粳稻植酸磷和矿质元素积累的氮磷肥调控效应研究
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摘要
施氮是提高水稻产量主要的农艺措施,对稻米品质也具有重要影响。现代稻作下过量氮肥的投入不仅引起土壤酸化、水体富营养化等环境问题,对稻米品质也具有负面影响,尤其表现在青瘪粒等不完善米比例的增加。探索高氮条件下稻米品质变劣的生理生态机制已成为水稻栽培研究中的重要问题。磷是作物生长发育不可缺少的营养元素之一。它既是作物体内大分子物质的结构组分,又是重要的化合物如核酸、磷脂、核苷酸和三磷酸腺苷(ATP)等的重要成分,并参与碳水化合物代谢、氮素代谢和脂肪代谢。本文主要研究不同氮肥、磷肥处理对粳稻籽粒磷积累的影响及其生理机制,并探讨缓解高氮条件下外观品质变劣的磷肥施用技术。主要研究结果如下：
1.2008-2010年,在丹阳试验基地,以宁粳1号、宁粳2号、武育粳3号、武运粳7号、徐稻4号和早丰9号等6个江苏粳稻品种为材料,设置低肥、中肥和高肥等3个氮肥用量以及两个基蘖肥、穗肥比例(8：2和5：5)共7个氮肥处理的田间试验以及盆栽试验,研究氮素对水稻籽粒磷积累的影响。利用盆栽试验研究了氮素对植株P及其他重要矿质元素(K、Mg、Ca、Na、Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn等)吸收和分配的影响。研究结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,籽粒总磷和植酸含量降低,但植酸磷占总磷的比例无显著变化趋势,大田试验和盆栽试验所表现规律一致。水稻收获指数(HI)和磷收获指数(PHI)随之增加,且PHI始终大于HI。相对于干物质,植株中磷向籽粒的转运更易受氮素的影响。PHI/HI品种之间差异显著,且不受氮素处理影响,可以磷高效利用率品种的筛选标准。随着施氮量的增加,水稻植株对8种矿质元素的吸收都显著增加,但籽粒Fe和Mn的含量呈增加趋势,而K、Mg、Zn和Cu含量降低。
2.以武育粳3号和武运粳7号为材料,设置低氮、中氮和高氮3个氮肥水平,促花肥和保花肥的施用量3个运筹共7个处理,研究促花肥和保花肥等穗肥用量对水稻籽粒磷积累、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,水稻产量显著增加,促花肥提高产量的效果明显优于施用保花肥。随着施氮量的增加,稻米的总磷和植酸的含量呈降低趋势,无机磷和植酸磷占总磷的比例变化差异不显著。施用75kg/ha和150kg/ha的促花肥,籽粒磷化学组分的含量明显优于其他处理。随着施氮量的增加,完善米比例呈下降趋势。施用促花肥能显著提高完善米比例。其中,促花肥施用75kg/ha的氮素,完善米比例显著高于其他处理。随着施氮量的提高,心白米相对于对照均显著升高,高氮条件下施用促花肥,心白米显著增加；腹白米相对于对照均显著降低,其中以低氮条件下施用促花肥下降显著；青粒米和其他不完善米比例有所升高,差异达显著水平。穗肥对籽粒矿质元素积累的影响差异不显著。综上,促花肥施用75kg/ha的氮素,水稻籽粒磷积累较对照变化不大,缓解了氮素的负效应,且产量和品质也有一定的改善,具有较好的效果。
3.以武育粳3号和武运粳7号2个品种为材料,设置低氮、高氮、低磷和高磷4个基肥处理；低磷、中磷和高磷3个浓度,穗前1周、齐穗期、齐穗后1周和齐穗后2周四个喷施时期共9个叶面喷施处理,研究高氮条件下磷肥基施和叶面喷施对水稻籽粒磷积累以及产量和品质的影响。基肥增施磷肥后,籽粒磷积累的变化差异不显著；完善米的变化差异不显著,青米和其他不完善米的比例有所增加；糙米和精米中K的含量显著提高,Zn和Fe在籽粒中的积累表现为降低,精米和糙米中表现一致, Cu和Mn的含量有所增加,但差异不显著。叶面喷施磷肥后,水稻产量较对照差异不显著。叶面喷施磷肥对水稻籽粒中植酸及总磷积累均具有促进作用。齐穗期和齐穗后一周喷施低浓度的磷肥,能改善稻米中磷的积累,改善外观品质,效果较好。
综上所述,氮素对籽粒磷积累具有显著的抑制效应,这可能是高氮条件下稻米外观品质变劣的一个重要生理机制。通过施肥技术改进,特别是合理施用促花肥和适度浓度磷肥叶面喷施,可以在一定程度上改善籽粒磷的积累,消除高氮投入对水稻籽粒磷积累及稻米品质的负面效应。
Phosphorus (P) is vital to plant growth and it is found in every living plant cell, where it is involved in several key plant functions, including energy transfer, photosynthesis, transformation of sugars and starches, nutrient movement within the plant and transfer of genetic characteristics from one generation to the next. Phytic acid (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate or Ins P6) is the main form of phosphorus stored in grain. Although nitrogen fertilizer application is important for yield increasing in rice production, its negative effect on accumulation of P and the other nutrient elements has simultaneously attracted increasing attention. Initially, a modified procedure which relies on the precipitation of phytate with ferric iron for phytic acid analysis in rice grains was developed. The main rice cultivars were then subjected to different nitrogen treatments and used to study the effect of N on grain phosphorus (P) accumulation and to explore its physiological foundation. From the findings, a fertilizer application regime that can improve both the yield and quality of rice was proposed. The summarized outline of this study is as follows:
1. Six cultivars with contrasting agronomic traits were used, and three years (from2008to2010) of field experiments with seven N treatments and one year (in2010) of pot experiments with five N treatments were conducted to study the effect of N on grain phosphorus (P) and other mineral nutrients(K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) accumulation. Grain total P and phytate concentration showed a clearly increasing trend as N rate increased for both field and pot experiments. Fe and Mn increased with increasing N rate, but K, Mg, Zn and Cu showed a decreasing trend as the nitrogen rate increased. Accordingly, the depressing effect of N on grain P concentration on the significance for human nutrition and rice quality were discussed, both harvest index (HI) and phosphorus harvest index (PHI) increased with N rate, but PHI was consistently higher than HI, indicating the larger proportion of phosphorus translocation to grain than that of dry matter by N. Further, ratio of PHI/HI differed significantly among genotypes, but was stable across contrasting N treatment. The harvest indices of eight mineral nutrients were lower than harvest index (HI), indicating that there were enough nutrients deposited in vegetative organs like leaf, sheath and stem. Further more, although N increased the mineral absorption that had a little effect on the improvement of translocation of minerals.
2. Wuyujing3and Wuyunjing7were used, and seven panicle N treatments in the field experiment were conducted to study the effect of N on grain yield, phosphorus (P) accumulation and the rice quality. The results indicated that fertilizer application for spikelet promotion significantly increased the number of panicles and grains per spike. The yield, total phosphorus and protein content under HN10-0were higher than the other treatments. Perfect rice rate decreased and rice with green and other undesirable colours increased leading to deterioration of the appearance quality of rice grain, In addition, white-core rice kernel rate and white-belly rice kernel rate decreased with increasing N levels. Perfect rice rate increased with application of spikelet promotion fertilizer treatments and the mineral contents under HN5-5were higher than in other treatments, indicating that the spikelet sustaining fertilizer improved the nutritional quality of rice.
3. To investigate the effect of basal and spray fertilizer treatments on the grain phosphorus (P) accumulation, yield and quality parameters of rice, field experiments were conducted with two japonica rice namely, Wuyujing3and Wuyunjing7; and four basal fertilizer treatments of various nitrogen and phosphorus combinations and nine foliar fertilizer treatments. Perfect rice, green rice and others rate increased while white-core rice kernel and white-belly rice kernel rate decreased under combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus. Phytic acid and total phosphorus were increased under foliar fertilizer application, and the content varies with spraying time. The appearance quality and mineral nutrient were improved under LT2and LT3, though the yield decreased slightly. T1and T2were significantly the better time to spray.
