水资源定价理论与方法研究
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摘要
水是生命之源、生产之要、生态之基。随着经济社会需水量的逐步增加,经济社会与生态系统的用水矛盾日益突出。由于用水方式转变和技术进步所带动的节水空间越来越有限,水价在水资源管理中的作用逐步得到了重视。2011年中央1号文件中提出“实行最严格的水资源管理制度,充分运用市场机制优化配置水资源”、“积极推进水价改革,充分发挥水价的调节作用,兼顾效率和公平,大力促进节约用水和产业结构调整”,明确地指出了当前水价调节在水资源管理中的作用。
目前,我国水价制定程序与管理制度还不甚合理,各地水资源费标准和水价偏低,尚未形成完善的供水价格比价关系和价格差价关系,使得水价作为市场杠杆调节水资源供求关系的作用没有得到充分发挥。如何针对区域水资源条件和经济发展特点,考虑不同用户的差别需求和承受能力,在保障基本用水公平的基础上,制定具有竞争效应的分门别类的多元化水价,形成较完善的供水价格体系,充分发挥价格的调节作用,引导和优化与产业结构相协调的用水消费结构,促进各类水资源的合理配置和可持续利用,缓解水资源供需矛盾,是当前及未来水资源管理面临的重要任务和不能回避的关键问题。
考虑目前水价体系存在的不足,结合水资源管理的实际需求,论文从水资源定价理论与方法方面开展研究,以推动水资源定价方法的完善、引导合理水价标准的制定、促进水资源的优化配置和可持续利用。主要包括以下几方面内容：
(1)完善了水资源价值理论。系统分析了东西方哲学、现代资产阶级学派、马克思主义哲学中的价值理论,总结得出价值在不同的历史条件下具有不同的内涵。结合水资源具有稀缺性、产权所有者以及使用效用等特点,提出了商品经济条件下水资源价值的内涵,指出水资源价值是水的固有特征,具有多重属性,在自然系统循环及经济社会系统使用过程中,水在其初始分配、综合开发、合理利用、有效保护的各个环节,体现出不同的价值属性,即：水的产权价值、劳动价值、使用价值和补偿价值,在商品经济中,这些属性可通过均衡价格来综合反映。
(2)明确了水价形成机制。对水价制定过程中涉及的主要内容进行了分析,系统阐述了水价构成、定价主体、定价原则、定价模式、水价制定程序、水价调整机制等内容。并基于价格形成机制的内涵,界定了水资源价格形成机制的内涵：以将水资源要素纳入国家宏观调控体系、促进用水公平、保护水资源为目标,以明确合理水价构成、确立定价主体、完善水价制定程序及调整机制为手段,所建立的有利于水资源合理配置、水行业可持续发展以及引导水的生产、流通和消费的水资源定价机制和水价管理体制。
(3)提出了水资源费的测算方法。针对当前水资源费测算的难点问题,提出了水资源费的测算方法和途径。水资源价格应由水资源费、生产成本和水环境补偿费构成,在非市场经济条件下,水资源价格可通过影子价格来评价。根据水价的构成关系,影子价格扣除生产成本和环境补偿费之后剩余的部分即为水资源费。
(4)构建了水资源定价模型。基于水资源价值理论以及供给价格和需求价格的平衡关系,构建了包含供给价格评价模块、需求价格评价模块和均衡价格评价模块的水资源定价模型。并将该模型应用于北京市水资源价格测算分析中,确定了居民生活、农业灌溉、工业以及第三产业各部门的用水价格及其构成。模型既能充分保障水生产供应以及污水处理过程中的成本投入以及合理利润,又能体现用户的支付能力和承受能力。
(5)构建了水资源价格政策模拟模型。基于一般均衡原理,将水资源要素纳入到要素供应体系中,并将水生产供应部门从企业中独立出来,构建了针对水资源问题的价格政策模拟模型(the General Equilibrium Model of Analysis&Simulation for Water Price Policy, WaGE),分析水资源价格水平变动、不同部门价格差价、政府补贴等条件变化对宏观经济体系的影响,为水资源价格模拟、转移支付、税收等问题提供政策分析工具。
Water is the source of life, the element of production, and the foundation of eco-system. With the increase of water demand in social-economic activities, the competiton between social-economic system and eco-system is more and more serious. For the potential of water-saving driven by the improving water usage pattern and technical progress is being limited, water pricing policy is gradually attractive in water resources management. It is stated in the2011State Council No.1Document that the most strict water resources management system will be implemented and market function will be enforced to optimize allocation of water resources; water pricing reform will be actively promoted to enhance the role of water price adjustment to industrial structure for both efficiency and fairness. The document clearly points out the importance of the role of water pricing adjustment in water resources management.
