基于整坝全过程仿真的特高拱坝施工期工作性态研究
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摘要
拱坝设计中控制指标主要针对运行期,而特高拱坝施工期工作性态与运行期工作性态存在明显差别,如坝体温度场、应力场、变形以及横缝状态等均存在明显不同,且施工期结构工作性态会直接影响运行期结构性态,另外施工期可能出现的裂缝以及结构横缝也会带来影响,因此要判断和评价特高拱坝的安全性,对特高拱坝施工期工作性态的研究意义重大。
本文基于整坝全过程仿真分析理论,考虑跳仓浇筑、材料硬化、温度控制、封拱灌浆、蓄水过程和环境量变化等六个过程。以溪洛渡特高拱坝为工程依托,针对目前特高拱坝施工期工作性态研究中的薄弱环节,如施工期基岩变形模量的选取、考虑真实全面施工过程的坝体工作性态、特高拱坝施工期裂缝的扩展稳定性及对坝体工作性态的影响、结构横缝状态及对坝体工作性态的影响等方面,进行了细致研究,主要工作内容如下：
1.进行了基于整坝全过程仿真的施工期力学参数反演分析研究。①总结了特高拱坝施工期坝体弹性模量和基岩变形模量的反演分析现状,归纳了影响施工期变形的力学参数的回归分析方法。在此基础上,提出了一种基于施工期仿真应力的坝体弹模及基础变模的混合反演模型。②基于施工期精密水准仪、多点位移计和垂线观测结果,对其坝体弹性模量和基岩变形模量进行了反演分析工作,结果表明：基于三种仪器的基岩变形模量反演结果基本一致,可以相互校核,所提出混合模型是可行可靠的。③研究了库盆水压对坝体变形和基岩变形模量反演结果的影响,结果表明：按照面力来施加库盆水压时,与不施加库盆水压的反演结果有一定差别,应尽量采用渗透体积力来模拟库盆水压。
2.进行了整坝全过程仿真分析理论阐述和溪洛渡特高拱坝施工期工作性态研究。阐述考虑跳仓浇筑、材料硬化、温度控制、封拱灌浆、蓄水过程和环境量变化等六个过程的整坝全过程仿真理论和方法,并将其应用于溪洛渡特高拱坝施工期工作性态的研究中。在分析中：①研究了自重施加方式和封拱灌浆过程对整体应力和变形的影响；②对施工期温度、应力和变形的实际观测成果和仿真计算结果进行对比分析,结果表明：计算温度和应力变化规律与观测成果基本一致,施工期温度和应力控制总体较好,但由于未考虑90天以后混凝土的绝热温升,计算温度值偏低；大坝竖向应力分布规律与实测吻合良好,但个别坝段实测偏小；施工前期大坝由于自重倒悬作用,引起大坝向上游变形,随着大坝浇筑高程的增加及上游蓄水位的升高,大坝逐渐转为向下游变形；③对横缝状态观测成果和计算成果进行对比分析,并研究了不同灌浆高程和水位下横缝面的应力和开合状态,结果表明：大坝完成二冷的区域平均缝开度在0.8～1.6mm左右,不同坝段和高程的横缝开度因浇筑进度、浇筑季节、相邻高差、侧面暴露时间等因素影响而有所不同,横缝状态整体正常,但个别部位开度偏大,如最大开度值出现在12#横缝,达到5.70mm,超出温度收缩可能引起的一般开度,需要进行深入的核查研究。
3.进行了特高拱坝施工期裂缝稳定性及对结构的工作性态影响研究。包括：①归纳了特高拱坝施工期裂缝成因、扩展稳定性及对大坝工作性态影响的研究现状；②介绍了特高拱坝施工期较新型的层间裂缝和止水区域表面裂缝；③对施工期水力渗透破坏引起的层间裂缝的扩展稳定性及对大坝工作性态的影响进行了分析,结果表明：初始粘结强度对裂缝处理后的扩展稳定性影响较大,混凝土断裂韧度对其影响较小；在粘结强度较小时,裂缝向上游侧扩展可能性较大,而向下游侧扩展的动力不足；层间裂缝对拱坝整体应力和变形影响不大。④对止水区域表面裂缝成因进行了分析,结果表明：横缝的突然张开会造成止水铜片与混凝土接触面的薄弱部位产生损伤,随后在水力挤压和劈裂作用下进一步向坝面方向扩展形成贯通裂缝。
4.进行了特高拱坝横缝状态及对结构工作性态的影响研究。包括：①归纳了横缝状态对大坝工作性态影响的研究现状；②提出了一种模拟球形键槽的等效力学模型,可以模拟键槽的张开、闭合以及错动等力学行为,并将该模型加入到仿真分析程序Saptis中；③研究了溪洛渡高拱坝蓄水进度对横缝开度的影响,结果表明：水位过高,导致横缝被压紧,会影响大坝的封拱灌浆进度,因此溪洛渡特高拱坝2013年夏季蓄水控制水位应在540m高程以下；④研究了上游两道止水片之间横缝不灌浆对大坝工作性态的影响,结果表明：横缝上游两道止水片之间横缝不灌浆对结构整体变形和应力影响很小,主要影响横缝上游不灌浆区域的缝端应力。
The design of arch dam is mainly based on the control index during operation period, the working performance of construction period and operation period of super-high arch dam are different obviously, such as temperature field, stress field, deformation feild, transverse joints state, etc., and the working performance of operation period will be directly affected by construction period, in addition, cracks occured during construction, and open-close performance of transverse joints will also have a direct impact on the working performance of structure. Therefore, in order to evaluate the safety of super-high arch dam, it is of great significance to conduct the study of working performance of super-high arch dam during construction period.
The simulation of entire dam and whole process is given, which consider six process, including:pouring of bulky concrete with separate spacing, material hardening, temperature control, arch closure grouting, impounding and the variation of environmental parameters. As an example, Xiluodu super-high arch dam is studied carefully, and there are many problems to be solved, such as selection of rock deformation modulus during construction, real working performance considering whole construction process, stability of crack extension occurred in super-high arch dam during construction and its impact on the working performance of dam, work state of transverse joints and its impact on the working performance of dam, the main works are listed as follows:
