高原汽车兵驾驶愤怒与驾驶攻击的影响因素及心理干预研究
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摘要
交通事故已成为威胁人类生命安全的第一公害。研究表明,造成交通事故各要素中人的因素占84%～90%,其中驾驶愤怒与驾驶攻击是诱发道路交通事故的重要原因。高原汽车兵是高风险特殊人群,平时担负着繁重的日常运输任务和抗洪抢险、抗震救灾等非战争军事应激任务；战时,军交运输线是军队作战行动的生命线,也是敌方打击的重点。一方面,低氧、低压等恶劣的气候,道路窄、泥石流多等艰险的道路以及高风险、高强度的驾驶任务容易触发汽车兵产生驾驶愤怒,严重影响运输保障能力。另一方面,由于未来战争杀伤力、破坏力以及心理战的渗透力越来越强,势必带给军车驾驶员更大的精神压力,更容易触发驾驶愤怒,削弱部队战斗力。基于军队建设的迫切需求,本研究以高原汽车兵为研究对象,探讨驾驶愤怒与驾驶攻击的影响因素,并采用团体训练的方法对其进行干预。研究目的旨在为汽车兵的选拔和培训提供依据,并为提高我军汽车部队平时的运输保障能力和应激应对能力提供理论基础。
研究包括三个分研究：研究一以驾驶愤怒问卷(DAS)和驾驶愤怒表达量表(DAX)为工具,随机抽取我军某汽车团441名高原汽车兵进行测试,在对问卷进行修订的基础上分析驾驶愤怒与驾驶攻击的情境因素及人口学因素；研究二以修订后的DAS和DAX为工具,随机抽取该汽车团299名汽车兵再次施测,以探讨高原汽车兵驾驶愤怒与驾驶攻击的心理因素,并建立了二者心理因素的回归方程；研究三基于上述研究结果,随机挑选该汽车团60名驾驶愤怒、驾驶攻击得分高的汽车兵为被试,分组进行认知行为训练、放松训练团体干预以及常规作业对照,并从生理、心理、行为反应三个维度对干预效果进行评估。
主要结果：
1.高原汽车兵的驾驶愤怒主要体现在“敌对行为”和“行驶受阻”两个情境因子中；年龄越大,驾龄越长的高原汽车兵驾驶愤怒与驾驶攻击得分越低。
2.驾驶愤怒心理因素的回归方程为：Y=23.816+0.287状态焦虑+0.253特质愤怒-0.242宜人性；驾驶攻击心理因素的回归方程：Y=48.418+0.462特质愤怒-0.250宜人性+0.243灾难化+0.370特质焦虑+0.367状态焦虑+0.173驾驶愤怒。
3.认知行为训练组和放松训练组干预后次日及三个月后状态焦虑、抑郁评分均显著下降；干预后测应激发生时,认知行为组心率上升的差值显著低于其他两组,放松训练组促肾上腺皮质激素以及皮质醇水平显著降低；认知行为训练组三个月后适应性表达评分显著增高、语言攻击评分显著降低,放松训练组驾驶攻击及适应性表达评分训练前后相差均不显著。
主要结论：
1.“敌对行为”、“行驶受阻”两种情境是引发高原汽车兵驾驶愤怒的主要情境因素；年龄、驾龄是影响高原汽车兵驾驶愤怒与驾驶攻击的主要人口学因素。
2.特质愤怒和宜人性是预测驾驶愤怒与驾驶攻击的共同心理因素；高原汽车兵的驾驶愤怒在一定程度上可预测驾驶攻击,但并非驾驶攻击唯一诱发因素。
3.认知行为训练及放松训练在改善焦虑、抑郁和生理唤醒程度方面均有显著效果；认知行为训练在减少驾驶攻击,增加适应性表达方面效果显著,放松训练对改善驾驶行为效果不显著。
4.人格、认知情绪调节策略及情绪特质可作为选拔高原汽车兵的心理指标；心理训练应成为高原汽车兵新兵训练及常规训练的必要内容。
基于上述研究结果,结合众多学者的研究基础,本研究提出了高原汽车兵驾驶愤怒与驾驶攻击发生的人格-情绪-认知交互作用、驾驶愤怒-驾驶攻击的再评价以及认知行为训练干预高原汽车兵驾驶愤怒与驾驶攻击的三个理论模型。
本研究被试为高原汽车兵,研究结果可在我军汽车部队推广应用。然而,由于高原汽车兵驾驶环境的艰险恶劣程度和驾驶任务的风险性以及强度与中国社会文化环境中的普通职业驾驶员不同,加之研究对象均为受过特殊军事训练的男性,使得本研究结果向一般职业驾驶员的推广受到限制。
Traffic accident has been considered as the first threat to the safety of the society. Researches indicated that car accidents caused by drivers account for84～90%of all road traffic accidents, and the driving anger and driving aggression of drivers are the key factors which trigger the car accidents. Plateau military drivers are high-risk population, usually bear a heavy routine transportation missions, floods or earthquake rescue and other non-combat military tough tasks. On the battlefield, logistic support is the important for war, in which transportation is most key factor, so it is easy to be the attack point by enemy. On one hand, the hard environments such as bad climate, hypoxic condition, mud-rock problem, the dangers of the road, and high-risk, high-intensity driving tasks make the driving soldiers easier to be anger and seriously affect transportation capacity. On the other hand, the destructive damage of the weapon and psychological fighting in future war is bound to bring the driving soldiers greater mental stress, which will make the driving anger easier to be triggered and the defense force of the war to be weakened. Based on the need of the army, the present research is to study the status, related factors and the psychological intervention of driving anger and driving aggression for plateau military drivers. The purposes of this study are to provide some evidences to the selection and training of plateau military drivers, then to improve the defense force and the capabilities of stress coping of the automotive force.
