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冰后期以来长江水下三角洲地区沉积作用及沉积环境演化
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摘要
长江三角洲地区沉积体的形成与演化与海平面变化、流域物源供应有着密切的关系,对其时空分布特征及其演化的研究对于阐明沉积物在水下三角洲地区及附近浅海陆架的分布特征及其输运机制,弄清长江三角洲演变规律和模式及其对构造运动、季风、气候变化以及海平面升降的响应,了解晚第四纪不同时空尺度的事件对三角洲沉积的影响及其在三角洲沉积中留下的地质记录等具有重要科学意义。
     本论文利用长江水下三角洲及其附近海域的3081个底质沉积物的粒度资料、17个柱样的~(210)Pb沉积速率以及搜集的72个现代沉积速率数据对该区的长江水下三角洲及其邻近海域的沉积物类型分布、现代沉积环境进行分区以及现代沉积速率分布特征进行了相关研究。通过水下三角洲地区CJK08(122.92°E,30.97°N)和CJK10(122.60°E,30.61°N)浅钻岩芯的AMS-~(14)C测年、粒度、磁化率、ITRAX元素扫描、常微量元素以及有机碳氮等指标分析,结合浅地层剖面资料,尝试建立长江水下三角洲地区冰后期以来高精度沉积地层框架,探讨冰后期以来长江水下三角洲的沉积演化规律及其对气候-海平面的响应方式。
     在对长江水下三角洲及其邻近海区的现代沉积环境研究方面主要取得了以下研究成果:
     1.根据粒度分析结果,采用福克分类方案,将本研究区内表层沉积物主要划分为7种类型:砂(S)、粉砂质砂(zS)、泥质砂(mS)、砂质粉砂(sZ)、砂质泥(sM)、粉砂(Z)、泥(M),在此基础上编制了研究区详细的沉积物类型图,该图对于研究区的动力环境特征具有很好的反映。
     2.根据沉积物类型分布,综合该区的水动力条件、水下地形、地貌特征,将研究区划分为5个沉积分区:I水下三角洲沉积区,II苏北辐射沙洲沉积区,III杭州湾沉积区,IV陆架沉积区,V过渡沉积区,对5个分区的界限进行了精确的界定。
     3.综合沉积物类型分区和现代沉积速率分布,对长江口外泥质区的范围作了界定,大致分布范围南部以马鞍列岛-嵊泗列岛为界、北以31.2°N为界,东不超过122.8°E,泥质区平均沉积速率为3-4cm/yr。泥质区122.5E、31.0N为中心,沉积速率最高可达6.3cm/yr。
     在长江水下三角洲地区沉积、地层与演化方面主要取得了以下的认识:
     1.水下三角洲地层可以划分出TS和MFS界面,且在TS和MFS之间存在一清晰的界面将TST分为冰后期早期形成的海侵体系域TST1和晚期形成的海侵体系域TST2,MFS之上也存在一较为清晰的界面将HST分为早期的高位体系域HST1和晚期形成的高位体系域HTS2。
     2. TST1的形成依次受到了MWP-1A结束后海平面的缓慢上升、YD事件、MWP-1B的作用,自下而上依次为潮间带-潮下带、潮上带、河口湾沉积;TST2,为8.2cal kyr BP到全新世最大海侵发生之间形成的过渡沉积和浅海相沉积;HTS1为全新世最大海侵以来发育的前三角洲沉积,沉积物为均一的泥,体系域呈低角度前积,由陆向海变薄,在距离CJK08孔东南方向约5-6km尖灭;HST2,全新世晚期的高位体系域,在CJK08孔基本没有发育,大致在CJK08孔西北约7km,水深30m附近尖灭。
     3. CJK08孔位于前三角洲东部边缘,14.3-13.5cal kyr BP为潮汐河道相沉积。13.5-8.2cal kyr BP为河口湾沉积体系,其中,12.8-11.6cal kyr BP受新仙女木事件影响,发育了棕黄色、浸润状、斑点状及顺层潴育化发育的潮上带沉积。8.2cal kyrBP以来为过渡沉积-浅海陆架沉积。潮汐河道相沉积以潮汐影响的砂泥互层和10-30cm的厚层粉细砂交替出现为特征,S和Cl元素含量极低,沉积速率较高,约为0.73cm/yr。河口湾沉积以波状层理、双向交错层理、水平层理的泥沙互层为特征,沉积速率较低,约0.076-0.21cm/yr。过渡沉积-浅海陆架沉积,由块状均质泥组成,8.2-6.7cal kyr BP沉积速率异常高,达0.93cm/yr,与全新世高海平面时强潮河口湾的形成,海洋动力增强,更多泥沙被扩散到该地区有关;6.7cal kyr BP以来沉积速率很低,约0.28m/yr,缺乏现代长江物质的供应。
     4. CJK10孔位于长江水下三角洲前三角洲南部岛屿附近,冰后期沉积层厚约17.2m。11.2-9.6cal kyr BP依次发育了漫滩沼泽-滨岸沼泽-潮滩相沉积,9.6-4.2cal kyrBP,由潮滩相向浅海相转变,4.2-3.2cal kyr BP为浅海陆架沉积,3.2cal kyr BP以来发育了三角洲沉积体系。漫滩沼泽相沉积以高S低Cl为特点,滨岸沼泽相沉积中Cl的含量有所增加,潮滩沉积中则见大量生活在潮间带的螺和植物。11.2-9.6cal kyr BP沉积速率高达0.75cm/yr。9.6-4.2cal kyr BP,由潮滩相向浅海相转变过程中无沉积作用发生,存在较长时间的沉积间断。浅海陆架沉积和三角洲沉积体系的沉积速率较低,约0.094-0.22cm/yr。
     5.根据CJK10孔8.1-5.2m普遍存在的潮间带螺壳和植物,尝试恢复了长江水下三角洲地区10.6-9.6cal kyr BP的海平面,大致位于现今海平面以下约36.3-33.2m。
