基于COUP model的三峡库区紫色砂岩林地土壤水分运动模拟
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摘要
深入、系统地研究林地土壤水分运动规律对于揭示森林流域径流形成机制、修正洪水预报模型具有十分重要的意义。本研究选择三峡库区紫色砂岩林地为研究对象,采用野外观测、室内试验、点格局分析与模型(COUP model)模拟结合的方法,探讨紫色砂岩区林地土壤水分运动影响因素及土壤优先路径对植物根系生长的响应机理,通过对观测样地土壤水分动态的耦合研究,并结合林地土壤优先路径分布特征对COUP model模型结构进行调整,最终建立适用于三峡库区紫色砂岩林地的土壤水分运动模型,促进三峡库区土壤水分运动规律研究。这对于进一步认识林地水分再分配、流域水循环机制和三峡库区洪水发生发展规律具有重要现实意义,并对深化森林水文学内容,丰富土壤物理学、流域水文学和水土保持学内容具有深远理论意义。
主要研究结论如下：
1)以土壤水分特征曲线为表征紫色砂岩林地土壤水分运动的指标,分别与土壤结构指标、植被类型和人为扰动进行分析,发现植被类型和人为扰动会影响紫色砂岩林地土壤水分特征曲线模型的模拟精度,导致不同林地采用同一模型模拟拟合精度不同、且同一样地底层土壤拟合精度高于表层土壤。以土壤砂、粉黏粒含量、土壤密度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度作为土壤结构指标与土壤水分特征曲线进行偏相关分析,发现土壤水分特征曲线与土壤黏粒含量和毛管孔隙度呈显著正相关,与土壤砂粒含量显著负相关,与土壤粉粒含量、土壤密度相关关系不显著,而与非毛管孔隙度在中吸力值下呈显著负相关。
2)紫色砂岩林地不同影响半径土壤优先路径空间分布与植物根系的关联性在表层0-20cm范围内为较显著的正关联性,说明表层土壤优先路径与浅根系植物生长有关,植物根系生长会导致表层土壤中优先路径数量增加。土壤优先路径数量及径级会影响土壤水分传导特性。
3)考虑优先路径前,COUP model模拟值对降雨的响应在土壤表层快于实际响应,在土壤底层慢于实际响应,且模拟的土壤底层水分动态起伏较小。考虑优先路径后,底层土壤水分COUP model模拟值对降雨的响应更敏感,较好地捕捉到底层土壤水分的波动,响应速度与实测较相似。可见优先路径存在影响了不同深度土壤对降雨的响应速度,使深层土壤水分峰值发生时间提前。针阔混交林地优先路径累计产流量均高于同期针叶林地,说明针阔混交林地优先路径较发育。可能与阔叶树种蒸腾量较大有关,根系周围土壤水分变化较剧烈,引起土粒的崩塌与重组,产生了更多易于水分通过的路径。
4)紫色砂岩区林地土壤水分对降雨的响应有一定的滞后,并呈现多峰值现象。对于针阔混交林样地,土壤水分变化主要受植物蒸腾影响,对于针叶林样地,土壤水分变化主要受土壤蒸发影响。暴雨过程下不同林地不同土层深度均发生优先流现象,随土壤含水量增加、降雨量增大,优先流现象越明显。
考虑优先路径后COUP model对不同类型降雨过程下紫色砂岩林地土壤水分动态拟合较好,捕捉到表层土壤水分峰值较小、底层土壤水分响应较剧烈的现象。
Research on the law of soil water movement has important significance on revealing the runoff formation mechanism of forest watershed and correcting the flood forecasting model. We chose forest of purple sandstone regions as study object, field observation, laboratory test and model simulation methods (COUP model) were adopted to illuminate the influencing factors of moisture movement of forest soils and the effect of plant roots on preferencial paths in purple sandstone regions. The research could promote the research of soil moisture movement law in the three gorges reservoir area.Through the research of simulation on soil moisture dynamic of the study plots and the corrected model based on preferencial paths, a model was set up, which was appropriate for soil moisture movement simulation in forest land of purple sandstone regions in the three gorges reservoir area. It also has important practical significance on further understanding of woodland moisture redistribution, water cycle mechanism of the basin and the flood development rule in the three gorges reservoir area. At the same time, It has profound theoretical significance on riching the content of forest hydrology, soil physics, watershed hydrology and soil and water conservation. The major results in this research were as follows:
(1) The accuracy of the model simulation is affected by soil structure, vegetation types and human disturbance. The results of correlation analysis showed that vegetation types and human disturbance had effect on the accuracy of the soil water characteristic curve model simulation. This resulted in the soil water characteristic curve simulation was different by the same model in the same forest land of purple sandstone, and the accuracy of simulation was higher in the surface soil than the bottom soil. The partial correlation analysis results showed that the soil water characteristic curve was significantly positive correlate to soil clay content, highly significant positive correlate to capillary porosity, significant negative correlate to sand content, negative correlate to soil density. And the soil water characteristic curve under the middle suction value was also negative correlate to noncapillary porosity.