1. Back analysis method of mechanical parameters of high arch dam during construction period is studied based on simulation theory of entire dam and whole process.①The back analysis method of concrete elastic modulus and rock deformation modulus of super-high arch dam during construction period are summarized, regression analysis methods of the dam deformation of construction are reviewed. A new hybrid model, which is appled to carry on the back analysis of dam elastic modulus and rock deformation modulus, is proposed based on the construction simulation stress;②Based on the observed results achieved by precise leveling instruments, multiple position borehole extensometer and plumb line monitoring, back analysis is applied to obtain the concrete elastic modulus and rock deformation modulus of Xiluodu arch dam, and the results show that:the back analysis results of bedrock deformation modulus based on three instruments are basically identical, they can be checked with each other, and the new hybrid model of back analysis based on the construction simulation stress is verified to be feasible and raliabe;③The influence of back analysis results of rock deformation modulus and dam deformation, is studied considering the water pressure of reservoir basin, the results show that:If surface force is applied to simulate the basin water pressure, there are of certain differences on the back analysis of rock deformation modulus and dam deformation, permeate volume strength should be used to simulate the water pressure of reservoir basin.
2. Research of construction working performance of Xiluodu super-high arch dam is carried on based on the simulation theory of entire dam and whole process. The theory and method of the entire dam and whole process, which consider six process, including pouring of bulky concrete with separate spacing, material hardening, temperature control, arch closure grouting, impounding and the variation of environmental parameters are summarized and it is applied to study the working performance of Xiluodu super-high arch dam during construction. In this analysis:①The overall infuence of stress and deformation according to different weight applied methods and arch closure grouting process is studied;②Based on the actual monitoring results and simulation results of temperature, stress and deformation, the temperature, stress and deformation of construction period are compared, the results show that:the calculation overall rules of the temperature and stress are basically identical with the observing results, temperature and stress control during construction overall is good, however, because of not considering the adiabatic temperature rise of concrete after90days, temperature calculation value is lower than observations; Vertical stress distribution based on caculations agree well with observation, except for measured value of individual dam section is lower than simulation; The overhang effect of arch dam lead to the deformation upstream, with the increase of the dam height and pouring water level upstream, dam deformation gradually turned to downstream;③According to monitoring results based on the transverse joint meter and calculation results, the analysis on the working performance of transverse joints is studied, stress and open-close working performance during different grouting elevation and water level, are also investigated, the studies show as follows: transverse joints aperture are of average of1.0-1.5mm after second-stage cooling, the transverse joints aperture in different dam sections and elevations are also varied due to the process of concrete pouring, pouring season, adjacent height difference, side exposure time and other factors, transverse joints state are normal overal, however, the individual parts of the aperture is higher than normal, such as the maximum value of5.70mm appears in the12#transverse joint, which go to far beyond the temperature shrinkage and need further verification studies.