There are three topics in this project. Firstly, a total of441randomly selected plateau military truck drivers were investigated with Driving Anger Scale (DAS) and Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX), and the status and demographic of driving anger and driving aggression have been analyzed. Secondly, a total of229plateau military truck drivers were selected, and their psychological factors of driving anger and driving aggression have been estimated as well. According to the data, the Multiple Regression Equations of psychological factors for both driving anger and driving aggression were established. Thirdly, based on the related factors, a total of60plateau military truck drivers with high score of both driving anger and driving aggression were selected, and to be assigned into cognitive-behavioral training group, relaxation group and control group respectively. In the assessment of the results, biological, psychological and behavior indexes were applied.
The follows are the main results:
1. The higher mean score items of driving anger focus on subscales of "hostile behavior","progress impeded". The old drivers with more experiences report lower score of driving anger and driving aggression.
2. The multiple regression equation of driving anger is Y=23.816+0.287state anxiety+0.253trait anger-0.242agreeableness; The multiple regression equation of driving aggression is Y=48.418+0.462trait anger-0.250agreeableness+0.243catastrophizing+0.370trait anxiety+0.367state anxiety+0.173driving anger.
3. In both cognitive-behavioral training and relaxation training groups, the scores of state anxiety and depression are significantly decreased on the next day and3months after treatment; With the stressors on the next day after treatment, the pre-post difference of heart rate in cognitive-behavioral group is minimum, the pre-post difference of the adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol level in saliva in relaxation group is significantly lower than the other2groups; In cognitive-behavioral group, the score of "adaptive expression" is significantly increased, and the score of "verbally aggressive expression" is significantly decreased in three months after treatment. While in relaxation training group, there were no differences with either the score of "adaptive expression" or "verbally aggressive expression".
The main conclusions are:
1. The main environment factors triggering driving anger and driving aggression of plateau military drivers are "hostile behavior" and "progress impeded". The main demographic factors of driving anger and driving aggression of plateau military drivers are age and driving experience.
2. Trait anger and agreeableness are the common indicators to predict both driving anger and driving aggression for the plateau military drivers. The level of driving anger of the plateau military drivers may predict driving aggression on certain degree, but did not trigger driving aggression certainly.
3. Both cognitive-behavior and relaxation group training can relieve the physiological arousal, anxiety and depression. Cognitive-behavior training can reduce driving aggression, and increase the "adaptive expression" when confronting driving anger. Relaxation training has no effect on driving behavior.
4. Personality Traits, cognitive emotion regulation strategies and emotional traits should be the selective factors of plateau military drivers. Psychological training should be necessary for both recruit training and conventional training to plateau military drivers.
Based on the results of this study and previous research results, we established three theoretical model of driving anger and driving aggression to plateau military drivers:the interaction effect model of personal personality traits-emotion-cognition for the occurrence of driving anger and driving aggression, the appraisal and re-appraisal model of driving anger-driving aggression, the cognitive-behavior training model of driving anger and driving aggression.
The participants of this study are plateau military drivers, the results of this study can be applied to the automotive force. However, since the hard environments and high risk tasks of plateau military drivers are different from the non-military professional drivers, besides, the plateau military drivers have received special military training, the results of this study could not be applied to the non-military professional drivers in the culture of the society.