(2) Point pattern analysis indicated that the spatial position of preferential flow paths and plant roots had a significant positive correlation in the0-20cm depth soil surface layers. This may be related to the growth of shallow root system. Soil moisture conduction properties was affected by the quality and diameter class of preferrencial paths.
(3) The response of simulation value on rainfall of the original COUP model was faster than the actual response in the surface soil, and slower than the actual response in the bottom soil. The fluctuation of the simulation value in the bottom soil was smaller. After considering the preferrencial paths, the response of simulation value of soil moisture movement in the bottom soil on precipitation was more sensitive, which was similar with the measured value. This indicated that the response speed of soil was affected by the existence of preferrencial paths, which resulted in the occurrence time of soil moisture peak in the deep soil was ahead of time. The cumulative flow of preferential flow in mixed forest plots was higher than the coniferous forest plots in the same time. This indicated that the Preferrencial paths in mixed forest plots were with better development. This may be due to the broad leaved tree species grow faster and need more water than the conifer tree species. There are more root systems of the broad leaved tree species, so the roots act frequently with the soil in the process of absorbing the moisture, which result in the collapsing and restructuring of soil particles and producing more paths that water could easily flow through.
(4) The response of forestland soil moisture in the purple sandstone area on rainfall had certain hysteresis, and showed multimodal phenomenon. For the mixed forest, soil water loss was mainly affected by plant transpiration, but for the coniferous forest, it was mainly affected by soil transpiration. There existed preferrential flow phenomenon in different soil depth of different plant plots under the heavy rain process, which became more obvious with the increase of precipitation.
The simulation results of soil water dynamic in forestland of purple sandstone area during different types of rainfall process by the corrected model were obviously better than the orginal model. The simulation captured the results that the surface soil moisture peak was smaller, but the response of soil moisture in the bottom soil on the precipitation was severe.
主要研究结论如下：
1)以土壤水分特征曲线为表征紫色砂岩林地土壤水分运动的指标,分别与土壤结构指标、植被类型和人为扰动进行分析,发现植被类型和人为扰动会影响紫色砂岩林地土壤水分特征曲线模型的模拟精度,导致不同林地采用同一模型模拟拟合精度不同、且同一样地底层土壤拟合精度高于表层土壤。以土壤砂、粉黏粒含量、土壤密度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度作为土壤结构指标与土壤水分特征曲线进行偏相关分析,发现土壤水分特征曲线与土壤黏粒含量和毛管孔隙度呈显著正相关,与土壤砂粒含量显著负相关,与土壤粉粒含量、土壤密度相关关系不显著,而与非毛管孔隙度在中吸力值下呈显著负相关。
2)紫色砂岩林地不同影响半径土壤优先路径空间分布与植物根系的关联性在表层0-20cm范围内为较显著的正关联性,说明表层土壤优先路径与浅根系植物生长有关,植物根系生长会导致表层土壤中优先路径数量增加。土壤优先路径数量及径级会影响土壤水分传导特性。
3)考虑优先路径前,COUP model模拟值对降雨的响应在土壤表层快于实际响应,在土壤底层慢于实际响应,且模拟的土壤底层水分动态起伏较小。考虑优先路径后,底层土壤水分COUP model模拟值对降雨的响应更敏感,较好地捕捉到底层土壤水分的波动,响应速度与实测较相似。可见优先路径存在影响了不同深度土壤对降雨的响应速度,使深层土壤水分峰值发生时间提前。针阔混交林地优先路径累计产流量均高于同期针叶林地,说明针阔混交林地优先路径较发育。可能与阔叶树种蒸腾量较大有关,根系周围土壤水分变化较剧烈,引起土粒的崩塌与重组,产生了更多易于水分通过的路径。
4)紫色砂岩区林地土壤水分对降雨的响应有一定的滞后,并呈现多峰值现象。对于针阔混交林样地,土壤水分变化主要受植物蒸腾影响,对于针叶林样地,土壤水分变化主要受土壤蒸发影响。暴雨过程下不同林地不同土层深度均发生优先流现象,随土壤含水量增加、降雨量增大,优先流现象越明显。
考虑优先路径后COUP model对不同类型降雨过程下紫色砂岩林地土壤水分动态拟合较好,捕捉到表层土壤水分峰值较小、底层土壤水分响应较剧烈的现象。
Research on the law of soil water movement has important significance on revealing the runoff formation mechanism of forest watershed and correcting the flood forecasting model. We chose forest of purple sandstone regions as study object, field observation, laboratory test and model simulation methods (COUP model) were adopted to illuminate the influencing factors of moisture movement of forest soils and the effect of plant roots on preferencial paths in purple sandstone regions. The research could promote the research of soil moisture movement law in the three gorges reservoir area.Through the research of simulation on soil moisture dynamic of the study plots and the corrected