风电规模化并网条件下供热机组优化控制研究
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摘要
风力发电机组大规模并网后,其发电负荷不确定性将会给电网造成很大的扰动,区域电网内发电机组整体调峰调频能力将在很大程度上决定着电网接纳风电负荷的能力。当前我国电网中,火电机组是补偿风电负荷的必然选择,但主流正压直吹式制粉系统的亚临界或超临界机组,其调峰调频能力仍不能达到要求。经过比较不同类型火力发电机组的特性发现,循环流化床机组具有优良的调峰能力但调频能力差；而供热机组调峰能力差但可能具有优良的调频能力。循环流化床机组同供热机组相互配合,能够较好解决这一问题。
煤在火电机组内完成由化学能向电能转变的动态过程非常缓慢,为了提高机组负荷响应速率,必须利用机组蓄能。供热机组为一定区域提供热负荷,其热网管道具有巨大的蓄能容量,供热机组可以利用这部分蓄能响应电网小时间尺度上的负荷扰动,围绕这一思路开展以下研究工作。
(1)在分析纯凝机组燃料量-汽轮机高调门开度与发电功率-机前压力双入双出模型基础上,对其汽轮机能量平衡环节进行改进,增加供热调节蝶阀开度输入和供热抽汽压力输出,建立典型供热机组微分方程形式的简化非线性动态模型。针对一典型300MW供热机组确定模型参数,通过扰动实验验证了模型的准确性。并且对非线性模型进行工作点线性化,用传递函数阵描述其输入输出关系。
(2)对不同工况下供热机组控制系统进行仿真,解释了供热机组通过控制供热抽汽压力维持供热抽汽流量稳定的内在原因。对系统存在工作点非线性、供热负荷扰动、蓄热系数不确定及煤发热量不稳定的问题展开分析,比较其对控制品质的影响程度,有针对性地设计供热抽汽流量补偿、热量信号导前微分及煤发热量补偿方案,能够为现有供热机组投入电网自动发电控制及一次调频功能提供关键技术支持。
(3)提出一种风电规模化并网条件下风电火电联合调度方案。设计非线性滤波器将电网自动发电负荷指令分解,构造出适合于供热机组的负荷指令。在比较多种控制方案优缺点基础上,选择在常规协调控制方案中增加前馈加补偿的环节的设计方案。该方案能够在保证汽轮机前压力和供热负荷基本稳定前提下,适应不同供热负荷下对象特性的变化,有效利用热网蓄能,大幅度提高机组发电负荷指令响应速率,同时能够实现供热工况和非供热工况控制系统的无扰切换。
研究中还开发仿真实验平台对其工程应用特性进行系统分析,针对典型电网环境并在具体机组上初步试验方案可行性。课题研究能够为实现供热机组高速率变负荷运行大规模应用提供理论及基础性技术支持。
Because of the large-scale integration of the wind power units, the uncertainty of wind power generation load can cause lots of fluctuations in the grid. The ability of peak regulation and frequency regulation of the units in the regional power grid determines the capacity of the wind power integrated into the grid. The thermal power units are the inevitable choice for compensating wind power load in the current Chinese grid. The ability of peak regulation and frequency regulation of the dominant subcritical units and supercritical units with positive pressure direct blowing pulverizing system can not satisfied the requirement of the grid. By comparing the characteristics of different types of thermal power units, it was discovered that the circulating fluidized bed units have high ability of peak regulation and low ability of frequency regulation; moreover, the heating units have high ability of frequency regulation and low ability of peak regulation. The circulating fluidized bed units coordinating with the heating units can resolve this problem.
The chemical energy of coal was transformed to electrical energy in the thermal power units. The transforming process is very slow. For improving the load response rate of the units, the energy storage of the units must be fully used. The heating units supply the heat load for a certain area, and the pipeline of the heating network has the huge capacity of energy storage. By using the energy storage of the pipeline, the heating units can response the load disturbance of the grid in the small time scale. Directed by above train of thought, the researches were carried out as follows:
1. Based on the analysis on the double inputs and double outputs model of power generation load-throttle pressure versus boiler fuel flow-turbine governor valve opening for pure condensation unit, by improving the energy balance link in turbine, and by adding the output of extraction steam pressure and the input of extraction control butterfly valve opening, the simplified nonlinear dynamic model of typical heating units was constructed with the differential equation. For a typical300MW heating unit with certain model parameters, the accuracy of the model was confirmed by the disturbance experiments. The nonlinear model was linearized over specified operation point, and the transfer function matrix was gained to describe the relation between inputs and outputs.
2. The control systems of existing heating units under different operation conditions were simulated. The inner reason why the extraction steam flow can be maintained stable by controlling the extraction steam pressure in heating units was explained. The problems such as operation point nonlinearity, heating demand disturbance, uncertainty of heat storage coefficient and instability of coal calorific value were analyzed. Comparing the influence degree on control quality, designing suitable extraction steam flow compensation, designing heat released signal guidance differential control structure and coal calorific value compensation scheme, the result can provide the critical technical support for automatic generation control (AGC) of the heating units integrated in grid and primary frequency regulation.
3. A union scheduling scheme for wind power and thermal power under the condition of large-scale integration of wind power was presented. The nonlinear filter was designed to decomposing the load instruction of AGC. And the load instruction appropriated for heating units was constructed. By comparing the advantages and disadvantages of different control schemes, the traditional coordinated control scheme with feedforward and compensation was adopted. The scheme can adapt to the changes of object characteristics under different heating demands and can also ensure the stability of the throttle pressure and heating demands. So the heating network energy storage can be used effectively and the load response rate of the units can be improved greatly. And the undisturbed switching between the heating operation condition and non-heating operation condition was realized.
