生存型、发展型、超越型主观幸福感测评工具的研制与应用
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摘要
主观幸福感研究是当今心理学的热点和前沿问题,编制生存型、发展型、超越型主观幸福感问卷,并以此为基础测查国民主观幸福感现状,既是心理学学科建设所必需,亦能为政府体察民情、合理决策提供科学依据。
在考察了国内外主观幸福感研究的基础上,作者提出了多层次主观幸福感模型。该模型认为,主观幸福感作为一种体验,是以需要的满足为基础的。人的基本需要有层次之分,相应地,主观幸福感也有层次之分。人的基本需要分为生存型需要、发展型需要、超越型需要,相应地,主观幸福感也可以分为生存型主观幸福感、发展型主观幸福感、超越型主观幸福感。
以多层次主观幸福感模型为基础,作者通过文献法、开放式问卷和访谈广泛搜集了生存型、发展型、超越型主观幸福感测评指标,并对267名不同层次居民进行了主观幸福感测评指标体系重要性评价研究,制定了生存型、发展型、超越型主观幸福感问卷的测评指标体系,其中,生存型主观幸福感有指标19条,发展型主观幸福感有指标16条、超越型主观幸福感有指标15条。
以生存型、发展型、超越型主观幸福测评指标体系为依据,作者分别编制了生存型主观幸福感问卷、发展型主观幸福感问卷、超越型主观幸福感问卷,并对问卷的客观性进行了修正和评价。其中生存型主观幸福感问卷包括生活满意、生命活力、安全满意3个分测验,共12个项目,得分越高表示越幸福。用经典测量理论、项目反应理论进行分析后得出,该问卷内在一致信度为0.763,重测信度为0.804,验证性因素分析表明,问卷结构效度良好,各分测验与生活满意度、单项目幸福呈中等相关,各项目特征参数也符合规定标准。该问卷的心理学测量基本指标表明其性能良好。
发展型主观幸福感问卷包括社会尊重、友好交往、认知审美3个分测验,共15个项目,得分越高表示越幸福。用经典测量理论、项目反应理论进行分析后得出,该问卷内在一致信度为0.873,重测信度为0.793,验证性因素分析表明,问卷结构效度良好,各分测验与生活满意度、单项目幸福呈低相关,各项目特征参数也符合规定标准。该问卷的心理学测量基本指标表明其性能良好。
超越型主观幸福感问卷包括社会价值、自我价值、自我实现3个分测验,共14个项目,得分越高表示越幸福。用经典测量理论、项目反应理论进行分析后得出,该问卷内在一致信度为0.827,重测信度为0.797,验证性因素分析表明,问卷结构效度良好,各分测验与生活满意度、单项目幸福呈低相关,各项目特征参数也符合规定标准。该问卷的心理学测量基本指标表明其性能良好。
运用生存型主观幸福感问卷、发展型主观幸福感问卷、超越型主观幸福感问卷,对中国国民主观幸福感现状进行了调查,结果发现中国国民幸福处在中等水平。生存型、发展型、超越型幸福存在一定程度的性别、年龄、受教育程度、城乡差异。同时,研究还发现生存型、发展型、超越型主观幸福感通过生活满意度、积极情感、消极情感影响总体幸福。
Subjective well-being (SWB) has been currently a hot psychological issue for decades. Therefore designing the survival well-being scale, developing well-bing scale and meta subjective well-being scale benefits both the development of psychology and the governmental decision making on promoting civic welfare.
Based on the nature of SWB, the relationship between SWB and human need in literatures home and aboard, the author advocates a multilevel SWB model. This model holds a clear piont that SWB is an individual experience based on the satisfaction of needs. Needs are divided into different levels so SWB can also be divided at different levels. Basic need can be divided into survival need, developing need and meta need.Correspondingly, SWB can be divided into survival subjective well-being, developing subjective well-being and meta subjective well-being.
This study takes the multilevel SWB model as a foundation.A survey is therefore taken to by literature review, open questionnaire and interviews to test the importance of SWB from267subjects among different levels. T-test analysis is used to develop the Measurement Index System of survival subjective well-being scale (19indicators), developing subjective well-being scale (16indicators) and meta subjective well-being scale (15indicators).