In general, the mechanism of nitrogen depressing P concentration through elevated P translocation was counteracted by increased biomass production especially grain yield. Earing stage fertilizers and foliar phosphorus fertilizer improved the content of phytic acid and total P, and alleviated negative impacts of nitrogen on the nutrition and appearance quality of rice.
1.2008-2010年,在丹阳试验基地,以宁粳1号、宁粳2号、武育粳3号、武运粳7号、徐稻4号和早丰9号等6个江苏粳稻品种为材料,设置低肥、中肥和高肥等3个氮肥用量以及两个基蘖肥、穗肥比例(8：2和5：5)共7个氮肥处理的田间试验以及盆栽试验,研究氮素对水稻籽粒磷积累的影响。利用盆栽试验研究了氮素对植株P及其他重要矿质元素(K、Mg、Ca、Na、Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn等)吸收和分配的影响。研究结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,籽粒总磷和植酸含量降低,但植酸磷占总磷的比例无显著变化趋势,大田试验和盆栽试验所表现规律一致。水稻收获指数(HI)和磷收获指数(PHI)随之增加,且PHI始终大于HI。相对于干物质,植株中磷向籽粒的转运更易受氮素的影响。PHI/HI品种之间差异显著,且不受氮素处理影响,可以磷高效利用率品种的筛选标准。随着施氮量的增加,水稻植株对8种矿质元素的吸收都显著增加,但籽粒Fe和Mn的含量呈增加趋势,而K、Mg、Zn和Cu含量降低。
2.以武育粳3号和武运粳7号为材料,设置低氮、中氮和高氮3个氮肥水平,促花肥和保花肥的施用量3个运筹共7个处理,研究促花肥和保花肥等穗肥用量对水稻籽粒磷积累、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,水稻产量显著增加,促花肥提高产量的效果明显优于施用保花肥。随着施氮量的增加,稻米的总磷和植酸的含量呈降低趋势,无机磷和植酸磷占总磷的比例变化差异不显著。施用75kg/ha和150kg/ha的促花肥,籽粒磷化学组分的含量明显优于其他处理。随着施氮量的增加,完善米比例呈下降趋势。施用促花肥能显著提高完善米比例。其中,促花肥施用75kg/ha的氮素,完善米比例显著高于其他处理。随着施氮量的提高,心白米相对于对照均显著升高,高氮条件下施用促花肥,心白米显著增加；腹白米相对于对照均显著降低,其中以低氮条件下施用促花肥下降显著；青粒米和其他不完善米比例有所升高,差异达显著水平。穗肥对籽粒矿质元素积累的影响差异不显著。综上,促花肥施用75kg/ha的氮素,水稻籽粒磷积累较对照变化不大,缓解了氮素的负效应,且产量和品质也有一定的改善,具有较好的效果。
3.以武育粳3号和武运粳7号2个品种为材料,设置低氮、高氮、低磷和高磷4个基肥处理；低磷、中磷和高磷3个浓度,穗前1周、齐穗期、齐穗后1周和齐穗后2周四个喷施时期共9个叶面喷施处理,研究高氮条件下磷肥基施和叶面喷施对水稻籽粒磷积累以及产量和品质的影响。基肥增施磷肥后,籽粒磷积累的变化差异不显著；完善米的变化差异不显著,青米和其他不完善米的比例有所增加；糙米和精米中K的含量显著提高,Zn和Fe在籽粒中的积累表现为降低,精米和糙米中表现一致, Cu和Mn的含量有所增加,但差异不显著。叶面喷施磷肥后,水稻产量较对照差异不显著。叶面喷施磷肥对水稻籽粒中植酸及总磷积累均具有促进作用。齐穗期和齐穗后一周喷施低浓度的磷肥,能改善稻米中磷的积累,改善外观品质,效果较好。
综上所述,氮素对籽粒磷积累具有显著的抑制效应,这可能是高氮条件下稻米外观品质变劣的一个重要生理机制。通过施肥技术改进,特别是合理施用促花肥和适度浓度磷肥叶面喷施,可以在一定程度上改善籽粒磷的积累,消除高氮投入对水稻籽粒磷积累及稻米品质的负面效应。
Phosphorus (P) is vital to plant growth and it is found in every living plant cell, where it is involved in several key plant functions, including energy transfer, photosynthesis, transformation of sugars and starches, nutrient movement within the plant and transfer of genetic characteristics from one generation to the next. Phytic acid (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate or Ins P6) is the main form of phosphorus stored in grain. Although nitrogen fertilizer application is important for yield increasing in rice production, its negative effect on accumulation of P and the other nutrient elements has simultaneously attracted increasing attention. Initially, a modified procedure which relies on the precipitation of phytate with ferric iron for phytic acid analysis in rice grains was developed. The main rice cultivars were then subjected to different nitrogen treatments and used to study the effect of N on grain phosphorus (P) accumulation and to explore its physiological foundation. From the findings, a fertilizer application regime that can improve both the yield and quality of rice was proposed. The summarized outline of this study is as follows:
1. Six cultivars with contrasting agronomic traits were used, and three years (from2008to2010) of field experiments with seven N treatments and one year (in2010) of pot experiments with five N treatments were conducted to study the effect of N on grain phosphorus (P) and other mineral nutrients(K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) accumulation. Grain total P and phytate concentration showed a clearly increasing trend as N rate increased for both field and pot experiments. Fe and Mn increased with increasing N rate, but K, Mg, Zn and Cu showed a decreasing trend as the nitrogen rate increased. Accordingly, the depressing effect of N on grain P concentration on the significance for human nutrition and rice quality were discussed, both harvest index (HI) and phosphorus harvest index (PHI) increased with N rate, but PHI was consistently higher than HI, indicating the larger proportion of phosphorus translocation to grain than that of dry matter by N. Further, ratio of PHI/HI differed significantly among genotypes, but was stable across contrasting N treatment. The harvest indices of eight mineral nutrients were lower than harvest index (HI), indicating that there were enough nutrients deposited in vegetative organs like leaf, sheath and stem. Further more, although N increased the mineral absorption that had a little effect on the improvement of translocation of minerals.
2. Wuyujing3and Wuyunjing7were used, and seven panicle N treatments in the field experiment were conducted to study the effect of N on grain yield, phosphorus (P) accumulation and the rice quality. The results indicated that fertilizer application for spikelet promotion significantly increased the number of panicles and grains per spike. The yield, total phosphorus and protein content under HN10-0were higher than the other treatments. Perfect rice rate decreased and rice with green and other undesirable colours increased leading to deterioration of the appearance quality of rice grain, In addition, white-core rice kernel rate and white-belly rice kernel rate decreased with increasing N levels. Perfect rice rate increased with application of spikelet promotion fertilizer treatments and the mineral contents under HN5-5were higher than in other treatments, indicating that the spikelet sustaining fertilizer improved the nutritional quality of rice.
3. To investigate the effect of basal and spray fertilizer treatments on the grain phosphorus (P) accumulation, yield and quality parameters of rice, field experiments were conducted with two japonica rice namely, Wuyujing3and Wuyunjing7; and four basal fertilizer treatments of various nitrogen and phosphorus combinations and nine foliar fertilizer treatments. Perfect rice, green rice and others rate increased while white-core rice kernel and white-belly rice kernel rate decreased under combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus. Phytic acid and total phosphorus were increased under foliar fertilizer application, and the content varies with spraying time. The appearance quality and mineral nutrient were improved under LT2and LT3, though the yield decreased slightly. T1and T2were significantly the better time to spray.
In general, the mechanism of nitrogen depressing P concentration through elevated P translocation was counteracted by increased biomass production especially grain yield. Earing stage fertilizers and foliar phosphorus fertilizer improved the content of phytic acid and total P, and alleviated negative impacts of nitrogen on the nutrition and appearance quality of rice.
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