研究包括三个分研究：研究一以驾驶愤怒问卷(DAS)和驾驶愤怒表达量表(DAX)为工具,随机抽取我军某汽车团441名高原汽车兵进行测试,在对问卷进行修订的基础上分析驾驶愤怒与驾驶攻击的情境因素及人口学因素；研究二以修订后的DAS和DAX为工具,随机抽取该汽车团299名汽车兵再次施测,以探讨高原汽车兵驾驶愤怒与驾驶攻击的心理因素,并建立了二者心理因素的回归方程；研究三基于上述研究结果,随机挑选该汽车团60名驾驶愤怒、驾驶攻击得分高的汽车兵为被试,分组进行认知行为训练、放松训练团体干预以及常规作业对照,并从生理、心理、行为反应三个维度对干预效果进行评估。
主要结果：
1.高原汽车兵的驾驶愤怒主要体现在“敌对行为”和“行驶受阻”两个情境因子中；年龄越大,驾龄越长的高原汽车兵驾驶愤怒与驾驶攻击得分越低。
2.驾驶愤怒心理因素的回归方程为：Y=23.816+0.287状态焦虑+0.253特质愤怒-0.242宜人性；驾驶攻击心理因素的回归方程：Y=48.418+0.462特质愤怒-0.250宜人性+0.243灾难化+0.370特质焦虑+0.367状态焦虑+0.173驾驶愤怒。
3.认知行为训练组和放松训练组干预后次日及三个月后状态焦虑、抑郁评分均显著下降；干预后测应激发生时,认知行为组心率上升的差值显著低于其他两组,放松训练组促肾上腺皮质激素以及皮质醇水平显著降低；认知行为训练组三个月后适应性表达评分显著增高、语言攻击评分显著降低,放松训练组驾驶攻击及适应性表达评分训练前后相差均不显著。
主要结论：
1.“敌对行为”、“行驶受阻”两种情境是引发高原汽车兵驾驶愤怒的主要情境因素；年龄、驾龄是影响高原汽车兵驾驶愤怒与驾驶攻击的主要人口学因素。
2.特质愤怒和宜人性是预测驾驶愤怒与驾驶攻击的共同心理因素；高原汽车兵的驾驶愤怒在一定程度上可预测驾驶攻击,但并非驾驶攻击唯一诱发因素。
3.认知行为训练及放松训练在改善焦虑、抑郁和生理唤醒程度方面均有显著效果；认知行为训练在减少驾驶攻击,增加适应性表达方面效果显著,放松训练对改善驾驶行为效果不显著。
4.人格、认知情绪调节策略及情绪特质可作为选拔高原汽车兵的心理指标；心理训练应成为高原汽车兵新兵训练及常规训练的必要内容。
基于上述研究结果,结合众多学者的研究基础,本研究提出了高原汽车兵驾驶愤怒与驾驶攻击发生的人格-情绪-认知交互作用、驾驶愤怒-驾驶攻击的再评价以及认知行为训练干预高原汽车兵驾驶愤怒与驾驶攻击的三个理论模型。
本研究被试为高原汽车兵,研究结果可在我军汽车部队推广应用。然而,由于高原汽车兵驾驶环境的艰险恶劣程度和驾驶任务的风险性以及强度与中国社会文化环境中的普通职业驾驶员不同,加之研究对象均为受过特殊军事训练的男性,使得本研究结果向一般职业驾驶员的推广受到限制。
Traffic accident has been considered as the first threat to the safety of the society. Researches indicated that car accidents caused by drivers account for84～90%of all road traffic accidents, and the driving anger and driving aggression of drivers are the key factors which trigger the car accidents. Plateau military drivers are high-risk population, usually bear a heavy routine transportation missions, floods or earthquake rescue and other non-combat military tough tasks. On the battlefield, logistic support is the important for war, in which transportation is most key factor, so it is easy to be the attack point by enemy. On one hand, the hard environments such as bad climate, hypoxic condition, mud-rock problem, the dangers of the road, and high-risk, high-intensity driving tasks make the driving soldiers easier to be anger and seriously affect transportation capacity. On the other hand, the destructive damage of the weapon and psychological fighting in future war is bound to bring the driving soldiers greater mental stress, which will make the driving anger easier to be triggered and the defense force of the war to be weakened. Based on the need of the army, the present research is to study the status, related factors and the psychological intervention of driving anger and driving aggression for plateau military drivers. The purposes of this study are to provide some evidences to the selection and training of plateau military drivers, then to improve the defense force and the capabilities of stress coping of the automotive force.
There are three topics in this project. Firstly, a total of441randomly selected plateau military truck drivers were investigated with Driving Anger Scale (DAS) and Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX), and the status and demographic of driving anger and driving aggression have been analyzed. Secondly, a total of229plateau military truck drivers were selected, and their psychological factors of driving anger and driving aggression have been estimated as well. According to the data, the Multiple Regression Equations of psychological factors for both driving anger and driving aggression were established. Thirdly, based on the related factors, a total of60plateau military truck drivers with high score of both driving anger and driving aggression were selected, and to be assigned into cognitive-behavioral training group, relaxation group and control group respectively. In the assessment of the results, biological, psychological and behavior indexes were applied.
