颅面统计复原关键技术研究
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摘要
颅面复原以颅骨和面貌之间的内在生长变化规律为依据,推断未知颅骨的本来面貌,在考古学、法医学和医学整形等领域有重要的应用价值。基于统计理论的颅面复原方法比传统复原方法更具科学性和客观性,己成为近年来颅面形态学与颅面复原研究的热点。本文以国家自然科学基金重点项目“颅面形态学与颅面重构的研究”为背景,综合运用图像图形处理技术、多元统计分析理论以及法医人类学知识,以获取颅骨与面皮的形态关系统计规律为主线,深入研究颅面统计复原中分类模型库构建、特征点定位、点对应关系建立、颅面形态关系统计建模及面貌复原等关键技术。主要研究成果包括：
1.颅面断层图像的三维表面模型重建：针对活体颅面样本CT数据的颅面模型表面重建问题,研究了力场优化的GVF-Snake改进模型,给出了GVF-Snake改进模型与射线法相结合的表面重建算法,提高了颅面外轮廓提取的准确度；模拟自然人眼观察三维物体的过程,提出了基于广度遍历与多视点可见性检测的重建算法,基本实现了颅面模型表面重建过程的自动化。
2.颅面模型库的建立：提出了基于OLS线性回归的坐标校正方法,实现了颅面模型Frankfurt坐标系的准确建立；给出了基于生理对称性的网格修补算法及改进的基于邻接面法向约束的层进式破洞填充算法,实现了保持颅面孔洞区域曲面一致性的修补；提出了基于VTK的模型切割算法,给出基于Level-Set的网格简化算法,实现了对颅面模型的高效切割与简化；采用人类学分类方法对颅面样本进行分类。
3.颅面特征点定位：根据颅面生理构造特征定义了颅面特征点集,提出了分类模板指导与层次筛选结合的基于多尺度特征相似距离的特征点定位方法。该方法以分类模板为指导建立初步候选点集,然后利用法向与局部统计特征相似性逐层筛选获得有效候选集,再根据基于体积积分不变量的多尺度特征相似距离定位特征点,提高了特征点定位的准确度,有效实现了颅面模型中关键特征点的自动定位。
4.颅面三维模型点对应关系的建立：引入多特征加权距离约束,改进了基于ICP配准的颅面点对应算法；引入顶点间局部相对位置几何约束,提出了分区变形与多重约束结合的面皮层次点对应算法,以及TPS整体变形与多重约束结合的颅骨点对应算法。实验表明,本文方法提高了点对应的准确度,实现了具有局部生理形态几何特征一致性的颅面点对应关系的建立。
5.颅面形态关系统计建模及面貌复原：研究构建基于PCA的颅面形状联合统计模型,并将其应用于未知颅骨的面貌复原,结合实验结果指出了其缺陷；将偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)引入到颅面复原中,提出了基于PLSR的颅面局部形态统计回归模型构建方法,提出了基于PLSR的颅面统计复原方法；提出了基于对应点集相似度的复原方法评估算法,并采用该算法对这两种复原方法进行了评估。实验结果表明,基于PLSR的颅面统计复原方法提高了复原的准确度。
Craniofacial reconstruction, which is used to infer the original appearance of the unknown skull based on the inherent law between skull and appearance, has significant application value in the fields such as archeology, forensic medicine and medical plastic. Statistical craniofacial reconstruction method is more scientific and objective than traditional reconstruction methods, and it has recently become a research focus in craniofacial morphology and reconstruction. With the support of "The researches on Craniofacial Morphology and Craniofacial Reconstruction"(key project of National Nature Science Foundation), comprehensively applying image and graphics processing technology, the theory of multivariate statistical analysis, and forensic anthropological knowledge, this dissertation, which aims to explore the statistical laws of the morphological relationship between skull and face, deeply researched key techniques on statistical craniofacial reconstruction, including the construction of3D craniofacial model database, the location of feature points, the establishment of physiological consistent correspondence for craniofacial models, the statistical modeling on craniofacial morphological relationship and its application in craniofacial reconstruction. The main contributions of this dissertation are as following:
1. Surface reconstruction of craniofacial models based on CT images is researched. Aiming at surface reconstruction of craniofacial models based on3D CT images of living samples, the improved GVF-Snake model whose parameters are optimized by force field of Gradient Vector Flow(GVF), which improves the accuracy of the craniofacial outer contour extraction, is researched. A contour-based craniofacial model reconstruction algorithm in which the improved GVF-Snake model and ray method are combined is put forward. Simulating the process of human eye observing3D objects, a new craniofacial model reconstruction algorithm based on Breadth First Search(BFS) algorithm of graph and multi-view visibility detection is proposed, by which automatic and efficient surface reconstruction of craniofacial models is basically realized.