3. Study of Cracks stability and its impact on the structure working performance during constrction of super-high arch dam is conducted, content are included as follows:①The research of crack cause, expansion stability and its impact on dam working performance of super-high arch dam during construction period are summarized;②New interlayer crack, and surface crack in watestop region of super-high arch dam during construction are introduced;③The stability of crack expansion due to the water infiltration and sabotage during construction period, and its effect on dam working performance is analyzed, it shows that:crack propagation is of low sensitivity for the fracture toughness of concrete, however, showing high sensitive for intial bond strength after treatment; the crack is likely to extend upstream and it is difficult to extend downstream; the crack has little effort on the state of stresses and displacements in arch dam;④The new surface crack in watestop region are analyzed, the study shows:Abrupt open of transverse joints at the construction stage is easily to cause the concrete damage in surrounding area beside the waterstop, and the water-pressure tests before the transverse joints grouting lead to the further expansion from local damage to surface crack.
4. The state of transverse joints of super-high arch dam and its impact on the structural working performance are studied. It is listed as follows:①The research of transverse joints status impacted on dam are summarized;②An equivalent mechanical model to simulate the spherical keyway is proposed to simulate the mechanical behavior of open, close and slide, which is added to the simulation procedure of Saptis;③The impounding process impacted on transverse joints aperture were analyzed based on Xiluodu high arch dam, the study shows:the transverse joints are pressed due to high water level, which will affect the schedule of arch closure grouting, therefore, the summer water level of Xiluodu arch dam in2013should be controlled at540m;④Analysis is conducted to study the issue of non-grouted transverse joints between two waterstops upstream for the impact on dam, the study shows that:Non-grouted transverse joints between two waterstops upstream have slight effect on the overall deformation and stress of the whole dam, however, it has very significant effect on the end stress of non-grouted transverse joints upstream.
本文基于整坝全过程仿真分析理论,考虑跳仓浇筑、材料硬化、温度控制、封拱灌浆、蓄水过程和环境量变化等六个过程。以溪洛渡特高拱坝为工程依托,针对目前特高拱坝施工期工作性态研究中的薄弱环节,如施工期基岩变形模量的选取、考虑真实全面施工过程的坝体工作性态、特高拱坝施工期裂缝的扩展稳定性及对坝体工作性态的影响、结构横缝状态及对坝体工作性态的影响等方面,进行了细致研究,主要工作内容如下：
1.进行了基于整坝全过程仿真的施工期力学参数反演分析研究。①总结了特高拱坝施工期坝体弹性模量和基岩变形模量的反演分析现状,归纳了影响施工期变形的力学参数的回归分析方法。在此基础上,提出了一种基于施工期仿真应力的坝体弹模及基础变模的混合反演模型。②基于施工期精密水准仪、多点位移计和垂线观测结果,对其坝体弹性模量和基岩变形模量进行了反演分析工作,结果表明：基于三种仪器的基岩变形模量反演结果基本一致,可以相互校核,所提出混合模型是可行可靠的。③研究了库盆水压对坝体变形和基岩变形模量反演结果的影响,结果表明：按照面力来施加库盆水压时,与不施加库盆水压的反演结果有一定差别,应尽量采用渗透体积力来模拟库盆水压。
2.进行了整坝全过程仿真分析理论阐述和溪洛渡特高拱坝施工期工作性态研究。阐述考虑跳仓浇筑、材料硬化、温度控制、封拱灌浆、蓄水过程和环境量变化等六个过程的整坝全过程仿真理论和方法,并将其应用于溪洛渡特高拱坝施工期工作性态的研究中。在分析中：①研究了自重施加方式和封拱灌浆过程对整体应力和变形的影响；②对施工期温度、应力和变形的实际观测成果和仿真计算结果进行对比分析,结果表明：计算温度和应力变化规律与观测成果基本一致,施工期温度和应力控制总体较好,但由于未考虑90天以后混凝土的绝热温升,计算温度值偏低；大坝竖向应力分布规律与实测吻合良好,但个别坝段实测偏小；施工前期大坝由于自重倒悬作用,引起大坝向上游变形,随着大坝浇筑高程的增加及上游蓄水位的升高,大坝逐渐转为向下游变形；③对横缝状态观测成果和计算成果进行对比分析,并研究了不同灌浆高程和水位下横缝面的应力和开合状态,结果表明：大坝完成二冷的区域平均缝开度在0.8～1.6mm左右,不同坝段和高程的横缝开度因浇筑进度、浇筑季节、相邻高差、侧面暴露时间等因素影响而有所不同,横缝状态整体正常,但个别部位开度偏大,如最大开度值出现在12#横缝,达到5.70mm,超出温度收缩可能引起的一般开度,需要进行深入的核查研究。