The follows are the main results:
1. The higher mean score items of driving anger focus on subscales of "hostile behavior","progress impeded". The old drivers with more experiences report lower score of driving anger and driving aggression.
2. The multiple regression equation of driving anger is Y=23.816+0.287state anxiety+0.253trait anger-0.242agreeableness; The multiple regression equation of driving aggression is Y=48.418+0.462trait anger-0.250agreeableness+0.243catastrophizing+0.370trait anxiety+0.367state anxiety+0.173driving anger.
3. In both cognitive-behavioral training and relaxation training groups, the scores of state anxiety and depression are significantly decreased on the next day and3months after treatment; With the stressors on the next day after treatment, the pre-post difference of heart rate in cognitive-behavioral group is minimum, the pre-post difference of the adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol level in saliva in relaxation group is significantly lower than the other2groups; In cognitive-behavioral group, the score of "adaptive expression" is significantly increased, and the score of "verbally aggressive expression" is significantly decreased in three months after treatment. While in relaxation training group, there were no differences with either the score of "adaptive expression" or "verbally aggressive expression".
The main conclusions are:
1. The main environment factors triggering driving anger and driving aggression of plateau military drivers are "hostile behavior" and "progress impeded". The main demographic factors of driving anger and driving aggression of plateau military drivers are age and driving experience.
2. Trait anger and agreeableness are the common indicators to predict both driving anger and driving aggression for the plateau military drivers. The level of driving anger of the plateau military drivers may predict driving aggression on certain degree, but did not trigger driving aggression certainly.
3. Both cognitive-behavior and relaxation group training can relieve the physiological arousal, anxiety and depression. Cognitive-behavior training can reduce driving aggression, and increase the "adaptive expression" when confronting driving anger. Relaxation training has no effect on driving behavior.
4. Personality Traits, cognitive emotion regulation strategies and emotional traits should be the selective factors of plateau military drivers. Psychological training should be necessary for both recruit training and conventional training to plateau military drivers.
Based on the results of this study and previous research results, we established three theoretical model of driving anger and driving aggression to plateau military drivers:the interaction effect model of personal personality traits-emotion-cognition for the occurrence of driving anger and driving aggression, the appraisal and re-appraisal model of driving anger-driving aggression, the cognitive-behavior training model of driving anger and driving aggression.
The participants of this study are plateau military drivers, the results of this study can be applied to the automotive force. However, since the hard environments and high risk tasks of plateau military drivers are different from the non-military professional drivers, besides, the plateau military drivers have received special military training, the results of this study could not be applied to the non-military professional drivers in the culture of the society.
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33. Wiesenthal, D.L., Hennessy, D.A., Gibson, P. The Driving Vengeance Question-naire (DVQ):The development of a scale to measure deviant drivers' attitudes. Violence & Victims,2000,15 (4):115.
34. Blanchard, E.B., Barton, K.A., Malta, L. Psychometric of a measure of aggressive driving:The Larson driver's stress profile. Psychological reports,2000,87 (3pt1): 881.
35. Yasak, Y., Esiyok, B.Anger amongst Turkish drivers:Driving Anger Scale and its adapted, long and short version. Saf Sci,2009,47,138-144.
36. Parkinson, B.,2001. Anger on and off the road. British Journal of Psychology 92, 507-526.
37. Dahlen, E.R., Martin, R.C., Ragan, K., Kuhlman, M.M. Driving anger, sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and boredom proneness in the prediction of unsafe driving. Accident Anal. Prev,2005,37,341-348.
38. Benfield, J.A., Szlemko, W.J., Bell, P.A. Driver personality and anthropomorphic attributions of vehicle personality relate to reported aggressive driving tendencies. Pers Individ Dif,2007,42:247-258.
39. Hilakivi, I., Veilahti, J., Asplund, P., Sinivuo, J., Laitinen, L., Koskenvuo, K.A sixteen-factor personality test for predicting automobile driving accidents of young drivers, Accid Anal Prev,1989,21(5):413-418.
40. Hazebroek, J.F., Howells, K., Day, A. Cognitive apprsisals associated with high trait anger. Pers Individ Dif,2001,30,31-45.
41. Sukhodolsky, D.G., Ruchkin, V.V. Association of Normative Beliefs and Anger With Aggression and Antisocial Behavior in Russian Male Juvenile.J Abnorm Child Psychol,2004,32(2):225-236.
42.李安.青少年的攻击行为与责任归因.青少年犯罪问题.2005,5,25-28.
43. Crick, N.R. and K.A. Dodge, Social Information-Processing Mechanisms in Reactive and Proactive Aggression. Child Dev,1996,67(3):p.993-1002.