In China, it is still long way to go in water price formulation procedure and in water price management system. The water resources fee and water price is still lower than they should be, that makes water price can not play the role of adjusting water supply and demand as a market control measure. Important tasks and inevitable challengers in water resources management are:1) how to determine the reasonable and various water prices based on regional water condition, economic activities and water user's intentions in the point of view of fairness;2) how to draw up a perfect water supply price system to make water price play the role of regulating effect, to guide and optimize the water consumption structure coordination with industrial structure; and3) how to promote each kind of water resources rational allocation and sustainable utilization, and to alleviate the contradiction between water resources supply and demand.
Considering the deficiency of current water pricing system, and combined with the practical needs of water resources management, this paper carrys out the study on water resources pricing and its practice, to promote the water pricing methodology, to guide the reasonable water price standard formulation, to optimate allocation of water resources and sustainable utilization, and to serve for the construction of ecological civilization. The main contents are shown as follow:
(1) Improvement of the theory of water resources value. Based on systematic analysis on value theories of the eastern and western philosophy, the modern bourgeois school, and the Marxism philosophy, this paper proposes the summary of that value has different connotation in different historical stage. Considering the characteristics of water in resources scarcity, property ownership and use utility, it is put forward that the connotation of water resources value in commercial economy. That is, water resources value has its own intrinsic characteristics and various attribute in natural cycling and social-economic using process. Water shows its different attribute when it goes in different processes of initiative right distribution, synthesized exploitation, rational utilization and effective protection. These attribute is reflected as property value, the labor value, use value and compensation value. In commercial economy, they can be synthetically represented by the equilibrium price.
(2) Definition of the connotation of the water resources pricing mechanism. The paper analyzes the process of water pricing, and represents the consists of water price, the pricing subjects, pricing principles, pricing models, and water price adjustment mechanism, etc. It defines the water price forming mechanism connotation. It means that water as economic element should be taken into the state's macroeconomic regulation and control system, aiming at fair water usage and water protection., while water price consists, pricing subjects, pricing process and water price adjustment are taken as the measures for rational water resources allocation and water industry sustainable development, and for conducting effective water production, circulation and consumption.
(3) Development of the methodology for calculating water resources fee. In view of the difficulties in determining water resources fee in present, this paper puts forward a methodology to calculate water resources fee. It is clear that water price is composed of water resources fee, production cost and water environment compensation tax. In non-market economy, water price can be evaluated by the shadow price. According to the equilibrium relationship, it is inducted in this paper that water resources fee is the rest part of shadow price after deduction of production cost and environmental compensation tax.
(4) Building of water pricing model. Based on water resource value theory and supply price and demand price balance relationship, this paper represents the water pricing model which include supply price evaluation module, demand price evaluation module and equilibrium price evaluation module. The model was applied in Beijing to analyze water price calculation and helps to determine water price standard for household, agriculture and industries. The model not only considers the investment cost and reasonable profits of water production supply and sewage treatment, but also reflects the water user's paying ability and bear ability.