Based on the measurement index system of survival well-being, developing subjective well-being and meta subjective well-being, survival well-being scale, developing subjective well-being scale and meta subjective well-being scale are designed. Then the objectivity to these questionnaires are revised and evaluated. There are life satisfaction test, life vitality test and safety satisfaction test in the existence questionnaire including12items. The higher score indicates a higher level of SWB. Classical Test Theory and item response theory are used and the result shows that the internal consistency reliability is0.763, the retest reliability is0.804. And the CFA indicates the Construct Validity is well accepted, and three tests are moderate related to life satisfaction and separate item of SWB. Characteristic parameters of every item meet the required standards. The psychological measurement index of this questionnaire shows good performance.
There are social respect test, friendly communication test and Cognitive aesthetic test in the developing subjective well-being scale.15items are included and the higher score indicates the higher level of SWB. Classical Test Theory and item response theory are used and the result shows that the internal consistency reliability is0.873, the retest reliability is0.793. And the CFA indicates the Construct Validity is well accepted. The result also shows that the tests are low related to life satisfaction, separate item SWB. Characteristic parameters of every item meet the required standards. The psychological measurement index of this questionnaire shows good performance.
There are social value test, self value test and self actualization test in the meta subjective well-being scale.14items are included and the higher score indicates the higher level of SWB. Classical Test Theory and item response theory are used and the result shows that the internal consistency reliability is0.827, the retest reliability is0.797. And the CFA indicates the Construct Validity is well accepted. The result also shows that the tests are low correlated to life satisfaction and separate item SWB. Characteristic parameters of every item meet the required standards.The psychological measurement index of this questionnaire shows good performance.
A survey is conducted to test the current status of civic subjective well-being at a national range by using survival well-being scale, developing subjective well-being scale and meta subjective well-being scale. The result shows a moderate level of civic subjective well-being. There are differences between gender, age, and education. There exit urban and rural difference as well. This study also reveals that the survival Subjective well-being, developing subjective well-being, meta Subjective well-being influence SWB by life satisfaction, positive and negative emotions.
在考察了国内外主观幸福感研究的基础上,作者提出了多层次主观幸福感模型。该模型认为,主观幸福感作为一种体验,是以需要的满足为基础的。人的基本需要有层次之分,相应地,主观幸福感也有层次之分。人的基本需要分为生存型需要、发展型需要、超越型需要,相应地,主观幸福感也可以分为生存型主观幸福感、发展型主观幸福感、超越型主观幸福感。
以多层次主观幸福感模型为基础,作者通过文献法、开放式问卷和访谈广泛搜集了生存型、发展型、超越型主观幸福感测评指标,并对267名不同层次居民进行了主观幸福感测评指标体系重要性评价研究,制定了生存型、发展型、超越型主观幸福感问卷的测评指标体系,其中,生存型主观幸福感有指标19条,发展型主观幸福感有指标16条、超越型主观幸福感有指标15条。
以生存型、发展型、超越型主观幸福测评指标体系为依据,作者分别编制了生存型主观幸福感问卷、发展型主观幸福感问卷、超越型主观幸福感问卷,并对问卷的客观性进行了修正和评价。其中生存型主观幸福感问卷包括生活满意、生命活力、安全满意3个分测验,共12个项目,得分越高表示越幸福。用经典测量理论、项目反应理论进行分析后得出,该问卷内在一致信度为0.763,重测信度为0.804,验证性因素分析表明,问卷结构效度良好,各分测验与生活满意度、单项目幸福呈中等相关,各项目特征参数也符合规定标准。该问卷的心理学测量基本指标表明其性能良好。
发展型主观幸福感问卷包括社会尊重、友好交往、认知审美3个分测验,共15个项目,得分越高表示越幸福。用经典测量理论、项目反应理论进行分析后得出,该问卷内在一致信度为0.873,重测信度为0.793,验证性因素分析表明,问卷结构效度良好,各分测验与生活满意度、单项目幸福呈低相关,各项目特征参数也符合规定标准。该问卷的心理学测量基本指标表明其性能良好。
超越型主观幸福感问卷包括社会价值、自我价值、自我实现3个分测验,共14个项目,得分越高表示越幸福。用经典测量理论、项目反应理论进行分析后得出,该问卷内在一致信度为0.827,重测信度为0.797,验证性因素分析表明,问卷结构效度良好,各分测验与生活满意度、单项目幸福呈低相关,各项目特征参数也符合规定标准。该问卷的心理学测量基本指标表明其性能良好。
运用生存型主观幸福感问卷、发展型主观幸福感问卷、超越型主观幸福感问卷,对中国国民主观幸福感现状进行了调查,结果发现中国国民幸福处在中等水平。生存型、发展型、超越型幸福存在一定程度的性别、年龄、受教育程度、城乡差异。同时,研究还发现生存型、发展型、超越型主观幸福感通过生活满意度、积极情感、消极情感影响总体幸福。
