高水头平面事故闸门动水关闭水动力特性及门槽水力特性研究
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摘要
泄水建筑物的事故平面闸门担负着紧急情况下动水下闸、防止事故扩大的重任,闸门动水关闭的可靠性直接影响工程的泄水安全。在事故平面闸门的动水关闭过程中,闸门水动力荷载受闸门体型、作用水头及流速、启闭速度及通气等诸多因素的影响而难以准确把握,设计荷载产生偏差时容易导致闸门启闭机容量不足或闸门不能正常关闭等问题。当闸门体型设计不良时闸底产生水流分离导致的压力波动,可能会带来闸门振动的不利影响。随着高水头平面闸门日益增多,闸门的水动力特性更加复杂,其运行可靠性问题更加突出。因此研究高水头闸门复杂的水动力特性,分析闸门体型及水力参数对闸门水动力荷载的影响,是高水头平面闸门工程设计和应用急需解决的问题。
本文针对高水头平面闸门动水关闭的水动力特性问题,首先结合典型事故平面闸门的模型试验分析了闸门动水关闭水流及水动力荷载的变化特征；在物理模型试验及原型观测结果验证数值模拟方法的基础上,系统深入的研究了闸门水头、底缘体型及启闭速度等参数和闸门水动力荷载的影响关系,分析了高速水流对闸门水动力特性的影响和异形门槽的水力特性,提出了闸门体型和水力参数的设计建议。本文所取得的主要创新性成果概括如下：
(1)首次结合物理模型试验及原型观测结果,研究了适合高水头平面闸门动水关闭水动力荷载的数值模拟方法。数值模拟结果的精度能够满足工程设计的需要,为高水头闸门动水关闭的水动力荷载的计算和研究提供了一个新途径。
(2)首次系统深入研究了平面事故闸门上游底缘倾角、厚度、运行水头及启闭速度等参数对闸门上托力的影响。揭示了运行水头对闸门上托力的影响规律,给出了闸门最小上托力系数随上游底缘倾角线性增大的关系,提出了闸门底缘压力随底缘厚度减小而降低的影响关系,对闸门上游底缘倾角及厚度的取值给出了建议,为高水头闸门的工程设计和相关闸门规范的修订提供了参考依据。
(3)首次系统研究了下游底缘倾角及上、下游水头参数对闸门下吸力的影响。研究表明闸门底缘的下吸负压随着上游水头的增加而增大,现行规范推荐的下吸力强度设计值仅适用于低水头的闸门,为高水头平面事故闸门下吸力强度取值的调整和修订提供了依据。给出了闸门下吸力系数和淹没水头系数的定量关系,为高水头闸门下游底缘及水力参数设计提供了科学依据。
(4)首次深入研究了异形门槽及斜交门槽的水力特性,分析了异形布置对门槽水力空化特性的影响,研究了斜交门槽有效宽深比的增大效应,提出了异形门槽体型设计参数的建议。
The emergency plane gate takes an important task in the operation of discharge structures, since it has to be closed down in any emergent hydrodynamic conditions so as to prevent the accident expanding further. Therefore, the operation reliability of the emergency gate will directly affect the safety of the project. In the process of gate closure in hydrodynamic conditions, the characteristics of the hydrodynamic loads on the gate are often difficult to be estimated accurately, affected by many factors such as the gate profile, the water head, the flow velocity, the closing speed and the aeration. This will easily lead to the problems that the design capacity of the gate hoist is insufficient or that the gate can not be closed down satisfactorily. In addition, if the gate profile is poorly designed, the flow separation may occur on the gate bottom edge, and then the pressure fluctuations may bring negative influence such as gate vibrations. Since the number of high-water-head plane gates is increasing, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the gates are getting more complex and their operation reliability is becoming more important. Therefore, it is necessary to study the complex hydrodynamic characteristics of the high-water-head plane gate and to study the influence of gate profile and hydraulic parameters on hydrodynamic loads. It is a critical issue that needs to be solved in the design and application of current high-water-head plane gates.