(5) Development of the general equilibrium model of analysis and simulation for water price (WaGE). Based on the general equilibrium principle, water as economic element is taken into the elements supply system, and the water supply enterprise is separated from whole production enterprise, so that the General Equilibrium Model of Analysis and Simulation for Water Price Policy (WaGE) could be constructed focusing on water pricing issues. As policy analysis tool, the model could represent the suggestions of the macro economic influences of water resources price adjustment, government subsidies to water enterprises, etc, and the further suggestions for water resources price simulation, water related transfer payments and tax issues.
目前,我国水价制定程序与管理制度还不甚合理,各地水资源费标准和水价偏低,尚未形成完善的供水价格比价关系和价格差价关系,使得水价作为市场杠杆调节水资源供求关系的作用没有得到充分发挥。如何针对区域水资源条件和经济发展特点,考虑不同用户的差别需求和承受能力,在保障基本用水公平的基础上,制定具有竞争效应的分门别类的多元化水价,形成较完善的供水价格体系,充分发挥价格的调节作用,引导和优化与产业结构相协调的用水消费结构,促进各类水资源的合理配置和可持续利用,缓解水资源供需矛盾,是当前及未来水资源管理面临的重要任务和不能回避的关键问题。
考虑目前水价体系存在的不足,结合水资源管理的实际需求,论文从水资源定价理论与方法方面开展研究,以推动水资源定价方法的完善、引导合理水价标准的制定、促进水资源的优化配置和可持续利用。主要包括以下几方面内容：
(1)完善了水资源价值理论。系统分析了东西方哲学、现代资产阶级学派、马克思主义哲学中的价值理论,总结得出价值在不同的历史条件下具有不同的内涵。结合水资源具有稀缺性、产权所有者以及使用效用等特点,提出了商品经济条件下水资源价值的内涵,指出水资源价值是水的固有特征,具有多重属性,在自然系统循环及经济社会系统使用过程中,水在其初始分配、综合开发、合理利用、有效保护的各个环节,体现出不同的价值属性,即：水的产权价值、劳动价值、使用价值和补偿价值,在商品经济中,这些属性可通过均衡价格来综合反映。
(2)明确了水价形成机制。对水价制定过程中涉及的主要内容进行了分析,系统阐述了水价构成、定价主体、定价原则、定价模式、水价制定程序、水价调整机制等内容。并基于价格形成机制的内涵,界定了水资源价格形成机制的内涵：以将水资源要素纳入国家宏观调控体系、促进用水公平、保护水资源为目标,以明确合理水价构成、确立定价主体、完善水价制定程序及调整机制为手段,所建立的有利于水资源合理配置、水行业可持续发展以及引导水的生产、流通和消费的水资源定价机制和水价管理体制。
(3)提出了水资源费的测算方法。针对当前水资源费测算的难点问题,提出了水资源费的测算方法和途径。水资源价格应由水资源费、生产成本和水环境补偿费构成,在非市场经济条件下,水资源价格可通过影子价格来评价。根据水价的构成关系,影子价格扣除生产成本和环境补偿费之后剩余的部分即为水资源费。
(4)构建了水资源定价模型。基于水资源价值理论以及供给价格和需求价格的平衡关系,构建了包含供给价格评价模块、需求价格评价模块和均衡价格评价模块的水资源定价模型。并将该模型应用于北京市水资源价格测算分析中,确定了居民生活、农业灌溉、工业以及第三产业各部门的用水价格及其构成。模型既能充分保障水生产供应以及污水处理过程中的成本投入以及合理利润,又能体现用户的支付能力和承受能力。
(5)构建了水资源价格政策模拟模型。基于一般均衡原理,将水资源要素纳入到要素供应体系中,并将水生产供应部门从企业中独立出来,构建了针对水资源问题的价格政策模拟模型(the General Equilibrium Model of Analysis&Simulation for Water Price Policy, WaGE),分析水资源价格水平变动、不同部门价格差价、政府补贴等条件变化对宏观经济体系的影响,为水资源价格模拟、转移支付、税收等问题提供政策分析工具。
Water is the source of life, the element of production, and the foundation of eco-system. With the increase of water demand in social-economic activities, the competiton between social-economic system and eco-system is more and more serious. For the potential of water-saving driven by the improving water usage pattern and technical progress is being limited, water pricing policy is gradually attractive in water resources management. It is stated in the2011State Council No.1Document that the most strict water resources management system will be implemented and market function will be enforced to optimize allocation of water resources; water pricing reform will be actively promoted to enhance the role of water price adjustment to industrial structure for both efficiency and fairness. The document clearly points out the importance of the role of water pricing adjustment in water resources management.