     6.12-8.2cal kyr BP,主要沉积中心在古河谷区及古河谷向水下三角洲的延伸区,崇明岛向外沿长江河道方向沉积厚度降低,除了JS98附近地区,在陆区古河谷区沉积厚度在30m左右,到水下三角洲的ECS-0702附近为13m,继续向海沉积厚度降为5m以下;8.2-7.5cal kyr BP,整个三角洲地区的沉积厚度均较薄,在CJK08孔略厚,为10m左右;7.5-2.5cal kyr BP,沉积中心基本位于JS98和HM03之间,崇明岛以西的河段,水下三角洲约20m以外地区沉积厚度不足2m,另外,在杭州湾口的岛屿以里地区开始接受了一定量沉积,表明这一时间有一定量长江物质开始向南输运;2.5cal kyr BP以来,沉积中心明显的向东南转移,原来的JS98到HM03之间的区域可能已经出露成陆,古河谷的沉积可容空间已基本被填满,更多的长江物质在2.5cal kyr BP开始向东南部和南部地区输运。
     7.7.5cal kyr BP最大海侵开始时三角洲沉积体系在古河口湾的顶部开始发育,7.5-2.5cal kyr BP在崇明以西的古河谷区发育了厚层的前三角洲-三角洲前缘沉积或者河口沙坝沉积;三角洲体系在水下三角洲地区发育时间较晚,而且较薄,5.9calkyr BP左右在ZK9孔附近开始发育,1.7kyr以后三角洲沉积体才向南推进到CJK10孔附近。
The formation and evolution of the sub-aqueous Yangtze delta depositional systemare closely related with regional sea level change and terrestrial sediment supply.Research on the spatial and temporal distributions of the delta depositional system couldcontribute to clarify the following scientific issuses, e.g. the depositional pattern andtransportation mechanism of Changjiang supply materials, the Yangtze delta evolutionmodel and its response to tectonic-climate-sea level fluctuations, different spatial andtemporal scales of geological events and its records in the Yangtze delta strata.
     Modern sedimentary environment of the Changjiang estuary and its adjacent areawas studied based on the grain-size analysis of3081surficial sediment samples andmodern sedimentary rates derived from~(210)Pb dating. And still the evolution of thePostglacial depositional environment in the subaqueous Yangtze delta and relatedpaleoenvironment changes, were discussed according to the lithology, sedimentary faceanalysis, AMS-~(14)C dating, grain-size analysis, magnetic susceptibility, major and traceelements, TC-TN-TOC, elements contents derived from ITRAX core scanner andseismic data.
     Research on the modern sedimentary environment was summarized as follows.
     (1)7types of sediment distributed in this study area were defined, namely sand, siltysand, mud sand,sandy silt, sandy mud,silt and mud, according to the Folk classbased on the grain-size analysis. On this background seafloor classification mapwas compiled and corresponding well the dynamical environment distribution.
     (2) On the basis of surfacial sediment distribution, five different depositionalenvironments in the present study area, namely the subaqueous delta, the Subei radial sand ridge, Hangzhou Bay, shallow marine shelf and transitional belt, andtheir boundary are defined.