In this paper, the characteristics of the flow near the gate, as well as hydrodynamic loads on the gate, are studied in the process of gate closure based on the model tests of two typical emergency plane gates. With the numerical simulation method that has been verified by the results of model tests and prototype observations, the relations between hydrodynamic loads and some parameters, such as the profile, the water-head and the closing speed of the gate, are analyzed in various conditions. The influence of high-velocity flow on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the gate is analyzed, and the hydraulic characteristics of the anomalous gate slot are also studied. Some suggestions are proposed for the design of the gate profile and the hydraulic parameters. The main innovative results are summarized as follows:
1. A numerical simulation method, which is suited for the study of unsteady air-water two-phase flow in the process of gate closure, is proposed firstly. The calculated results have been verified by experimental data and prototype observation data. It is demonstrated that the feasibility of the method and the precision of the results can meet the needs of project design. Therefore, a new way is provided for the calculation and research of hydrodynamic loads on high-water-head plane gate.
2. The relations between hydrodynamic loads and various parameters, such as the angle and thickness of upstream gate bottom edge, the water head and the closing speed, are studied systematically for the first time. The change of the uplift force with various water heads on the gate is revealed. The results show that the minimum coefficient of the uplift force will increase linearly with the angle and decrease with the decline of the thickness of the upstream gate bottom edge. The appropriate parameters about the angle and thickness of the gate are recommended, which can provide scientific reference for the project design and the revision of current relevant specifications for high-water-head plane gates.
3. The relations between downpull force and various parameters, such as the angle of downstream gate bottom edge, and the upstream/downstream water head, are studied firstly in details. It is shown that the maximum negative pressure on gate bottom edge will increase with the upstream water head and the intensity of downpull force recommended by the gate specifications (20kPa) can only be used for the gate under low water head. This provides a basis for the adjustment and revision of existing specifications about the intensity of downpull force in high-water-head plane gates. In view of downstream submerged water head on the gate, the quantitative relation between the coefficient of downpull force and that of the submerged water head is proposed. The results provide a scientific basis for the hydraulic design of high water-head plane gate with downstream gate bottom edge.
4. The hydraulic characteristics of the anomalous and skew gate slots are studied detailed firstly. The influence on hydraulic and cavitation characteristics by the layout of anomalous slot is analyzed. The effect due to the increasing ratio of the width and depth of the skew slot is studied. Some suggestions are given about the design parameters of the anomalous gate slot.
本文针对高水头平面闸门动水关闭的水动力特性问题,首先结合典型事故平面闸门的模型试验分析了闸门动水关闭水流及水动力荷载的变化特征；在物理模型试验及原型观测结果验证数值模拟方法的基础上,系统深入的研究了闸门水头、底缘体型及启闭速度等参数和闸门水动力荷载的影响关系,分析了高速水流对闸门水动力特性的影响和异形门槽的水力特性,提出了闸门体型和水力参数的设计建议。本文所取得的主要创新性成果概括如下：
(1)首次结合物理模型试验及原型观测结果,研究了适合高水头平面闸门动水关闭水动力荷载的数值模拟方法。数值模拟结果的精度能够满足工程设计的需要,为高水头闸门动水关闭的水动力荷载的计算和研究提供了一个新途径。
(2)首次系统深入研究了平面事故闸门上游底缘倾角、厚度、运行水头及启闭速度等参数对闸门上托力的影响。揭示了运行水头对闸门上托力的影响规律,给出了闸门最小上托力系数随上游底缘倾角线性增大的关系,提出了闸门底缘压力随底缘厚度减小而降低的影响关系,对闸门上游底缘倾角及厚度的取值给出了建议,为高水头闸门的工程设计和相关闸门规范的修订提供了参考依据。
(3)首次系统研究了下游底缘倾角及上、下游水头参数对闸门下吸力的影响。研究表明闸门底缘的下吸负压随着上游水头的增加而增大,现行规范推荐的下吸力强度设计值仅适用于低水头的闸门,为高水头平面事故闸门下吸力强度取值的调整和修订提供了依据。给出了闸门下吸力系数和淹没水头系数的定量关系,为高水头闸门下游底缘及水力参数设计提供了科学依据。
(4)首次深入研究了异形门槽及斜交门槽的水力特性,分析了异形布置对门槽水力空化特性的影响,研究了斜交门槽有效宽深比的增大效应,提出了异形门槽体型设计参数的建议。