2. The construction of3D craniofacial model database including skulls and faces is also researched. A coordinates correction approach based on Ordinary Least Square(OLS) linear regression is proposed, by which Frankfurt Coordinate system of craniofacial model is established accurately. A3D mesh repair algorithm for craniofacial model based on the physiological symmetry and improved layer-by-layer pulsive hole-filling algorithm for repairing defective craniofacial model based on normal constraint of adjacent triangular faces, which enable consistent curvature between the filled meshes and its surrounding, are presented.3D model cutting algorithms based on VTK and mesh simplification algorithm based on level-set method are present, and efficient cutting and simplifying of craniofacial model are realized. A classified3D craniofacial model database is established by adopting anthropological classification method.
3. The location of feature points is researched. Two sets of feature points of skull and face are defined according to craniofacial physiological structural characteristics, and a new feature points location method for skull and face based on Multi-scale Geometric Features Similarity Distance(MGFSD), employing classified feature points template and hierarchical screening process, is proposed. At first, the Preliminary Candidate Set(PCS) of feature points is established under the guidance of classified feature points template. Next, the Effective Candidate Set(ECS) is obtained from PCS by hierarchical screening process based on similarities of normals and local statistical characteristics of corresponding feature points. Finally, according to MGFSD based on volume integral invariants, the optimal candidate in ECS can be determined as feature points. It improves the location accuracy of feature points, and automatic location of the key feature points in craniofacial model is effectively realized.
4. The establishment of physiological consistent correspondence of3D craniofacial models is researched. The ICP-based correspondence algorithm for craniofacial models is improved by introducing the weighted distance constraint of multiple features. A hierarchical3D facial correspondence method based on regional deformation and multi-constraint and a3D cranial correspondence method based on global TPS deformation and multi-constraint are proposed by introducing local relative position geometric constraint. Experimental results demonstrate our methods improve the correct rates of correspondence substantially and can establish physiological correspondence with similar local shape between craniofacial models effectively.
5. Statistical modeling on craniofacial morphological relationship and its application in craniofacial reconstruction is deeply researched. Firstly, the construction of the combined craniofacial shapes statistical model based on PCA is researched and the combined model is applied into craniofacial reconstruction, whose defects are pointed out according to the experimental results. Secondly, introducing partial least squares regression(PLSR) into craniofacial reconstruction, the statistical regression model of local craniofacial morphological correlation is first put forward, and a new statistical craniofacial reconstruction method based on this PLSR model is proposed. Thirdly, an evaluation algorithm based on the similarity of corresponding point sets is present in this dissertation and applied in the evaluations of the two craniofacial reconstruction methods. Experimental result demonstrates the new statistical craniofacial reconstruction method based on PLSR can improve the reconstruction accuracy substantially.
1.颅面断层图像的三维表面模型重建：针对活体颅面样本CT数据的颅面模型表面重建问题,研究了力场优化的GVF-Snake改进模型,给出了GVF-Snake改进模型与射线法相结合的表面重建算法,提高了颅面外轮廓提取的准确度；模拟自然人眼观察三维物体的过程,提出了基于广度遍历与多视点可见性检测的重建算法,基本实现了颅面模型表面重建过程的自动化。
2.颅面模型库的建立：提出了基于OLS线性回归的坐标校正方法,实现了颅面模型Frankfurt坐标系的准确建立；给出了基于生理对称性的网格修补算法及改进的基于邻接面法向约束的层进式破洞填充算法,实现了保持颅面孔洞区域曲面一致性的修补；提出了基于VTK的模型切割算法,给出基于Level-Set的网格简化算法,实现了对颅面模型的高效切割与简化；采用人类学分类方法对颅面样本进行分类。
3.颅面特征点定位：根据颅面生理构造特征定义了颅面特征点集,提出了分类模板指导与层次筛选结合的基于多尺度特征相似距离的特征点定位方法。该方法以分类模板为指导建立初步候选点集,然后利用法向与局部统计特征相似性逐层筛选获得有效候选集,再根据基于体积积分不变量的多尺度特征相似距离定位特征点,提高了特征点定位的准确度,有效实现了颅面模型中关键特征点的自动定位。
4.颅面三维模型点对应关系的建立：引入多特征加权距离约束,改进了基于ICP配准的颅面点对应算法；引入顶点间局部相对位置几何约束,提出了分区变形与多重约束结合的面皮层次点对应算法,以及TPS整体变形与多重约束结合的颅骨点对应算法。实验表明,本文方法提高了点对应的准确度,实现了具有局部生理形态几何特征一致性的颅面点对应关系的建立。
5.颅面形态关系统计建模及面貌复原：研究构建基于PCA的颅面形状联合统计模型,并将其应用于未知颅骨的面貌复原,结合实验结果指出了其缺陷；将偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)引入到颅面复原中,提出了基于PLSR的颅面局部形态统计回归模型构建方法,提出了基于PLSR的颅面统计复原方法；提出了基于对应点集相似度的复原方法评估算法,并采用该算法对这两种复原方法进行了评估。实验结果表明,基于PLSR的颅面统计复原方法提高了复原的准确度。