The engineering application characteristics were analyzed by exploiting the simulation experiment platform. According to the typical grid environment, the feasibility of the scheme was verified in a real unit. The research results can provide theoretical and fundamental technology support for the large-scale application on high-speed and varying load operation in heating units.
煤在火电机组内完成由化学能向电能转变的动态过程非常缓慢,为了提高机组负荷响应速率,必须利用机组蓄能。供热机组为一定区域提供热负荷,其热网管道具有巨大的蓄能容量,供热机组可以利用这部分蓄能响应电网小时间尺度上的负荷扰动,围绕这一思路开展以下研究工作。
(1)在分析纯凝机组燃料量-汽轮机高调门开度与发电功率-机前压力双入双出模型基础上,对其汽轮机能量平衡环节进行改进,增加供热调节蝶阀开度输入和供热抽汽压力输出,建立典型供热机组微分方程形式的简化非线性动态模型。针对一典型300MW供热机组确定模型参数,通过扰动实验验证了模型的准确性。并且对非线性模型进行工作点线性化,用传递函数阵描述其输入输出关系。
(2)对不同工况下供热机组控制系统进行仿真,解释了供热机组通过控制供热抽汽压力维持供热抽汽流量稳定的内在原因。对系统存在工作点非线性、供热负荷扰动、蓄热系数不确定及煤发热量不稳定的问题展开分析,比较其对控制品质的影响程度,有针对性地设计供热抽汽流量补偿、热量信号导前微分及煤发热量补偿方案,能够为现有供热机组投入电网自动发电控制及一次调频功能提供关键技术支持。
(3)提出一种风电规模化并网条件下风电火电联合调度方案。设计非线性滤波器将电网自动发电负荷指令分解,构造出适合于供热机组的负荷指令。在比较多种控制方案优缺点基础上,选择在常规协调控制方案中增加前馈加补偿的环节的设计方案。该方案能够在保证汽轮机前压力和供热负荷基本稳定前提下,适应不同供热负荷下对象特性的变化,有效利用热网蓄能,大幅度提高机组发电负荷指令响应速率,同时能够实现供热工况和非供热工况控制系统的无扰切换。
研究中还开发仿真实验平台对其工程应用特性进行系统分析,针对典型电网环境并在具体机组上初步试验方案可行性。课题研究能够为实现供热机组高速率变负荷运行大规模应用提供理论及基础性技术支持。
Because of the large-scale integration of the wind power units, the uncertainty of wind power generation load can cause lots of fluctuations in the grid. The ability of peak regulation and frequency regulation of the units in the regional power grid determines the capacity of the wind power integrated into the grid. The thermal power units are the inevitable choice for compensating wind power load in the current Chinese grid. The ability of peak regulation and frequency regulation of the dominant subcritical units and supercritical units with positive pressure direct blowing pulverizing system can not satisfied the requirement of the grid. By comparing the characteristics of different types of thermal power units, it was discovered that the circulating fluidized bed units have high ability of peak regulation and low ability of frequency regulation; moreover, the heating units have high ability of frequency regulation and low ability of peak regulation. The circulating fluidized bed units coordinating with the heating units can resolve this problem.
The chemical energy of coal was transformed to electrical energy in the thermal power units. The transforming process is very slow. For improving the load response rate of the units, the energy storage of the units must be fully used. The heating units supply the heat load for a certain area, and the pipeline of the heating network has the huge capacity of energy storage. By using the energy storage of the pipeline, the heating units can response the load disturbance of the grid in the small time scale. Directed by above train of thought, the researches were carried out as follows:
1. Based on the analysis on the double inputs and double outputs model of power generation load-throttle pressure versus boiler fuel flow-turbine governor valve opening for pure condensation unit, by improving the energy balance link in turbine, and by adding the output of extraction steam pressure and the input of extraction control butterfly valve opening, the simplified nonlinear dynamic model of typical heating units was constructed with the differential equation. For a typical300MW heating unit with certain model parameters, the accuracy of the model was confirmed by the disturbance experiments. The nonlinear model was linearized over specified operation point, and the transfer function matrix was gained to describe the relation between inputs and outputs.
2. The control systems of existing heating units under different operation conditions were simulated. The inner reason why the extraction steam flow can be maintained stable by controlling the extraction steam pressure in heating units was explained. The problems such as operation point nonlinearity, heating demand disturbance, uncertainty of heat storage coefficient and instability of coal calorific value were analyzed. Comparing the influence degree on control quality, designing suitable extraction steam flow compensation, designing heat released signal guidance differential control structure and coal calorific value compensation scheme, the result can provide the critical technical support for automatic generation control (AGC) of the heating units integrated in grid and primary frequency regulation.
3. A union scheduling scheme for wind power and thermal power under the condition of large-scale integration of wind power was presented. The nonlinear filter was designed to decomposing the load instruction of AGC. And the load instruction appropriated for heating units was constructed. By comparing the advantages and disadvantages of different control schemes, the traditional coordinated control scheme with feedforward and compensation was adopted. The scheme can adapt to the changes of object characteristics under different heating demands and can also ensure the stability of the throttle pressure and heating demands. So the heating network energy storage can be used effectively and the load response rate of the units can be improved greatly. And the undisturbed switching between the heating operation condition and non-heating operation condition was realized.
The engineering application characteristics were analyzed by exploiting the simulation experiment platform. According to the typical grid environment, the feasibility of the scheme was verified in a real unit. The research results can provide theoretical and fundamental technology support for the large-scale application on high-speed and varying load operation in heating units.
引文
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