Subjective well-being (SWB) has been currently a hot psychological issue for decades. Therefore designing the survival well-being scale, developing well-bing scale and meta subjective well-being scale benefits both the development of psychology and the governmental decision making on promoting civic welfare.
Based on the nature of SWB, the relationship between SWB and human need in literatures home and aboard, the author advocates a multilevel SWB model. This model holds a clear piont that SWB is an individual experience based on the satisfaction of needs. Needs are divided into different levels so SWB can also be divided at different levels. Basic need can be divided into survival need, developing need and meta need.Correspondingly, SWB can be divided into survival subjective well-being, developing subjective well-being and meta subjective well-being.
This study takes the multilevel SWB model as a foundation.A survey is therefore taken to by literature review, open questionnaire and interviews to test the importance of SWB from267subjects among different levels. T-test analysis is used to develop the Measurement Index System of survival subjective well-being scale (19indicators), developing subjective well-being scale (16indicators) and meta subjective well-being scale (15indicators).
Based on the measurement index system of survival well-being, developing subjective well-being and meta subjective well-being, survival well-being scale, developing subjective well-being scale and meta subjective well-being scale are designed. Then the objectivity to these questionnaires are revised and evaluated. There are life satisfaction test, life vitality test and safety satisfaction test in the existence questionnaire including12items. The higher score indicates a higher level of SWB. Classical Test Theory and item response theory are used and the result shows that the internal consistency reliability is0.763, the retest reliability is0.804. And the CFA indicates the Construct Validity is well accepted, and three tests are moderate related to life satisfaction and separate item of SWB. Characteristic parameters of every item meet the required standards. The psychological measurement index of this questionnaire shows good performance.
There are social respect test, friendly communication test and Cognitive aesthetic test in the developing subjective well-being scale.15items are included and the higher score indicates the higher level of SWB. Classical Test Theory and item response theory are used and the result shows that the internal consistency reliability is0.873, the retest reliability is0.793. And the CFA indicates the Construct Validity is well accepted. The result also shows that the tests are low related to life satisfaction, separate item SWB. Characteristic parameters of every item meet the required standards. The psychological measurement index of this questionnaire shows good performance.
There are social value test, self value test and self actualization test in the meta subjective well-being scale.14items are included and the higher score indicates the higher level of SWB. Classical Test Theory and item response theory are used and the result shows that the internal consistency reliability is0.827, the retest reliability is0.797. And the CFA indicates the Construct Validity is well accepted. The result also shows that the tests are low correlated to life satisfaction and separate item SWB. Characteristic parameters of every item meet the required standards.The psychological measurement index of this questionnaire shows good performance.
A survey is conducted to test the current status of civic subjective well-being at a national range by using survival well-being scale, developing subjective well-being scale and meta subjective well-being scale. The result shows a moderate level of civic subjective well-being. There are differences between gender, age, and education. There exit urban and rural difference as well. This study also reveals that the survival Subjective well-being, developing subjective well-being, meta Subjective well-being influence SWB by life satisfaction, positive and negative emotions.
引文
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