44. James, L., Nahl, D. Road rage and aggressive driving:steering clear of high way warfare. New York:John Gienn Drive Amherst,2000:46-67.
45. Novaco, R.B. Anger as a risk factor for violence among the mentally disordered. In J.Monahan (Eds.), violence and mental disorder:Developments in risk assessment. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.1994.
46. Lorenz, K.On aggression. New York:Harcourt, Brace,& World.1966.
47. Miller, N.E.The frustration-aggression hypothesis. Psychol Rev,1941,48(4):p. 337-342.
48. Bandura, A. Social learning theory of aggression, in The control of aggression, J.F. Knutson Editors.1973.
49. Dodge, K.A., et al. Social competence in children. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev, 1986.51(2):p.1-85.
50. Berkowitz, L.Frustrations, appraisals, and aversively stimulated aggression. Aggres Behav,1988,14(1):p.3-11.
51. Berkowitz, L., Harmon, J. E. Toward an Understanding of the Determinants of Anger. Emotion,2004,4(2):107-130.
52. Anderson, C.A., Deuser, W.E., DeNeve, K.M. Hot temperatures, hostile affect, hostile cognition, and arousal:Tests of a general model of affective aggression. Pers Soc Psychol Bull,1995,21(5):p.434-448.
53. Arnett, J.J., Offer, D., Fine, M. A. Reckles driving in adolescence:state and trait factors. Accid Anal Prev,1997,29(1):57-63.
54. James, L., Nahl, D. Road rage and aggressive driving:steering clear of high way warfare. New York:John Gienn Drive Amherst,2000,46-67.
55. Novaco, R.W., Stokols, D., Campbell, J., Stokols, J.Transportation, stress and community psychology. Am J Community Psychol,1979,7(4):361-380.
56. Novaco, R.W., Stokols, D., Milanesi, L. Objective and subjective dimensions of travel impedance as determinants of commuting stress. Am J Community Psychol, 1990,18(2):231-257.
57. Novaco, R.W., Kliewer, W., Broquet, A. Home environment consequences of commute travel impedance. Am J Community Psychol,1991,19,881-909.
58. Ellison, P. A., Govern, J. M., Petri, H. L., Figler, M. H.Anonymity and aggressive driving behavior:a field study. J Soc Behav Pers,1995,10(1):265-272.
59.王振宏,郭德俊,马欣笛.初中生情绪反应、表达及其与攻击行为[[J].心理发展与教育,2007,3,93-97.
60. Feshbach,S. The function of aggression and the regulation of aggressive drive. Psychol Rev,1964,71,257-272.
61. Novaco, R.W. Anger dysregulation. In T. A. Cavell, K. T. Malcolm, T. A. Cavell, K. T. Malcolm (Eds.), Anger, aggression and interventions for interpersonal violence (pp.3-54). New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum.2003.
62. Rimm,D.C.,DeGroot,J.C.,Boord,P.,Heiman,J.,Dillow,P.V.Systematic desensitizati-on of an anger response. Behav Res Ther,1971,9,273-280.
63. Deffenbacher,J.L.,Huff,M.E.,Lynch,R.S.,Oetting,E.R.s Salvatore, N. F. Characteri-sties and treatment of high-anger drivers. J Couns Psychol,2000,47,5-17.
64. Larson, J.A.,Rodriquez,C.,Galvan-Henkin, A. Pilot study:reduction in "road rage" and aggressive driving through one day cognitive therapy seminar. Represented at New York State Symposium on Aggressive Driving, May 13, 1998, Albany, NY.
65. Galovski, T.E., Blanchard, E.B. The effectiveness of a brief psychological inter-vention on court-referred and self-referred aggressive drivers. Behav Res Ther, 2002,40,1385-1402.
66. Bushman, B. J., Baumeister, R. F., Phillips, C. M. Do people aggress to improve their mood? Catharsis beliefs, affectregulation opportunity, and aggressive responding. J Pers Soc Psychol,2001,81,17-32.
67. Novaco,R.W. Stress Inoculation:A Cognitive Therapy for Anger and Its Application to a Case of Depression. J Consult Clin Psychol,1977,45(4): 600-608.
68. Beck, R., Fernandez,E.Cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of anger:A meta-analysis. Cognit Ther Res,1998,22,63-74.
69. Del Vecchio,T., O'Leary, K.D. Effectiveness of anger treatments for specific anger problems:A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev,2004,24,15-34.
70. Deffenbacher, J. L. Evidence for effective treatment of anger-related disorders. In E.Feindler (Ed), Anger-related disorders:A practitioner's guide to comparative treatments (pp.43-70). New York:Springer.2006.
71. DiGiuseppe, R., Tafrate, R.C.Anger treatments for adults:A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol:Sci Pract,2003,10,70-84.
