. Slip possibility increased with increasing of step length but decreased withincreasing of walking speed.
Effects of material and surface topography of friction couple on slip possibility werestudied by ATPGF. Results showed that material and surface topography of frictioncouple affected the slip possibility of human. Of all the shoe sole samples with differentgroove pattern, integrate slip potential of human body corresponding to polygonal linegroove was the highest, longitudinal slip potential of human body corresponding to crossstriation was the highest, and lateral slip potential of human body corresponding tolongitudinal striation was the highest. In the three floor materials, slip potential ofhuman body corresponding to steel plate was the highest, while slip potential of humanbody corresponding to ceramic tile and granite was equivalent. Slip potential of humanbody was low if there were small and abundance hump on the surface of floor.
Ramp walking experiments were conducted by ATPGF. Results showed that lateralslip tendency was not affected by ramp inclination but slip tendency in heading directionincreases with increasing of ramp inclination. In the four test groups, slip possibility ofchildren is highest, which is equivalent and smallest for young adults and middle-agedpeople. Slip possibility of young adults and middle-aged people are equivalence andsmallest.
Walking experiments under sinusoidal wave condition were also conducted byATPGF. Results indicated that lateral slip tendency didn’t change with test conditions.Slip tendency in heading direction varied with increasing of locations, amplitude and frequency of sea wave and position of foot contacting with ground. Slip to rear at themoment of taking-off occurred easily if the amplitude and frequency of sinusoidal wavewas higher.
Physical and mathematical models of centrobaric motion trajectory were establishedby analyzing and simplifying the feature of human body walking. Based on the model,mechanism of slips and falls was analyzed from the point of mechanical view. Theauthor considered that the basic reason of slip was imbalance of moments caused by allforces. Human body would overturn to the right side if lateral moment of left foot washigher, while overturn to the left side if lateral moment of right foot was high. Bodywould overturn to back if moments caused by forces in front to rear direction or verticalforce of landing foot(at the front of center of mass) were low, on the contrary, humanbody would overturn to front if moments caused by forces in front to rear direction orvertical force of taking-off foot(at the behind of center of mass) were low. According tothe mechanical principle, major factors, including physical features of body such asheight and weight and walking parameters such as walking speed and step length andground status such as level way and ramp, which affect the potential of slips and fallswere analyzed. Results indicated that the higher the body height, the lower the slippotential and the heavier the body weight, the higher the slip potential when the walkingparameters were constant. While when the physical features of body were constant, thelonger the step length, the higher the slip potential and the faster the walking speed, thelower the slip potential. Slip potential at the moment of landing phase and taking offphase were equivalent when walking on a level way. Slip potential of landing was lowerthan that of taking off when ascending on a ramp. While slip potential of landing washigher than that of taking off when descending on a ramp. According to the slip effectfactors, main control measures were put forward to prevent slips and falls. One measureis decreasing the minimum required coefficient of friction for safe walking by adjustingwalking posture. Another measure is increasing the maximum required coefficient offriction provided by ground via changing the features of contact interface between footand ground.
本文研制了步进摩擦测试分析平台，并在该平台上进行了水平路面条件下的人体行走试验。结果表明：年龄、性别以及行走过程中所采用的步速和步长都对打滑倾向有影响。在所有试验组中，儿童的打滑倾向最大，青年的打滑倾向最小；男性发生侧向打滑的倾向较大，而女性发生前后方向打滑的倾向较大。打滑倾向随步长的增大而增大，随步速的增大而减小。
本文采用步进摩擦测试分析平台探讨了摩擦副材料及表面状况对打滑倾向的影响，结果表明摩擦副材料与其表面状态都对打滑倾向有影响。在所使用的具有不同花纹的鞋底试样中，折线纹的综合防滑性能最好，横条纹的前后向防滑性能最好，纵条纹的侧向防滑性能最好，菱形纹和小圆点纹也有较好的防滑性能。在所使用的三种地板中，瓷砖和花岗岩的防滑性能相当，钢板的防滑性能最好；地板表面上有小而多的凸起花纹时，防滑性能较好。
本文采用步进摩擦测试分析平台进行了坡道行走试验，结果表明：在坡道上行走时，发生侧向打滑的倾向几乎不受坡度角的影响，而前后方向的打滑倾向随坡度角的增大而增大；在所有试验组中，青年和中年组的打滑倾向大小相当且最小，儿童的打滑倾向最大。
本文采用步进摩擦测试分析平台进行了正弦波条件下的人体行走试验，结果表明：正弦波条件下行走时，发生侧向打滑的倾向基本不随试验条件的改变而改变，但前后方向的打滑倾向随波幅、波频和人体在波浪中的位置而有所不同。摇摆的角度越大、频率越高，越容易发生脚起步时的向后滑，因此，人们在乘船时，为了防止打滑，可使上体稍向后仰，使重力对身体中心产生一个顺时针力矩，以抵消脚地接触力所产生的逆时针力矩。
本文根据人体行走的特点并对其进行了合理简化，建立了人体行走过程中重心运动轨迹的物理模型和数学模型，以此模型为基础，分析了人体行走过程中发生滑摔的力学机制，结果表明：人体发生打滑的根本原因是各力对人体重心所产生的力矩不守恒。着地脚的侧向力矩大，则人体向起步脚侧倒；反之，起步脚的侧向力大，人体就会向着地脚侧倒。着地脚的前后向力或起步脚的垂向力产生的力矩越小，身体向后倾倒的打滑几率也越大，而起步脚的前后向力或着地脚的垂向力产生的力矩越小，身体向前倾倒的打滑几率也越大。根据滑摔的力学机制及其主要影响因素，提出了预防滑摔的主要措施，一是通过调整人体的行走姿态，以降低安全行走所需要的最低摩擦系数；二是通过改变脚、地接触界面的特性，以提高地面所能提供的最大摩擦系数。
Slips and falls are serious problems in many countries, which can hurt people in bodyand mind at different degrees. Ship, bus and plane are common vehicle for people. Onceslips and falls occurs in these moving devices, injury will be more severe to people.Therefore, study on probability mechanism and control measures of slip occurring onthese static and kinetic floors has great theoretic and actual meaning.