     (3) The distribution of mud area off the Changjiang estuary was defined based on thedistribution of sediment types and modern sedimentation rates. It was confinedby the Ma-an Island and Shengsi Island in the south,122.8°E in the east and31.2°N in the north. The highest sedimention rate, about6.3cm/yr, occurs on thesedimentary center of the mud area, around31.2°N,122.9°E.Research on the evolution of post-glacial depositional environment in thesub-aqueous Yangtze delta was summarized as follows.
     (1) Prominent transgressive surface and maximum flooding surface existed in theYangtze sub-aqueous delta strata indicated by seimic profiles. TST depositionalsystem between TS and MFS is composed of TST1,formed during earlyPostglaciation, and TST2. HST depositional system above MFS is composed ofthe earlier HST1and the later HST2.
     (2) TST1,composed of intertidal-subtidal, upper tidal and estuary upwards, wasinduced by the slow sea level rising after melt-water pulse1A (MWP-1A),Younger Dryas event and the melt-water pulse1B (MWP-1B) correspondingly.The14m thick high stand system tract TST2, composed of transitionaldepositional facies and shallow marine facies, formed from8.2cal kyr BP to themid-Holocene high sea-level period. HST1, the prodelta sedimentary system,formed after the mid-Holocene high sea-level periods, composed of massive mudthins offshore, pinching out at about5-6km south-east of core CJK08. HST2isabsent around core CJK08, pinching out at water depth30m,7km north-east ofcore CJK08.
     (3) Results of core CJK08, obtained from the most east of Changjiang subaqueousdelta show a tidal river depositional environment from14.3to13.5cal kyr BP, anestuary system from13.5to8.2cal kyr BP and a transitional-shallow marineenvironment since8.2cal kyr BP. The tidal river depositional system is characterized by the alternations of sand and sand-mud intercalations with lowcontent of S and Cl, and high sedimentation rate of0.73cm/yr. Transitonal andshallow marine depositional system are mainly composed of massive mud withextremely high sedimentation rate about0.93cm/yr during8.2-6.7cal kyr BP andlow sedimentation rate about0.028cm/yr since6.7cal kyr BP. We explain theextremely high sedimentation rate during8.2-6.7cal kyr BP as a result of strongmarine processes mostly dispersed the suspended sediments since the Holocenehigh sea level and the low sedimentation rate since6.7cal kyr BP induced bystarvation of modern sediment supply and southern transport of Changjiangmaterials since2cal kyr BP.
     (4) Core CJK10, with17.2m thick postglacial sediment, is located around the islandsoff the south of the subaqueous Yangtze delat. Floodplain, shore swamp and tidalflat dominated during11.2-9.6cal kyr BP, with the highest sedimentation rate7.5m/kyr. A hiatus occurred during9.6-4.2cal kyr BP, the transition from tidal flatto subtidal flat, caused probably by lack of sediment supply deduced by theabruptly rising of sea level. Subaqueous delta depositional sedimentary facies,with a thickness of only~3m,developed since3.2cal kyr BP.
     (5) The mean sea level during10.6-9.6cal kyr BP, about36.3-33.2m below modernmean sea level, was reconstructed according to the AMS-~(14)C dating from intertidalflat layer vs. depth of core CJK08.
     (6) During12-8.2cal kyr BP deposition center, with thickness thinning from land tosea, was located around the paleo-Changjiang river channel area.8.2-7.5cal kyrBP the whole sub-aqueous delat received rare sediment deposition, whereas thecore CJK08recorded relatively thick sedimentation, about10m.7.5-2.5cal kyrBP deposition center located more landward, between core JS98and core HM03.The depositional thickness, around sub-aqueous delta area, at water depth deeperthan20m, is less than2m during this period. Since2.5cal kyr BP, area betweencore JS98and core HM03exposed. And duiring this period, the deposition center is obviously diveting to southeast indicating that more Changjiang materialssupplied southeastwards and southwards.
     (7)7.5cal kyr BP, during the Holocene high sea level stands, delta depositionalsystems intiated around the upper apex of the paleo-Changjaing river channel.During7.5-2.5cal kyr BP thick prodelta-prodelta and estuary sand shoaldepositional system developed around the west of Chongming island. Deltadepositional system is not well developed around the subaqueous area, e.g. about5.9cal kyr BP prograding the area around core ZK9, and about4.2cal kyr BParound core CJK10.
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