72. Edmondson, C.B.Conger, J.C.A review of treatment efficacy for individuals with anger problems:Conceptual, assessment, and methodological issues. Clin Psychol Rev,1996,16,251-275.
73. Ochsner,K.N.,Gross,J.J.Cognitive emotion regulation:insights from social cognitive and affective neuroscience. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci,2008,17,153-158.
74. Novaco,R.W.Remediating anger and aggression with violent offenders. Legal and Criminological Psychology,1997,2,77-88.
75. Memedovic, S., Grisham, J.R., Denson, T. F., Moulds, M. L.The effects of trait reappraisal and suppression on anger and blood pressure in response to provocation. J Res Pers,2010,44,540-543.
76. Ray, R. D., Wilhelm, F. H., Gross, J. J. All in themind's eye? Anger rumination and reappraisal. J Pers Soc Psychol,2008,94,133-145.
77.杨国愉,冯正直,汪涛.高原缺氧对心理功能的影响及防护.中国行为医学科学,2003,12(4)：471-473.
78. Bahrke, M.S.,Shukitt,Hale.B.Effects of altitude on mood, behaviour and cognitive functioning [J]. A review.Sports- Med,1993,16 (2):97-125.
79. John, L.M., Rhona,F., Kathryn,M. Bus driver well-being review:50 years of research. Transportation Research Transport Res F Traffic Psychol Behav,2006, 9(2):89-114.
80. Deffenbacher,J.L.,Lynch,R.S.,Oetting,E.R.,Swaim,R.C.The Driving Anger Expression Inventory:a measure of how people express their anger on the road. Behav Res Ther,2002,40,717-737.
81. Cohen, J.Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavior Sciences (2nd ed). Erlbaum, Hillsdale,NJ.1988.
82.李凤芝.攻击性驾驶行为与交通事故的关系研究.2004,四川大学.
83. Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., Spinhoven, P. Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation, and emotional problems. Pers Individ Dif,2001,30(5):1311-1327.
84. Costa,P.T., McCrae, R.R.professional manual.Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PIR) and NEOFive Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources,1992.
85. Spielberger, C. D. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Palo Alto, CA:Consulting Psychologists Press.1983.
86. Zung.W.W.K.A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry,1965, 12,63.
87. Zung.W.W.K.Rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics 1971,12, 371-379.
88. Dahlen, E.R., White, R.P. The Big Five factors, sensation seeking, and driving anger in the prediction of unsafe driving. Pers Indiv Differ.2006,41:903-915
89. Benazzi, F.Major depressive disorder with anger:a bipolar spectrum disorder? Psychother Psychosom,2003,73:300-306.
90. Kassinove(Ed.).Anger.disorders: Definition. Diagnosis and treatment [M]. Washington.DC:raylor& Franeis,1995,13-14.
91. Hazaleus,S.L., Deffenbacher, J. L.Relaxation and cognitive treatments of anger [J]. J Consult Clin Psychol,1986,54(2):222-226.
92.刘晓伟.曲宏达.张红梅.解亚宁.董秋安.怒恐伤气大鼠血浆AC TH C ORT IL-2IL-8变化的比较研究.辽宁中医杂志,2006,33(2)：239-240.
93. Salvador, A.Coping with competitive situations in humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev,2005,29,195-205.
94. Mustafaal'Absia,U.,Bongard,S.,William,R.L.Adrenocorticotropin responses to interpersonal stress:effects of overt anger expression style and defensiveness. Int J Psychophysiol,2000,3,257-265.
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30. Deffenbacher,J.L.et al.Cognitive-behavioral treatment of high anger drivers. Behav Res Ther,2002,40:895-910.
31. Galovski, T.E., Blanchard, E.B., Loretta S. Malta, L.S., Freidenberg, B.M. The psycho- phsiology of aggressive drivers:comparison to non-aggressive drivers and pre- to post treatment change following a cognitive-behavioural treatment. Behav Res Ther,2003,41:1055-1067.
32. Jovanovic,D., Lipovac, K., Stanojevic, P., Stanojevic, D.The effects of personality traits on driving-related anger and aggressive behavior in traffic among Serbian drivers. Transp Res Part F,2011,14,43-53.
33. Wiesenthal, D.L., Hennessy, D.A., Gibson, P. The Driving Vengeance Question-naire (DVQ):The development of a scale to measure deviant drivers' attitudes. Violence & Victims,2000,15 (4):115.
34. Blanchard, E.B., Barton, K.A., Malta, L. Psychometric of a measure of aggressive driving:The Larson driver's stress profile. Psychological reports,2000,87 (3pt1): 881.
35. Yasak, Y., Esiyok, B.Anger amongst Turkish drivers:Driving Anger Scale and its adapted, long and short version. Saf Sci,2009,47,138-144.