Walking experiments on a level way were carried out by the analysis and testplatform for gait friction (ATPGF) developed by Henan University of Science andTechnology. Results showed that age, sex, step length and walking speed affected slipprobability of people. In the four test groups, slip possibility of children was the highestwhile that of young adults was the lowest. Lateral slip tendency of male was higher thanthat of female but slip tendency in front to rear direction of female is higher than that ofmale. Slip possibility increased with increasing of step length but decreased withincreasing of walking speed.
Effects of material and surface topography of friction couple on slip possibility werestudied by ATPGF. Results showed that material and surface topography of frictioncouple affected the slip possibility of human. Of all the shoe sole samples with differentgroove pattern, integrate slip potential of human body corresponding to polygonal linegroove was the highest, longitudinal slip potential of human body corresponding to crossstriation was the highest, and lateral slip potential of human body corresponding tolongitudinal striation was the highest. In the three floor materials, slip potential ofhuman body corresponding to steel plate was the highest, while slip potential of humanbody corresponding to ceramic tile and granite was equivalent. Slip potential of humanbody was low if there were small and abundance hump on the surface of floor.
Ramp walking experiments were conducted by ATPGF. Results showed that lateralslip tendency was not affected by ramp inclination but slip tendency in heading directionincreases with increasing of ramp inclination. In the four test groups, slip possibility ofchildren is highest, which is equivalent and smallest for young adults and middle-agedpeople. Slip possibility of young adults and middle-aged people are equivalence andsmallest.
Walking experiments under sinusoidal wave condition were also conducted byATPGF. Results indicated that lateral slip tendency didn’t change with test conditions.Slip tendency in heading direction varied with increasing of locations, amplitude and frequency of sea wave and position of foot contacting with ground. Slip to rear at themoment of taking-off occurred easily if the amplitude and frequency of sinusoidal wavewas higher.
Physical and mathematical models of centrobaric motion trajectory were establishedby analyzing and simplifying the feature of human body walking. Based on the model,mechanism of slips and falls was analyzed from the point of mechanical view. Theauthor considered that the basic reason of slip was imbalance of moments caused by allforces. Human body would overturn to the right side if lateral moment of left foot washigher, while overturn to the left side if lateral moment of right foot was high. Bodywould overturn to back if moments caused by forces in front to rear direction or verticalforce of landing foot(at the front of center of mass) were low, on the contrary, humanbody would overturn to front if moments caused by forces in front to rear direction orvertical force of taking-off foot(at the behind of center of mass) were low. According tothe mechanical principle, major factors, including physical features of body such asheight and weight and walking parameters such as walking speed and step length andground status such as level way and ramp, which affect the potential of slips and fallswere analyzed. Results indicated that the higher the body height, the lower the slippotential and the heavier the body weight, the higher the slip potential when the walkingparameters were constant. While when the physical features of body were constant, thelonger the step length, the higher the slip potential and the faster the walking speed, thelower the slip potential. Slip potential at the moment of landing phase and taking offphase were equivalent when walking on a level way. Slip potential of landing was lowerthan that of taking off when ascending on a ramp. While slip potential of landing washigher than that of taking off when descending on a ramp. According to the slip effectfactors, main control measures were put forward to prevent slips and falls. One measureis decreasing the minimum required coefficient of friction for safe walking by adjustingwalking posture. Another measure is increasing the maximum required coefficient offriction provided by ground via changing the features of contact interface between footand ground.
引文
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