The emergency plane gate takes an important task in the operation of discharge structures, since it has to be closed down in any emergent hydrodynamic conditions so as to prevent the accident expanding further. Therefore, the operation reliability of the emergency gate will directly affect the safety of the project. In the process of gate closure in hydrodynamic conditions, the characteristics of the hydrodynamic loads on the gate are often difficult to be estimated accurately, affected by many factors such as the gate profile, the water head, the flow velocity, the closing speed and the aeration. This will easily lead to the problems that the design capacity of the gate hoist is insufficient or that the gate can not be closed down satisfactorily. In addition, if the gate profile is poorly designed, the flow separation may occur on the gate bottom edge, and then the pressure fluctuations may bring negative influence such as gate vibrations. Since the number of high-water-head plane gates is increasing, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the gates are getting more complex and their operation reliability is becoming more important. Therefore, it is necessary to study the complex hydrodynamic characteristics of the high-water-head plane gate and to study the influence of gate profile and hydraulic parameters on hydrodynamic loads. It is a critical issue that needs to be solved in the design and application of current high-water-head plane gates.
In this paper, the characteristics of the flow near the gate, as well as hydrodynamic loads on the gate, are studied in the process of gate closure based on the model tests of two typical emergency plane gates. With the numerical simulation method that has been verified by the results of model tests and prototype observations, the relations between hydrodynamic loads and some parameters, such as the profile, the water-head and the closing speed of the gate, are analyzed in various conditions. The influence of high-velocity flow on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the gate is analyzed, and the hydraulic characteristics of the anomalous gate slot are also studied. Some suggestions are proposed for the design of the gate profile and the hydraulic parameters. The main innovative results are summarized as follows:
1. A numerical simulation method, which is suited for the study of unsteady air-water two-phase flow in the process of gate closure, is proposed firstly. The calculated results have been verified by experimental data and prototype observation data. It is demonstrated that the feasibility of the method and the precision of the results can meet the needs of project design. Therefore, a new way is provided for the calculation and research of hydrodynamic loads on high-water-head plane gate.
2. The relations between hydrodynamic loads and various parameters, such as the angle and thickness of upstream gate bottom edge, the water head and the closing speed, are studied systematically for the first time. The change of the uplift force with various water heads on the gate is revealed. The results show that the minimum coefficient of the uplift force will increase linearly with the angle and decrease with the decline of the thickness of the upstream gate bottom edge. The appropriate parameters about the angle and thickness of the gate are recommended, which can provide scientific reference for the project design and the revision of current relevant specifications for high-water-head plane gates.
3. The relations between downpull force and various parameters, such as the angle of downstream gate bottom edge, and the upstream/downstream water head, are studied firstly in details. It is shown that the maximum negative pressure on gate bottom edge will increase with the upstream water head and the intensity of downpull force recommended by the gate specifications (20kPa) can only be used for the gate under low water head. This provides a basis for the adjustment and revision of existing specifications about the intensity of downpull force in high-water-head plane gates. In view of downstream submerged water head on the gate, the quantitative relation between the coefficient of downpull force and that of the submerged water head is proposed. The results provide a scientific basis for the hydraulic design of high water-head plane gate with downstream gate bottom edge.
4. The hydraulic characteristics of the anomalous and skew gate slots are studied detailed firstly. The influence on hydraulic and cavitation characteristics by the layout of anomalous slot is analyzed. The effect due to the increasing ratio of the width and depth of the skew slot is studied. Some suggestions are given about the design parameters of the anomalous gate slot.
引文
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