36. Parkinson, B.,2001. Anger on and off the road. British Journal of Psychology 92, 507-526.
37. Dahlen, E.R., Martin, R.C., Ragan, K., Kuhlman, M.M. Driving anger, sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and boredom proneness in the prediction of unsafe driving. Accident Anal. Prev,2005,37,341-348.
38. Benfield, J.A., Szlemko, W.J., Bell, P.A. Driver personality and anthropomorphic attributions of vehicle personality relate to reported aggressive driving tendencies. Pers Individ Dif,2007,42:247-258.
39. Hilakivi, I., Veilahti, J., Asplund, P., Sinivuo, J., Laitinen, L., Koskenvuo, K.A sixteen-factor personality test for predicting automobile driving accidents of young drivers, Accid Anal Prev,1989,21(5):413-418.
40. Hazebroek, J.F., Howells, K., Day, A. Cognitive apprsisals associated with high trait anger. Pers Individ Dif,2001,30,31-45.
41. Sukhodolsky, D.G., Ruchkin, V.V. Association of Normative Beliefs and Anger With Aggression and Antisocial Behavior in Russian Male Juvenile.J Abnorm Child Psychol,2004,32(2):225-236.
42.李安.青少年的攻击行为与责任归因.青少年犯罪问题.2005,5,25-28.
43. Crick, N.R. and K.A. Dodge, Social Information-Processing Mechanisms in Reactive and Proactive Aggression. Child Dev,1996,67(3):p.993-1002.
44. James, L., Nahl, D. Road rage and aggressive driving:steering clear of high way warfare. New York:John Gienn Drive Amherst,2000:46-67.
45. Novaco, R.B. Anger as a risk factor for violence among the mentally disordered. In J.Monahan (Eds.), violence and mental disorder:Developments in risk assessment. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.1994.
46. Lorenz, K.On aggression. New York:Harcourt, Brace,& World.1966.
47. Miller, N.E.The frustration-aggression hypothesis. Psychol Rev,1941,48(4):p. 337-342.
48. Bandura, A. Social learning theory of aggression, in The control of aggression, J.F. Knutson Editors.1973.
49. Dodge, K.A., et al. Social competence in children. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev, 1986.51(2):p.1-85.
50. Berkowitz, L.Frustrations, appraisals, and aversively stimulated aggression. Aggres Behav,1988,14(1):p.3-11.
51. Berkowitz, L., Harmon, J. E. Toward an Understanding of the Determinants of Anger. Emotion,2004,4(2):107-130.
52. Anderson, C.A., Deuser, W.E., DeNeve, K.M. Hot temperatures, hostile affect, hostile cognition, and arousal:Tests of a general model of affective aggression. Pers Soc Psychol Bull,1995,21(5):p.434-448.
53. Arnett, J.J., Offer, D., Fine, M. A. Reckles driving in adolescence:state and trait factors. Accid Anal Prev,1997,29(1):57-63.
54. James, L., Nahl, D. Road rage and aggressive driving:steering clear of high way warfare. New York:John Gienn Drive Amherst,2000,46-67.
55. Novaco, R.W., Stokols, D., Campbell, J., Stokols, J.Transportation, stress and community psychology. Am J Community Psychol,1979,7(4):361-380.
56. Novaco, R.W., Stokols, D., Milanesi, L. Objective and subjective dimensions of travel impedance as determinants of commuting stress. Am J Community Psychol, 1990,18(2):231-257.
57. Novaco, R.W., Kliewer, W., Broquet, A. Home environment consequences of commute travel impedance. Am J Community Psychol,1991,19,881-909.
58. Ellison, P. A., Govern, J. M., Petri, H. L., Figler, M. H.Anonymity and aggressive driving behavior:a field study. J Soc Behav Pers,1995,10(1):265-272.
59.王振宏,郭德俊,马欣笛.初中生情绪反应、表达及其与攻击行为[[J].心理发展与教育,2007,3,93-97.
60. Feshbach,S. The function of aggression and the regulation of aggressive drive. Psychol Rev,1964,71,257-272.
61. Novaco, R.W. Anger dysregulation. In T. A. Cavell, K. T. Malcolm, T. A. Cavell, K. T. Malcolm (Eds.), Anger, aggression and interventions for interpersonal violence (pp.3-54). New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum.2003.
62. Rimm,D.C.,DeGroot,J.C.,Boord,P.,Heiman,J.,Dillow,P.V.Systematic desensitizati-on of an anger response. Behav Res Ther,1971,9,273-280.
63. Deffenbacher,J.L.,Huff,M.E.,Lynch,R.S.,Oetting,E.R.s Salvatore, N. F. Characteri-sties and treatment of high-anger drivers. J Couns Psychol,2000,47,5-17.