In China, it is still long way to go in water price formulation procedure and in water price management system. The water resources fee and water price is still lower than they should be, that makes water price can not play the role of adjusting water supply and demand as a market control measure. Important tasks and inevitable challengers in water resources management are:1) how to determine the reasonable and various water prices based on regional water condition, economic activities and water user's intentions in the point of view of fairness;2) how to draw up a perfect water supply price system to make water price play the role of regulating effect, to guide and optimize the water consumption structure coordination with industrial structure; and3) how to promote each kind of water resources rational allocation and sustainable utilization, and to alleviate the contradiction between water resources supply and demand.
Considering the deficiency of current water pricing system, and combined with the practical needs of water resources management, this paper carrys out the study on water resources pricing and its practice, to promote the water pricing methodology, to guide the reasonable water price standard formulation, to optimate allocation of water resources and sustainable utilization, and to serve for the construction of ecological civilization. The main contents are shown as follow:
(1) Improvement of the theory of water resources value. Based on systematic analysis on value theories of the eastern and western philosophy, the modern bourgeois school, and the Marxism philosophy, this paper proposes the summary of that value has different connotation in different historical stage. Considering the characteristics of water in resources scarcity, property ownership and use utility, it is put forward that the connotation of water resources value in commercial economy. That is, water resources value has its own intrinsic characteristics and various attribute in natural cycling and social-economic using process. Water shows its different attribute when it goes in different processes of initiative right distribution, synthesized exploitation, rational utilization and effective protection. These attribute is reflected as property value, the labor value, use value and compensation value. In commercial economy, they can be synthetically represented by the equilibrium price.
(2) Definition of the connotation of the water resources pricing mechanism. The paper analyzes the process of water pricing, and represents the consists of water price, the pricing subjects, pricing principles, pricing models, and water price adjustment mechanism, etc. It defines the water price forming mechanism connotation. It means that water as economic element should be taken into the state's macroeconomic regulation and control system, aiming at fair water usage and water protection., while water price consists, pricing subjects, pricing process and water price adjustment are taken as the measures for rational water resources allocation and water industry sustainable development, and for conducting effective water production, circulation and consumption.
(3) Development of the methodology for calculating water resources fee. In view of the difficulties in determining water resources fee in present, this paper puts forward a methodology to calculate water resources fee. It is clear that water price is composed of water resources fee, production cost and water environment compensation tax. In non-market economy, water price can be evaluated by the shadow price. According to the equilibrium relationship, it is inducted in this paper that water resources fee is the rest part of shadow price after deduction of production cost and environmental compensation tax.
(4) Building of water pricing model. Based on water resource value theory and supply price and demand price balance relationship, this paper represents the water pricing model which include supply price evaluation module, demand price evaluation module and equilibrium price evaluation module. The model was applied in Beijing to analyze water price calculation and helps to determine water price standard for household, agriculture and industries. The model not only considers the investment cost and reasonable profits of water production supply and sewage treatment, but also reflects the water user's paying ability and bear ability.
(5) Development of the general equilibrium model of analysis and simulation for water price (WaGE). Based on the general equilibrium principle, water as economic element is taken into the elements supply system, and the water supply enterprise is separated from whole production enterprise, so that the General Equilibrium Model of Analysis and Simulation for Water Price Policy (WaGE) could be constructed focusing on water pricing issues. As policy analysis tool, the model could represent the suggestions of the macro economic influences of water resources price adjustment, government subsidies to water enterprises, etc, and the further suggestions for water resources price simulation, water related transfer payments and tax issues.
引文
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