model based on preferencial paths, a model was set up, which was appropriate for soil moisture movement simulation in forest land of purple sandstone regions in the three gorges reservoir area. It also has important practical significance on further understanding of woodland moisture redistribution, water cycle mechanism of the basin and the flood development rule in the three gorges reservoir area. At the same time, It has profound theoretical significance on riching the content of forest hydrology, soil physics, watershed hydrology and soil and water conservation. The major results in this research were as follows:
(1) The accuracy of the model simulation is affected by soil structure, vegetation types and human disturbance. The results of correlation analysis showed that vegetation types and human disturbance had effect on the accuracy of the soil water characteristic curve model simulation. This resulted in the soil water characteristic curve simulation was different by the same model in the same forest land of purple sandstone, and the accuracy of simulation was higher in the surface soil than the bottom soil. The partial correlation analysis results showed that the soil water characteristic curve was significantly positive correlate to soil clay content, highly significant positive correlate to capillary porosity, significant negative correlate to sand content, negative correlate to soil density. And the soil water characteristic curve under the middle suction value was also negative correlate to noncapillary porosity.
(2) Point pattern analysis indicated that the spatial position of preferential flow paths and plant roots had a significant positive correlation in the0-20cm depth soil surface layers. This may be related to the growth of shallow root system. Soil moisture conduction properties was affected by the quality and diameter class of preferrencial paths.
(3) The response of simulation value on rainfall of the original COUP model was faster than the actual response in the surface soil, and slower than the actual response in the bottom soil. The fluctuation of the simulation value in the bottom soil was smaller. After considering the preferrencial paths, the response of simulation value of soil moisture movement in the bottom soil on precipitation was more sensitive, which was similar with the measured value. This indicated that the response speed of soil was affected by the existence of preferrencial paths, which resulted in the occurrence time of soil moisture peak in the deep soil was ahead of time. The cumulative flow of preferential flow in mixed forest plots was higher than the coniferous forest plots in the same time. This indicated that the Preferrencial paths in mixed forest plots were with better development. This may be due to the broad leaved tree species grow faster and need more water than the conifer tree species. There are more root systems of the broad leaved tree species, so the roots act frequently with the soil in the process of absorbing the moisture, which result in the collapsing and restructuring of soil particles and producing more paths that water could easily flow through.
(4) The response of forestland soil moisture in the purple sandstone area on rainfall had certain hysteresis, and showed multimodal phenomenon. For the mixed forest, soil water loss was mainly affected by plant transpiration, but for the coniferous forest, it was mainly affected by soil transpiration. There existed preferrential flow phenomenon in different soil depth of different plant plots under the heavy rain process, which became more obvious with the increase of precipitation.
The simulation results of soil water dynamic in forestland of purple sandstone area during different types of rainfall process by the corrected model were obviously better than the orginal model. The simulation captured the results that the surface soil moisture peak was smaller, but the response of soil moisture in the bottom soil on the precipitation was severe.
引文
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