64. Larson, J.A.,Rodriquez,C.,Galvan-Henkin, A. Pilot study:reduction in "road rage" and aggressive driving through one day cognitive therapy seminar. Represented at New York State Symposium on Aggressive Driving, May 13, 1998, Albany, NY.
65. Galovski, T.E., Blanchard, E.B. The effectiveness of a brief psychological inter-vention on court-referred and self-referred aggressive drivers. Behav Res Ther, 2002,40,1385-1402.
66. Bushman, B. J., Baumeister, R. F., Phillips, C. M. Do people aggress to improve their mood? Catharsis beliefs, affectregulation opportunity, and aggressive responding. J Pers Soc Psychol,2001,81,17-32.
67. Novaco,R.W. Stress Inoculation:A Cognitive Therapy for Anger and Its Application to a Case of Depression. J Consult Clin Psychol,1977,45(4): 600-608.
68. Beck, R., Fernandez,E.Cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of anger:A meta-analysis. Cognit Ther Res,1998,22,63-74.
69. Del Vecchio,T., O'Leary, K.D. Effectiveness of anger treatments for specific anger problems:A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev,2004,24,15-34.
70. Deffenbacher, J. L. Evidence for effective treatment of anger-related disorders. In E.Feindler (Ed), Anger-related disorders:A practitioner's guide to comparative treatments (pp.43-70). New York:Springer.2006.
71. DiGiuseppe, R., Tafrate, R.C.Anger treatments for adults:A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol:Sci Pract,2003,10,70-84.
72. Edmondson, C.B.Conger, J.C.A review of treatment efficacy for individuals with anger problems:Conceptual, assessment, and methodological issues. Clin Psychol Rev,1996,16,251-275.
73. Ochsner,K.N.,Gross,J.J.Cognitive emotion regulation:insights from social cognitive and affective neuroscience. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci,2008,17,153-158.
74. Novaco,R.W.Remediating anger and aggression with violent offenders. Legal and Criminological Psychology,1997,2,77-88.
75. Memedovic, S., Grisham, J.R., Denson, T. F., Moulds, M. L.The effects of trait reappraisal and suppression on anger and blood pressure in response to provocation. J Res Pers,2010,44,540-543.
76. Ray, R. D., Wilhelm, F. H., Gross, J. J. All in themind's eye? Anger rumination and reappraisal. J Pers Soc Psychol,2008,94,133-145.
77.杨国愉,冯正直,汪涛.高原缺氧对心理功能的影响及防护.中国行为医学科学,2003,12(4)：471-473.
78. Bahrke, M.S.,Shukitt,Hale.B.Effects of altitude on mood, behaviour and cognitive functioning [J]. A review.Sports- Med,1993,16 (2):97-125.
79. John, L.M., Rhona,F., Kathryn,M. Bus driver well-being review:50 years of research. Transportation Research Transport Res F Traffic Psychol Behav,2006, 9(2):89-114.
80. Deffenbacher,J.L.,Lynch,R.S.,Oetting,E.R.,Swaim,R.C.The Driving Anger Expression Inventory:a measure of how people express their anger on the road. Behav Res Ther,2002,40,717-737.
81. Cohen, J.Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavior Sciences (2nd ed). Erlbaum, Hillsdale,NJ.1988.
82.李凤芝.攻击性驾驶行为与交通事故的关系研究.2004,四川大学.
83. Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., Spinhoven, P. Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation, and emotional problems. Pers Individ Dif,2001,30(5):1311-1327.
84. Costa,P.T., McCrae, R.R.professional manual.Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PIR) and NEOFive Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources,1992.
85. Spielberger, C. D. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Palo Alto, CA:Consulting Psychologists Press.1983.
86. Zung.W.W.K.A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry,1965, 12,63.
87. Zung.W.W.K.Rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics 1971,12, 371-379.
88. Dahlen, E.R., White, R.P. The Big Five factors, sensation seeking, and driving anger in the prediction of unsafe driving. Pers Indiv Differ.2006,41:903-915
89. Benazzi, F.Major depressive disorder with anger:a bipolar spectrum disorder? Psychother Psychosom,2003,73:300-306.
90. Kassinove(Ed.).Anger.disorders: Definition. Diagnosis and treatment [M]. Washington.DC:raylor& Franeis,1995,13-14.
91. Hazaleus,S.L., Deffenbacher, J. L.Relaxation and cognitive treatments of anger [J]. J Consult Clin Psychol,1986,54(2):222-226.
92.刘晓伟.曲宏达.张红梅.解亚宁.董秋安.怒恐伤气大鼠血浆AC TH C ORT IL-2IL-8变化的比较研究.辽宁中医杂志,2006,33(2)：239-240.
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