3.进行了特高拱坝施工期裂缝稳定性及对结构的工作性态影响研究。包括：①归纳了特高拱坝施工期裂缝成因、扩展稳定性及对大坝工作性态影响的研究现状；②介绍了特高拱坝施工期较新型的层间裂缝和止水区域表面裂缝；③对施工期水力渗透破坏引起的层间裂缝的扩展稳定性及对大坝工作性态的影响进行了分析,结果表明：初始粘结强度对裂缝处理后的扩展稳定性影响较大,混凝土断裂韧度对其影响较小；在粘结强度较小时,裂缝向上游侧扩展可能性较大,而向下游侧扩展的动力不足；层间裂缝对拱坝整体应力和变形影响不大。④对止水区域表面裂缝成因进行了分析,结果表明：横缝的突然张开会造成止水铜片与混凝土接触面的薄弱部位产生损伤,随后在水力挤压和劈裂作用下进一步向坝面方向扩展形成贯通裂缝。
4.进行了特高拱坝横缝状态及对结构工作性态的影响研究。包括：①归纳了横缝状态对大坝工作性态影响的研究现状；②提出了一种模拟球形键槽的等效力学模型,可以模拟键槽的张开、闭合以及错动等力学行为,并将该模型加入到仿真分析程序Saptis中；③研究了溪洛渡高拱坝蓄水进度对横缝开度的影响,结果表明：水位过高,导致横缝被压紧,会影响大坝的封拱灌浆进度,因此溪洛渡特高拱坝2013年夏季蓄水控制水位应在540m高程以下；④研究了上游两道止水片之间横缝不灌浆对大坝工作性态的影响,结果表明：横缝上游两道止水片之间横缝不灌浆对结构整体变形和应力影响很小,主要影响横缝上游不灌浆区域的缝端应力。
The design of arch dam is mainly based on the control index during operation period, the working performance of construction period and operation period of super-high arch dam are different obviously, such as temperature field, stress field, deformation feild, transverse joints state, etc., and the working performance of operation period will be directly affected by construction period, in addition, cracks occured during construction, and open-close performance of transverse joints will also have a direct impact on the working performance of structure. Therefore, in order to evaluate the safety of super-high arch dam, it is of great significance to conduct the study of working performance of super-high arch dam during construction period.
The simulation of entire dam and whole process is given, which consider six process, including:pouring of bulky concrete with separate spacing, material hardening, temperature control, arch closure grouting, impounding and the variation of environmental parameters. As an example, Xiluodu super-high arch dam is studied carefully, and there are many problems to be solved, such as selection of rock deformation modulus during construction, real working performance considering whole construction process, stability of crack extension occurred in super-high arch dam during construction and its impact on the working performance of dam, work state of transverse joints and its impact on the working performance of dam, the main works are listed as follows:
1. Back analysis method of mechanical parameters of high arch dam during construction period is studied based on simulation theory of entire dam and whole process.①The back analysis method of concrete elastic modulus and rock deformation modulus of super-high arch dam during construction period are summarized, regression analysis methods of the dam deformation of construction are reviewed. A new hybrid model, which is appled to carry on the back analysis of dam elastic modulus and rock deformation modulus, is proposed based on the construction simulation stress;②Based on the observed results achieved by precise leveling instruments, multiple position borehole extensometer and plumb line monitoring, back analysis is applied to obtain the concrete elastic modulus and rock deformation modulus of Xiluodu arch dam, and the results show that:the back analysis results of bedrock deformation modulus based on three instruments are basically identical, they can be checked with each other, and the new hybrid model of back analysis based on the construction simulation stress is verified to be feasible and raliabe;③The influence of back analysis results of rock deformation modulus and dam deformation, is studied considering the water pressure of reservoir basin, the results show that:If surface force is applied to simulate the basin water pressure, there are of certain differences on the back analysis of rock deformation modulus and dam deformation, permeate volume strength should be used to simulate the water pressure of reservoir basin.