Craniofacial reconstruction, which is used to infer the original appearance of the unknown skull based on the inherent law between skull and appearance, has significant application value in the fields such as archeology, forensic medicine and medical plastic. Statistical craniofacial reconstruction method is more scientific and objective than traditional reconstruction methods, and it has recently become a research focus in craniofacial morphology and reconstruction. With the support of "The researches on Craniofacial Morphology and Craniofacial Reconstruction"(key project of National Nature Science Foundation), comprehensively applying image and graphics processing technology, the theory of multivariate statistical analysis, and forensic anthropological knowledge, this dissertation, which aims to explore the statistical laws of the morphological relationship between skull and face, deeply researched key techniques on statistical craniofacial reconstruction, including the construction of3D craniofacial model database, the location of feature points, the establishment of physiological consistent correspondence for craniofacial models, the statistical modeling on craniofacial morphological relationship and its application in craniofacial reconstruction. The main contributions of this dissertation are as following:
1. Surface reconstruction of craniofacial models based on CT images is researched. Aiming at surface reconstruction of craniofacial models based on3D CT images of living samples, the improved GVF-Snake model whose parameters are optimized by force field of Gradient Vector Flow(GVF), which improves the accuracy of the craniofacial outer contour extraction, is researched. A contour-based craniofacial model reconstruction algorithm in which the improved GVF-Snake model and ray method are combined is put forward. Simulating the process of human eye observing3D objects, a new craniofacial model reconstruction algorithm based on Breadth First Search(BFS) algorithm of graph and multi-view visibility detection is proposed, by which automatic and efficient surface reconstruction of craniofacial models is basically realized.
2. The construction of3D craniofacial model database including skulls and faces is also researched. A coordinates correction approach based on Ordinary Least Square(OLS) linear regression is proposed, by which Frankfurt Coordinate system of craniofacial model is established accurately. A3D mesh repair algorithm for craniofacial model based on the physiological symmetry and improved layer-by-layer pulsive hole-filling algorithm for repairing defective craniofacial model based on normal constraint of adjacent triangular faces, which enable consistent curvature between the filled meshes and its surrounding, are presented.3D model cutting algorithms based on VTK and mesh simplification algorithm based on level-set method are present, and efficient cutting and simplifying of craniofacial model are realized. A classified3D craniofacial model database is established by adopting anthropological classification method.
3. The location of feature points is researched. Two sets of feature points of skull and face are defined according to craniofacial physiological structural characteristics, and a new feature points location method for skull and face based on Multi-scale Geometric Features Similarity Distance(MGFSD), employing classified feature points template and hierarchical screening process, is proposed. At first, the Preliminary Candidate Set(PCS) of feature points is established under the guidance of classified feature points template. Next, the Effective Candidate Set(ECS) is obtained from PCS by hierarchical screening process based on similarities of normals and local statistical characteristics of corresponding feature points. Finally, according to MGFSD based on volume integral invariants, the optimal candidate in ECS can be determined as feature points. It improves the location accuracy of feature points, and automatic location of the key feature points in craniofacial model is effectively realized.
4. The establishment of physiological consistent correspondence of3D craniofacial models is researched. The ICP-based correspondence algorithm for craniofacial models is improved by introducing the weighted distance constraint of multiple features. A hierarchical3D facial correspondence method based on regional deformation and multi-constraint and a3D cranial correspondence method based on global TPS deformation and multi-constraint are proposed by introducing local relative position geometric constraint. Experimental results demonstrate our methods improve the correct rates of correspondence substantially and can establish physiological correspondence with similar local shape between craniofacial models effectively.
5. Statistical modeling on craniofacial morphological relationship and its application in craniofacial reconstruction is deeply researched. Firstly, the construction of the combined craniofacial shapes statistical model based on PCA is researched and the combined model is applied into craniofacial reconstruction, whose defects are pointed out according to the experimental results. Secondly, introducing partial least squares regression(PLSR) into craniofacial reconstruction, the statistical regression model of local craniofacial morphological correlation is first put forward, and a new statistical craniofacial reconstruction method based on this PLSR model is proposed. Thirdly, an evaluation algorithm based on the similarity of corresponding point sets is present in this dissertation and applied in the evaluations of the two craniofacial reconstruction methods. Experimental result demonstrates the new statistical craniofacial reconstruction method based on PLSR can improve the reconstruction accuracy substantially.
引文
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