2. Research of construction working performance of Xiluodu super-high arch dam is carried on based on the simulation theory of entire dam and whole process. The theory and method of the entire dam and whole process, which consider six process, including pouring of bulky concrete with separate spacing, material hardening, temperature control, arch closure grouting, impounding and the variation of environmental parameters are summarized and it is applied to study the working performance of Xiluodu super-high arch dam during construction. In this analysis:①The overall infuence of stress and deformation according to different weight applied methods and arch closure grouting process is studied;②Based on the actual monitoring results and simulation results of temperature, stress and deformation, the temperature, stress and deformation of construction period are compared, the results show that:the calculation overall rules of the temperature and stress are basically identical with the observing results, temperature and stress control during construction overall is good, however, because of not considering the adiabatic temperature rise of concrete after90days, temperature calculation value is lower than observations; Vertical stress distribution based on caculations agree well with observation, except for measured value of individual dam section is lower than simulation; The overhang effect of arch dam lead to the deformation upstream, with the increase of the dam height and pouring water level upstream, dam deformation gradually turned to downstream;③According to monitoring results based on the transverse joint meter and calculation results, the analysis on the working performance of transverse joints is studied, stress and open-close working performance during different grouting elevation and water level, are also investigated, the studies show as follows: transverse joints aperture are of average of1.0-1.5mm after second-stage cooling, the transverse joints aperture in different dam sections and elevations are also varied due to the process of concrete pouring, pouring season, adjacent height difference, side exposure time and other factors, transverse joints state are normal overal, however, the individual parts of the aperture is higher than normal, such as the maximum value of5.70mm appears in the12#transverse joint, which go to far beyond the temperature shrinkage and need further verification studies.
3. Study of Cracks stability and its impact on the structure working performance during constrction of super-high arch dam is conducted, content are included as follows:①The research of crack cause, expansion stability and its impact on dam working performance of super-high arch dam during construction period are summarized;②New interlayer crack, and surface crack in watestop region of super-high arch dam during construction are introduced;③The stability of crack expansion due to the water infiltration and sabotage during construction period, and its effect on dam working performance is analyzed, it shows that:crack propagation is of low sensitivity for the fracture toughness of concrete, however, showing high sensitive for intial bond strength after treatment; the crack is likely to extend upstream and it is difficult to extend downstream; the crack has little effort on the state of stresses and displacements in arch dam;④The new surface crack in watestop region are analyzed, the study shows:Abrupt open of transverse joints at the construction stage is easily to cause the concrete damage in surrounding area beside the waterstop, and the water-pressure tests before the transverse joints grouting lead to the further expansion from local damage to surface crack.
4. The state of transverse joints of super-high arch dam and its impact on the structural working performance are studied. It is listed as follows:①The research of transverse joints status impacted on dam are summarized;②An equivalent mechanical model to simulate the spherical keyway is proposed to simulate the mechanical behavior of open, close and slide, which is added to the simulation procedure of Saptis;③The impounding process impacted on transverse joints aperture were analyzed based on Xiluodu high arch dam, the study shows:the transverse joints are pressed due to high water level, which will affect the schedule of arch closure grouting, therefore, the summer water level of Xiluodu arch dam in2013should be controlled at540m;④Analysis is conducted to study the issue of non-grouted transverse joints between two waterstops upstream for the impact on dam, the study shows that:Non-grouted transverse joints between two waterstops upstream have slight effect on the overall deformation and stress of the whole dam, however, it has very significant effect on the end stress of non-grouted transverse joints upstream.
引文
[1]周建平,杨泽艳,陈观福.我国高坝建设的现状和面临的挑战,水利学报[J].2006,12：1433-1438
[2]贾金生主编.中国大坝建设60年[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2013
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